Download or read book Host pathogen Dynamics in a Changing Environment written by Catherine L. Searle and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 129 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Infectious diseases are a growing concern for both humans and wildlife. The negative effects of infectious disease have been exemplified by the recent global amphibian population declines associated with disease outbreaks. Although multiple pathogens and factors play a role in these declines, the aquatic fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), has received considerable attention due to its substantial contribution to amphibian population declines around the world. Bd prevalence and severity appears to be increasing worldwide, either from recent anthropogenic spread of the pathogen or from changes in the environment that have altered host-pathogen dynamics. This dissertation explores the factors that affect host susceptibility to Bd. I first tested the effects of hormonal stress on susceptibility to Bd (Chapter 2). Using corticosterone, the major chronic stress hormone in amphibians, I was able to mimic the physiological effects of stress without altering other factors that may affect the host-pathogen relationship. I exposed three species of larval amphibians to corticosterone for two weeks to induce chronic stress before challenging them with exposure to Bd. I found that exposure to corticosterone did not alter infection prevalence or severity in any species, indicating that chronically elevated levels of corticosterone do not affect susceptibility to Bd. I next examined the interactive effects of the ubiquitous stressor, ultraviolet-B radiation (UVB), and host infection by Bd (Chapter 3). UVB can cause lethal and sublethal effects in amphibians, including increased susceptibility to pathogens. In outdoor mesocosms, I used ambient levels of UVB to stress larval amphibians while simultaneously exposing them to Bd. Although exposure to UVB increased mortality, it did not alter infection. To investigate the effects of community structure on infection prevalence and severity, I studied how six anuran species (frogs and toads) differed in susceptibility to Bd (Chapter 4). I experimentally exposed post-metamorphic amphibians native to North America to Bd under identical laboratory conditions. All species tested had higher rates of mortality when exposed to Bd compared to unexposed controls. However, the species differed widely in their rates of Bd-associated mortality, even though there was no difference in infection levels among species. I also found that within species, the relationship between body size and infection varied, indicating physiological differences in the way that amphibian species respond to pathogen infection. Finally, I studied the effects of the amphibian host community on infection. I experimentally exposed larval amphibians to Bd after manipulating host density and species richness in the laboratory (Chapter 5). I recorded five measures of disease risk and found a dilution effect where greater species richness decreased disease risk, even after taking into account changes in density. Together with Chapter 4, this study emphasizes the need to understand the effects of the community on host-pathogen dynamics. This dissertation provides insight into the effects of stress and community structure on disease dynamics. Although there has been a great effort to understand Bd since it was discovered, the ecology of Bd remains relatively unknown. My research represents an important step in understanding the host-pathogen relationship in a changing environment.

Download or read book Complexity in Host pathogen Dynamics written by Yang Xie and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Emerging infectious diseases impact both human and wildlife populations. Infectious agents, in particular the aquatic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (chytrid), have an influential role in driving global amphibian population declines. The emergence of the chytrid fungus has aspects of both geographic spread as well as climate shifts altering environmental conditions and host-pathogen interactions. My dissertation examines the spatial spread of chytrid by host dispersal at the metapopulation level, as well as how spatial risk from chytrid is associated with the climate. In Chapter 2 of my thesis, I examine preexisting conclusions in the wildlife disease literature on the relationship between disease spread mediated by host dispersal and metapopulation persistence. I show how explicit inclusion of local dynamics and dispersal-induced synchronization alters conclusions derived by previous metapopulation disease models. Contrary to existing models that do not include explicit local dynamics, I find that synchronization increases metapopulation extinction risks and regional persistence is optimized at intermediate dispersal levels when disease transmission rate from external sources are low. However, at high rates of external infections, I come to the similar conclusion that increased dispersal monotonically increases metapopulation persistence. In Chapter 3, I use a spatially explicit, individual-based model to simulation disease spread dynamics in a set of connected mountain yellow-legged frog population. I compare the simulated disease forecasts to field data, and test for the sensitivity of these results to assumptions of host dispersal potential. I find that chytrid is able to spread across the majority of the metapopulation even with assumptions of low host dispersal potential and that metapopulation extinction rate increases with increased host dispersal. In Chapter 4, I examine how chytrid distribution is influenced by climatic variables based on the most comprehensive and up-to-date set of global chytrid surveillance data. Using a machine learning algorithm, I generate predictions showing how chytrid distributions might be expected to change according to IPCC projected scenarios of future climate change. I conclude that chytrid distribution is likely to shift to higher altitudes and latitudes with overall increases in environmental suitability in the high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. The chosen input climatic variables yields excellent performance when predicting chytrid occurrence at a site, but no single variable has dominant predictive power. My dissertation provides insight into the applicability of conclusions derived from existing metapopulation disease models to specific conservation contexts. Much research has been invested in the chytrid-amphibian system at the individual and population level, yet how disease management might integrate into conservation planning targeted at the metapopulation level remains largely unknown. My research will form an important part in addressing amphibian conservation in spatially-fragmented, pathogen-ridden landscapes, which is especially important in today's changing climate.

