Download or read book Host Specific Microbial Source Tracking and Quantification Using a Partial 16SrRNA Sequence of Bacteroides on the Finley River a Tributary of the James River in Southwest Missouri written by Neil J. Van Asch and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microbial source tracking (MST) is a general term given to any process which aims to determine the source of microbial contamination found in an environmental (usually water) sample. These methods include both phenotypic and genotypic strategies. In this study, quantitative PCR was used to evaluate water samples for species specific (cow and human) Bacteroides in the Finley River. The Finley River is susceptible to impacts from both bovine and humans as it flows through farmland and urban areas. Water samples were collected from sites identified in a previous study that had high E. coli levels. Two samples were collected at each site (One sample for enumeration of E. coli and the other to assay for Bacteroides). Sampling was done approximately three times per month for one year. For each sampling event, pH, DO, turbidity, water temperature, flow rate, and rainfall were recorded. The results showed lower than expected cow markers throughout the sampling period; while human markers were much more prevalent than cow markers during the drier (and warmer) months. A correlation was found between human specific Bacteroides markers and E. coli at one site, but not at either of the other two sites. This method affords more informative surveillance data to area health departments so more appropriate remediation strategies can be developed.

Download or read book Microbial Source Tracking written by Michèle Gourmelon and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-01-18 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Microbial Source Tracking of Bacteroides to Identify Human and Bovine Fecal Loading in McDaniel Lake written by Kalie M. Somerville and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fecal waste enters waterways from run-off during rain events, and is especially high in agricultural areas due to manure application and livestock. Increased fecal waste may also be due to direct human influence. This fecal loading may lead to eutrophication and poses health hazards to humans. By determining the source of fecal pollution, practices can be implemented to reduce the amount entering waterways. Bacteroides sp. have previously shown high host specificity allows for species-specific identification of fecal sources. Using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), human-associated and bovine-associated Bacteroides DNA, as well as total Bacteroides DNA can be quantified and concentrations of fecal contamination in lakes and streams can be determined. Amplification control plasmids containing 16S rDNA from human and bovine specific Bacteroides were constructed using TOPO cloning. Samples taken from McDaniel Lake in Springfield, MO Dec. 2013-Dec. 2014 were analyzed with end-point PCR and fecal concentrations determined with qPCR. Quantitative PCR showed increased sensitivity and selectivity, compared to end-point PCR. While Bacteroides sp. were present in all samples, less than 1% of total Bacteroides in McDaniel Lake was identified as human- or bovine-associated Bacteroides for the sample period. The use of qPCR is shown to be a valuable tool in identifying and quantifying fecal inputs and monitoring nonpoint source pollution as urban and agricultural areas encroach on natural systems.

Download or read book Microbial Source Tracking of Human and Animal Waste Pollution of Diverse Watersheds and of Urban Drainage Systems Using Molecular Methods written by Michael O'Neil Ryan and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 526 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advisors: Prof. Charles N. Haas. L.D. Betz.

Download or read book Microbial Source Tracking of Bacteroidales and Human Virus Monitoring in Calleguas Creek Watershed written by Beverly Jo Kildare and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Combining an Optical Strip assay Biosensor with Ribotyping for Microbial Source Tracking of Enterococcus Faecalis in the Lower Hudson River Basin written by John Peter Reilly and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Quantitative Microbial Source Tracking Using Bacteroidales as Fecal Source Identifier written by Dan Wang and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fecal pollution is a primary concern for recreational water bodies in US. The current water quality criteria are based on the cultivability of fecal indicator bacteria like E. coli and enterococci. These indicators are ubiquitous in the digestive tract of warm-blooded animals but are also known to persist and even multiply in the environment given favorable conditions. Hence their presence does not provide information on the sources of fecal contamination. In the past decade microbial source tracking (MST), the research area that uses host-specific microbes to identify the sources of fecal pollution, has undergone rapid development. A brief historical overview is provided in Chapter 1 and state-of-the art methods are presented and analyzed in Chapter 2. Quantitative PCR (qPCR)-based MST methods have been widely used for two reasons: they can detect both cultivable and uncultivable microbes and their process time is shorter comparing to other MST methods. The results from qPCR reactions need to be further processed to achieve quantitative MST because of analytical complications caused by the environmental water matrix. Two of the most important aspects will be addressed in Chapters 3 and 4. Chapter 3 attempts to solve the imperfect specificity and sensitivity of the qPCR assays with a statistical procedure that evaluates the impact of false positive/negative information. Chapter 4 addresses the inaccuracy in qPCR data analysis caused by the high noise signal and inconsistent amplification efficiency frequently seen in environmental water samples. Corrective measures are proposed to improve the accuracy of estimated DNA concentrations.