Download or read book Disease Ecology written by Sharon K. Collinge and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2006-01-26 with total page 227 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many infectious diseases of recent concern, including malaria, cholera, plague, and Lyme disease, have emerged from complex ecological communities, involving multiple hosts and their associated parasites. Several of these diseases appear to be influenced by human impacts on the environment, such as intensive agriculture, clear-cut forestry, and habitat loss and fragmentation; such environmental impacts may affect many species that occur at trophic levels below or above the host community. These observations suggest that the prevalence of both human and wildlife diseases may be altered in unanticipated ways by changes in the structure and composition of ecological communities. Predicting the epidemiological ramifications of such alteration in community composition will require strengthening the current union between community ecology and epidemiology. Disease Ecology highlights exciting advances in theoretical and empirical research towards understanding the importance of community structure in the emergence of infectious diseases. To date, research on host-parasite systems has tended to explore a limited set of community interactions, such as a community of host species infected by a single parasite species, or a community of parasites infecting a single host. Less effort has been devoted to addressing additional complications, such as multiple-host-multiple-parasite systems, sequential hosts acting on different trophic levels, alternate hosts with spatially varying interactions, effects arising from trophic levels other than those of hosts and parasites, or stochastic effects resulting from small population size in at least one alternate host species. The chapters in this book illustrate aspects of community ecology that influence pathogen transmission rates and disease dynamics in a wide variety of study systems. The innovative studies presented in Disease Ecology communicate a clear message: studies of epidemiology can be approached from the perspective of community ecology, and students of community ecology can contribute significantly to epidemiology.

Download or read book The Stockholm Paradigm written by Daniel R. Brooks and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2019-07-19 with total page 423 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The contemporary crisis of emerging disease has been a century and a half in the making. Human, veterinary, and crop health practitioners convinced themselves that disease could be controlled by medicating the sick, vaccinating those at risk, and eradicating the parts of the biosphere responsible for disease transmission. Evolutionary biologists assured themselves that coevolution between pathogens and hosts provided a firewall against disease emergence in new hosts. Most climate scientists made no connection between climate changes and disease. None of these traditional perspectives anticipated the onslaught of emerging infectious diseases confronting humanity today. As this book reveals, a new understanding of the evolution of pathogen-host systems, called the Stockholm Paradigm, explains what is happening. The planet is a minefield of pathogens with preexisting capacities to infect susceptible but unexposed hosts, needing only the opportunity for contact. Climate change has always been the major catalyst for such new opportunities, because it disrupts local ecosystem structure and allows pathogens and hosts to move. Once pathogens expand to new hosts, novel variants may emerge, each with new infection capacities. Mathematical models and real-world examples uniformly support these ideas. Emerging disease is thus one of the greatest climate change–related threats confronting humanity. Even without deadly global catastrophes on the scale of the 1918 Spanish Influenza pandemic, emerging diseases cost humanity more than a trillion dollars per year in treatment and lost productivity. But while time is short, the danger is great, and we are largely unprepared, the Stockholm Paradigm offers hope for managing the crisis. By using the DAMA (document, assess, monitor, act) protocol, we can “anticipate to mitigate” emerging disease, buying time and saving money while we search for more effective ways to cope with this challenge.

Download or read book Environmental Influences on Host pathogen Dynamics of the Amphibian Chytrid Fungus written by Julia C. Buck and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 173 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The causes of the global biodiversity crisis are varied and complex. Anthropogenic threats may act in isolation, or interact additively or synergistically with each other or with natural stressors to affect sensitive taxa. The recent emergence of many infectious diseases in wildlife has brought attention to the role of disease in population declines and species extinctions. Both abiotic and biotic components of the environment may mitigate or exacerbate effects of pathogens on their hosts through direct or indirect mechanisms. The effects of the environment on host-pathogen dynamics are complex, context-dependent, and in need of further examination. One particularly sensitive group, amphibians, is at the leading edge of the sixth mass extinction. The emerging infectious disease (EID) chytridiomycosis, caused by the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatis (Bd), is implicated in population declines and extinctions of amphibians globally. My disseration addresses questions pertaining to environmental influences on disease dynamics of Bd. As described in chapter 1, various abiotic and biotic components of the environment may affect host-pathogen dynamics of Bd, resulting in changes to the dynamics of Bd transmission and spread. Chapter 2 examines the influence of an abiotic factor, the insecticide (carbaryl) and three different assemblages of larval Pacific treefrogs (Pseudacris regilla) and Cascades frogs (Rana cascadae) on host-pathogen dynamics of Bd within a community context. I found separate effects of each treatment on amphibian growth and development, but no interactive effects among the treatments. However, Bd appeared to reduce phytoplankton abundance and increase periphyton biomass, an unexpected result that merited further investigation. One possible explanation for the results described in chapter 2 is that zooplankton might consume Bd zoospores, the infective stage of the pathogen, a hypothesis that I examine in chapter 3. I conducted laboratory experiments and confirmed the presence of Bd zoospores in the gut of Daphnia sp. through quantitative PCR and visual inspection. I discuss conservation implications of this finding. To determine whether predation on Bd zoospores by zooplankton could reduce infection in amphibians, I conducted a mesocosm experiment, which is described in chapter 4. I found complex effects on species interactions: competition between larval Cascades frogs and zooplankton for phytoplankton resources reduced phytoplankton concentration, zooplankton abundance, and survival of amphibians. These effects were diminished in the presence of Bd, suggesting that zooplankton may have at least partially substituted Bd zoospores for phytoplankton in their diet, thus stimulating competitive release. However, competitive effects between zooplankton and larval amphibians overshadowed indirect positive benefits of zooplankton predation on Bd zoospores. In chapter 4, competitive effects between zooplankton and larval amphibians for phytoplankton suggested that host-pathogen dynamics might be affected by the host???s supply of resources. Chapter 5 describes a mesocosm experiment that examined how eutrophication might affect Bd-infected Pacific treefrogs and other members of the aquatic community. Nutrient additions caused increased algal growth, which benefitted herbivorous larval amphibians. Larvae exposed to Bd altered their growth, development, and diet, and allocated resources differently than unexposed individuals. However, nutrient supplementation did not alter the response of larval amphibians to Bd. As described in chapter 6, consideration of hosts and pathogens as functional members of the ecological communities in which they exist can lead to important insights in host-pathogen dynamics. My PhD research may contribute to control measures for the emerging infectious disease chytridiomycosis.

Download or read book Under the Weather written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2001-06-29 with total page 161 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the dawn of medical science, people have recognized connections between a change in the weather and the appearance of epidemic disease. With today's technology, some hope that it will be possible to build models for predicting the emergence and spread of many infectious diseases based on climate and weather forecasts. However, separating the effects of climate from other effects presents a tremendous scientific challenge. Can we use climate and weather forecasts to predict infectious disease outbreaks? Can the field of public health advance from "surveillance and response" to "prediction and prevention?" And perhaps the most important question of all: Can we predict how global warming will affect the emergence and transmission of infectious disease agents around the world? Under the Weather evaluates our current understanding of the linkages among climate, ecosystems, and infectious disease; it then goes a step further and outlines the research needed to improve our understanding of these linkages. The book also examines the potential for using climate forecasts and ecological observations to help predict infectious disease outbreaks, identifies the necessary components for an epidemic early warning system, and reviews lessons learned from the use of climate forecasts in other realms of human activity.