Download or read book Focus on Microbial Source Tracking written by and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Fecal Bacteroidetes Host Distributions and Environmental Source Tracking written by Linda K. Dick and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Contamination of recreational and shellfish waters with fecal pollution is a major water quality issue with associated economic impacts and human health risks. Reliable fecal source identification and rapid, quantitative analyses are essential components of risk assessment. Enteric bacteria that are endemic to specific hosts have a potential role as public health indicators of fecal pollution. Building on previous work to discriminate ruminant and human fecal contamination, we cloned class Bacteroidetes 16S rRNA genes from pig, elk, dog, cat, and seagull fecal DNAs. Unique restriction patterns were identified among clones from each of the host species using Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (T-RFLP). Clones exhibiting unique patterns were sequenced and analyzed phylogenetically, along with human, horse, and cattle sequences recovered from previous work. The analysis revealed both endemic and cosmopolitan (global) host distributions. The sequence data were used to identify host-specific genetic markers for pig and horse feces, and to design PCR primers that identify these sources of fecal pollution in water. There was a high degree of sequence overlap among the fecal Bacteroidetes of wild and domestic ruminants, and among human, domestic pet, and seagull Bacteroidetes. We compared fecal Bacteroidetes rRNA genes from these hosts using subtractive hybridization, a method that identifies differences between closely related genomes or gene sequences. A Bacteroidetes rDNA marker that distinguishes elk and cow feces was identified, as well as a host-specific marker for dog fecal Bacteroidetes. The four newly designed PCR primers were tested for specificity and sensitivity, and the dog primer was successfully used, along with the human and ruminant-specific primers, in a collaborative study comparing fecal source tracking methods. We also developed a real time Taq nuclease assay for quantification of fecal Bacteroidetes 16S rDNA, and compared it with an EPA-approved enumeration method for the current standard public health indicator, Escherichia coli, in serial dilutions of sewage primary influent. There was a strong, positive correlation between the methods, and the Taq nuclease assay was sensitive and much more rapid than the E. coli assay. PCR source identification and enumeration of fecal Bacteroidetes 16S rDNA show promise for application in a health risk-based analysis of fecal pollution.

Download or read book Workshop on Microbial Source Tracking in Water written by Paul A. Rochelle and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2006-07-31 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The drinking water and wastewater industries are interested in developing a better understanding of sources of fecal contamination. Microbial source tracking (MST) offers the potential to apportion the contribution of various animal groups to this contamination. However, while there are many methods available there is no clear indication as to the most appropriate approach. There has been little systematic comparison of methods and only a few blind trials, and issues of reproducibility, accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, resolution, and robustness need to be addressed. There is confusion among potential end-users and some disagreement among scientists. Therefore, due to the uncertainty surrounding the most appropriate tools and applications of MST, a workshop of 45 experts representing water and wastewater utilities, academia, state and federal government agencies, medical institutions, and private laboratories was convened in San Antonio, Texas over a three-day period (February 16 – 18, 2005). The overall objective of the workshop was to identify the knowledge gaps and research needs for application of MST technologies by the wastewater and drinking water industries.

Download or read book Analysis of Bacteroidales 16S RRNA Gene Sequences from a Geographically Isolated Human Population written by Carolyn A. Petersen and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Standard methods of measuring fecal pollution in water do not distinguish between human and non-human sources. Molecular technology enabled the development of host-specific markers that distinguish fecal sources. Human specific PCR primers, HF183F and HF134F, were designed based on phylogenetic analyses of partial 16S rRNA gene sequences from the Bacteroidales group of fecal anaerobes. Both primers amplify human fecal DNAs in the U.S., Europe, New Zealand, and Japan. However, they did not amplify human fecal DNAs from a geographically isolated population in Alaska, although amplification was possible with general Bacteroidales primers. We undertook phylogenetic analysis to compare Bacteroidales 16S rRNA genes from the isolated population to a non-isolated population. Our ultimate objective was to create new Bacteroidales human-specific primers from the full-length 16S rRNA gene to amplify fecal DNAs from both isolated and non-isolated geographic areas. Sequence libraries from the isolated Alaskan population and from Oregon were created by amplifying the full-length Bacteroidales 16S rRNA gene. Fragments were cloned and sequenced and 96 colonies from each geographic location were screened for inserts. Phylogenetic analysis and primer design used ARB software. Humans in the Alaskan isolated population did not have sequences from certain common human Bacteroidales groups, and also contained unique clades. The trees constructed showed that none of the Alaskan sequences grouped with sequences from which the current human primers were developed, explaining why fecal samples from this population did not amplify with those primers. A novel clade only contained human sequences from the Alaskan study and was one focus for primer design. Primers were designed from the sequences found in these two clades and from other human-specific clades. A promising primer in the latter half of the 16S rRNA gene targeted human-specific fecal bacteria in both Oregon and Alaskan populations. Humans in the isolated Alaskan population may differ in their fecal bacteria for reasons of geographic isolation, population history, or diet.