Download or read book Ecology and Evolution of Infectious Diseases written by Benjamin Roche and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018-05-11 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, the ecology and evolution of infectious diseases has been studied extensively and new approaches to the study of host-pathogen interactions continue to emerge. At the same time, pathogen control in low-income countries has tended to remain largely informed by classical epidemiology, where the objective is to treat as many people as possible, despite recent research suggesting new opportunities for improved disease control in the context of limited economic resources. The need to integrate the scientific developments in the ecology and evolution of infectious diseases with public health strategy in low-income countries is now more important than ever. This novel text uniquely incorporates the latest research in ecology and evolutionary biology into the discussion of public health issues in low-income countries. It brings together an international team of experts from both universities and health NGOs to provide an up-to-date, authoritative, and challenging review of the ecology and evolution of infectious diseases, focusing on low-income countries for effective public health applications and outcomes. It discusses a range of public health threats including malaria, TB, HIV, measles, Ebola, tuberculosis, influenza and meningitis among others.

Download or read book Plant Pathology written by Christian Joseph Cumagun and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2012-04-04 with total page 378 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plant pathology is an applied science that deals with the nature, causes and control of plant diseases in agriculture and forestry. The vital role of plant pathology in attaining food security and food safety for the world cannot be overemphasized.

Download or read book Occupancy Estimation and Modeling written by Darryl I. MacKenzie and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2017-11-17 with total page 668 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Occupancy Estimation and Modeling: Inferring Patterns and Dynamics of Species Occurrence, Second Edition, provides a synthesis of model-based approaches for analyzing presence-absence data, allowing for imperfect detection. Beginning from the relatively simple case of estimating the proportion of area or sampling units occupied at the time of surveying, the authors describe a wide variety of extensions that have been developed since the early 2000s. This provides an improved insight about species and community ecology, including, detection heterogeneity; correlated detections; spatial autocorrelation; multiple states or classes of occupancy; changes in occupancy over time; species co-occurrence; community-level modeling, and more. Occupancy Estimation and Modeling: Inferring Patterns and Dynamics of Species Occurrence, Second Edition has been greatly expanded and detail is provided regarding the estimation methods and examples of their application are given. Important study design recommendations are also covered to give a well rounded view of modeling. - Provides authoritative insights into the latest in occupancy modeling - Examines the latest methods in analyzing detection/no detection data surveys - Addresses critical issues of imperfect detectability and its effects on species occurrence estimation - Discusses important study design considerations such as defining sample units, sample size determination and optimal effort allocation

Download or read book Forest Health Under Climate Change Effects on Tree Resilience and Pest and Pathogen Dynamics written by Riikka Linnakoski and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2020-01-10 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Influence of Global Environmental Change on Infectious Disease Dynamics written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2014-09-03 with total page 393 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The twentieth century witnessed an era of unprecedented, large-scale, anthropogenic changes to the natural environment. Understanding how environmental factors directly and indirectly affect the emergence and spread of infectious disease has assumed global importance for life on this planet. While the causal links between environmental change and disease emergence are complex, progress in understanding these links, as well as how their impacts may vary across space and time, will require transdisciplinary, transnational, collaborative research. This research may draw upon the expertise, tools, and approaches from a variety of disciplines. Such research may inform improvements in global readiness and capacity for surveillance, detection, and response to emerging microbial threats to plant, animal, and human health. The Influence of Global Environmental Change on Infectious Disease Dynamics is the summary of a workshop hosted by the Institute of Medicine Forum on Microbial Threats in September 2013 to explore the scientific and policy implications of the impacts of global environmental change on infectious disease emergence, establishment, and spread. This report examines the observed and potential influence of environmental factors, acting both individually and in synergy, on infectious disease dynamics. The report considers a range of approaches to improve global readiness and capacity for surveillance, detection, and response to emerging microbial threats to plant, animal, and human health in the face of ongoing global environmental change.

Download or read book The Ecology of Fungal Entomopathogens written by Helen E. Roy and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-02-04 with total page 199 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Understanding of the ecology of fungal entomopathogens has vastly increased since the early 1800’s, but remains challenging. The often complex interactions between pathogen and host are being unravelled through eloquent research and the importance of the often subtle interactions, in determining the success or failure of biological control, cannot be underplayed. The realm of ecology is vast and deciphering insect-fungal pathogen interactions within an ecological context will take us on voyages beyond our imagination. This book brings together the work of renowned scientists to provide a synthesis of recent research on the ecology of fungal entomopathogens exploring host-pathogen dynamics from the context of biological control and beyond. Dr. Helen Roy leads zoological research in the Biological Records Centre at the NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, UK. The focus of her research is insect community interactions with particular emphasis on the effects of environmental change. She has been working on the ecological interactions between fungal entomopathogens and their hosts for 15 years; this continues to be a source of fascination. She has been an associate editor of BioControl since 2006. Dr. Dave Chandler is an insect pathologist at the University of Warwick, UK. He has studied entomopathogenic fungi for just over 20 years. He has particular interests in entomopathogenic fungi as biocontrol agents of horticultural crops, fungal physiology and ecology, and the pathogens of honeybees. Dr. Mark Goettel is an insect pathologist at the Lethbridge Research Centre of Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, specializing in the development of fungal entomopathogens as microbial control agents of insects. In addition to this research, he has been extensively involved in the review and revision of the regulations for registration of microbial control agents and has addressed regulatory and safety issues at the international level. He is currently President of the Society for Invertebrate Pathology and has been Editor-in-Chief of Biocontrol Science & Technology since 2000. Dr. Judith K. Pell heads the Insect Pathology Group in the Department for Plant and Invertebrate Ecology at Rothamsted Research, UK. She leads research on the ecology of fungal entomopathogens, to elucidate their role in population regulation and community structure and to inform biological control strategies. Specifically: intraguild interactions; the relationships between guild diversity, habitat diversity and ecosystem function; pathogen-induced host behavioural change. Dr. Eric Wajnberg is a population biologist specialising in behavioural ecology, statistical modelling and population genetics. He is also an expert in biological control, with more than 20 years experience of working with insect parasitoids. He has been the Editor in Chief of BioControl since 2006. Dr. Fernando E. Vega is an entomologist with the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, in Beltsville, Maryland, USA. He conducts research on biological methods to control the coffee berry borer, the most important insect pest of coffee throughout the world. He is co-editor, with Meredith Blackwell, of Insect-Fungal Associations: Ecology and Evolution, published by Oxford University Press in 2005, and serves as an Editorial Board Member for Fungal Ecology.

Download or read book Biotic and Abiotic Factors Influencing Host pathogen Dynamics in a Zooplankton fungus System written by Tad Dallas and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Host-pathogen interactions can be influenced by environmental conditions and interactions with other hosts, either directly through the modification of pathogen transmission or development inside of hosts, or indirectly by influencing host or pathogen demography, survival, or functional traits. In this dissertation, I investigate several environmental (e.g. nitrate) and ecological (e.g., competition) factors that could influence host-pathogen interactions, using a model system of Daphnia species infected by an environmentally-transmitted fungal pathogen. I use this system to examine 1) the effect of nitrate pollution on host demography, pathogen survival, and infection dynamics, 2) how host-pathogen interactions respond to variable environments, 3) if a critical host density is present, and predictable, 4) how competition with a non-susceptible competitor influences epidemic dynamics, and 5) how pathogen exposure and infection influences host fitness for a number of host species differing in susceptibility.

Download or read book Evolutionary Dynamics of Plant Pathogen Interactions written by Jeremy J. Burdon and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-01-31 with total page 407 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume sits at the cross-roads of a number of areas of scientific interest that, in the past, have largely kept themselves separate - agriculture, forestry, population genetics, ecology, conservation biology, genomics and the protection of plant genetic resources. Yet these areas also have a lot of common interests and increasingly these independent lines of inquiry are tending to coalesce into a more comprehensive view of the complexity of plant-pathogen associations and their ecological and evolutionary dynamics. This interdisciplinary source provides a comprehensive overview of this changing situation by identifying the role of pathogens in shaping plant populations, species and communities, tackling the issue of the increasing importance of invasive and newly emerging diseases and giving broader recognition to the fundamental importance of the influence of space and time (as manifest in the metapopulation concept) in driving epidemiological and co-evolutionary trajectories.

Download or read book The Effects of Community Composition Landscape Structure and Climate on Host pathogen Interactions written by Sean M. Moore and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 576 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Like other species interactions in ecological systems, host-pathogen interactions are influenced by environmental factors, landscape characteristics and the broader community context. My thesis explores the potential influences of food-web interactions (Chapter 2), climate change (Chapter 3), landscape structure and host movement patterns (Chapter 4), and the combined influences of local community context and regional processes (Chapter 5) on host-pathogen interactions. Infectious diseases transmitted by vectors depend on the interactions between the vector and other species within the community. In Chapter 2 I develop a theoretical model integrating predator-prey and host-pathogen theory to examine the effect of predator-vector interactions on vector-transmitted diseases. Predation on a vector may drastically slow a pathogen's spread, and increase host abundance by reducing--or eliminating--infection in the host population. The introduction of a predator can lead to a negative relationship between prevalence and vector fecundity, with the pathogen being driven out of the system at high rates of predation or fecundity. Chapter 3 examines how temperature influences the biology of a parasite, Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, and its tsetse fly vector in order to examine the potential effects of global warming on sleeping sickness. Model results indicate that projected warming over the next 50-100 years is likely to significantly shift the distribution of sleeping sickness in Africa. The modeling approach presented in Chapter 3 provides a framework for using the climate-sensitive aspects of vector and pathogen biology to predict changes in disease prevalence and risk due to climate change. The spread and persistence of generalist pathogens that infect multiple host species are influenced by spatial heterogeneity in host composition and the movement patterns of different host species. Chapter 4 uses a metapopulation disease model to identify the potential effects of landscape connectivity, patch heterogeneity, and host community composition on the spread, prevalence, and persistence of multi-host pathogens at the local and regional scales. In an observational study of barley and cereal yellow dwarf viruses (B/CYDV) in a set of Cascades meadows, I found that patterns of disease prevalence are primarily driven by the diversity and composition of the local host community (Chapter 5).

Download or read book Everything Old is New Again written by Colin J Carlson and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 183 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Disease ecology urgently requires powerful predictive tools that anticipate the links between global change and emerging infectious disease. However, the ecological context of emerging disease remains poorly understood, especially given that the majority of parasites in any given ecosystem have no direct impact on human health. This dissertation explores a global change biology approach to host-pathogen interactions, focused on understanding both positive and negative impacts of climate change on parasites and pathogens. Chapter 1 reviews current theory surrounding extinction, including mathematical modeling approaches at scales from population extirpation up through global extinction rates. Community-level approaches to extinction risk estimation are applied in Chapter 2, which includes forecasts for climate-driven range shifts based on the largest macroparasite occurrence dataset yet assembled. Up to a third of parasites could face extinction in a changing climate, especially accounting for co-extinction with hosts. However, we find no evidence that wildlife parasites face better or worse odds of survival (or have different hotspots of diversity) based on their potential to infect humans. The results of this study indicate the hundreds of thousands, or potentially millions, of parasitic species on Earth are likely to be redistributed around the globe in a hard to predict pattern, with unknown effects on wildlife and human health. The same species distribution modeling methods from Chapter 2 are used in Chapter 3 to predict the global distribution of Zika virus, an emerging infection from 2016 with a still largely unresolved eco-epidemiology. The conflict among different models and modeling approaches surrounding Zika's distribution is considered in Chapter 4, by interfacing these models with simulations of potential epidemics in the United States. Overall, this dissertation addresses the idea that in the face of global change, ecologists will play an increasingly important role in predicting shifting landscapes of disease. However, the overwhelming focus on emergence ignores the importance of extinction as a potentially complementary phenomenon within ecosystems; and the varied approaches within ecology, and the short timescale on which ecologists work during current outbreaks, pose a disciplinary problem with no clear answer.

Download or read book Janeway s Immunobiology written by Kenneth Murphy and published by Garland Science. This book was released on 2010-06-22 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Janeway's Immunobiology CD-ROM, Immunobiology Interactive, is included with each book, and can be purchased separately. It contains animations and videos with voiceover narration, as well as the figures from the text for presentation purposes.