Download or read book The Use of Microbial Source Tracking to Assess and Predict Water Quality in River Catchments written by Daniel Ekane Nnane and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book A Multifaceted Approach to Microbial Source Tracking Within Secondary Environments written by Megan S. Monroe and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 83 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Social Biology of Ants written by Klaus Dumpert and published by Pitman Advanced Publishing Program. This book was released on 1981 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Eastern Oyster written by Victor S. Kennedy and published by University of Maryland Sea Grant Publications. This book was released on 1996 with total page 760 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1966 Congress passed the National Sea Grant College Program Act to promote marine research, education, and extension services in institutions along the nation's ocean and Great Lakes coasts. In Maryland a Sea Grant Program -- a partnership among federal and state governments, universities, and industries -- began in 1977, and in 1982 the University of Maryland was named the nation's seventeenth Sea Grant College. The Maryland Sea Grant College focuses its efforts on the Chesapeake Bay, with emphasis on the marine concerns of fisheries, seafood technology, and environmental quality. The first comprehensive review of the biology of the eastern oyster in more than thirty years. The twenty-one chapters synthesize every aspect of oyster biology -- for instance, general anatomy, physiology, the circulatory system, reproduction, genetics, diseases -- and issues related to management and aquaculture.

Download or read book Some Aspects of the Aging Process written by Paola S. Timiras and published by Jai Press. This book was released on 1996 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this volume, it is attempted to combine two approaches: the first chapters deal with cellular, endocrine, cardiovascular, and neural aging with emphasis on molecular and genetic mechanisms, while the last chapters deal with medical and physciatric interventions. Indeed, the two approaches are not only complementary but they may provide an integrated understanding of the aging process. The elderly are particularly heterogeneous in terms of physiologic competence and pathologic involvement: "successful"aging is clearly distinguishable from "usual" aging. Therefore, progress in molecular biology and genetics can be extremely helpful in indicating appropriate regimens for continuing "wellness" and disease treatment for each aged individual, perhaps more so for the old than for any other age period of the life span. Studies such as the current Human Genome Project are expected to identify genes responsible for rare, obscure diseases and, more importantly, to provide guidelines for optimizing the physiologic potential of all individuals, particularly the elderly. Medicine as it is currently practices may be viewed as a "mass" medicine: everyone receives the same regimen for maintenance of good health and the same treatment for the same diseases. Yet, we know that all diseases do not manifest in the same manner in all individuals, and, in the elderly, symptoms of a given disease often differ markedly from those in the young and adults. Many of these differences depend on the genes with which each individual is born; for example, genes which are adversely affected by excessive smoking or nutrition or lack of physical exercise and poor hygienic habits. The impact of our advancing knowledge of genetics will make it possible to discover which genes are in which form in a particular individual and use this information to refine and individualize prevention and treatment. In other words, in a not too distant future, we may witness a shift from "mass" to "custom" medicine. The individuals most likely to benefit from customized medicine are the elderly, often afflicted simultaneously with multiple diseases and with the side effects of polypharmacy. By presenting a book in which we have included chapters in both basic and clinical studies, we have taken a modest but innovative step toward strengthening communication between molecular and medical sciences.

Download or read book Global Invader written by Sylvia Behrens Yamada and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Writing to educate those concerned with sea life in the Pacific Northwest, Yamada (zoology, Oregon State U., Corvallis) traces the generally devastating impact of the invasive European green crab with reference to research carried out in New England, California, Oregon, South Africa, Australia, and Tasmania. A full description of the biology and life history of the European green crab is provided, along with photos, glossary, list of references, and descriptive table of Pacific Northwest crabs. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR.