Download or read book Hormonal Control of Milk Protein Synthesis in Mouse Mammary Epithelial Cells in Vitro written by Jumpei Enami and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Biology of Lactation written by Jack Martinet and published by Editions Quae. This book was released on 1999 with total page 692 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A presentation of the most fundamental features of the biology of the mammary gland, a unique model of an organ capable of an abundant synthesis of proteins: endocrinology of lactation, role of prolactin, genetics and protein synthesis, immunology and the mammary gland, nutrition and dairy products. Readership: students, teachers, researchers, health and agriculture professionals. Lactation Biology was first published in French in 1993. The English version is not merely a translation: it has been updated by the author.
Download or read book Designing Foods written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1988-02-01 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This lively book examines recent trends in animal product consumption and diet; reviews industry efforts, policies, and programs aimed at improving the nutritional attributes of animal products; and offers suggestions for further research. In addition, the volume reviews dietary and health recommendations from major health organizations and notes specific target levels for nutrients.
Download or read book Hormonal Control of Lactation written by and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 90 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Lactation written by Bruce Linder Larson and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 536 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Development and structure of the mammary gland; Cytology and fine structure of the mammary gland; Endocrinological control; Development and maintenance of lactogenesis; Mammary blood flow and methods of identifying and measuring precursors of milk; Neural and hormonal control of milk secretion and milk ejection; General endocrinological control of lactation; Some aspects of mammary gland development in the mature mouse; Enzymatic and metabolic changes in the development of lactation; Ribonucleic acids and ribonucleoprotein particles of the mammary gland.
Download or read book Intercellular Signalling in the Mammary Gland written by C.H. Knight and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: All being done, we went to Mrs Shipmans, who is a great butter-woman; and I did see there the most of milke and cream, and the cleanest, that I ever saw in my life (29 May 1661). Among others, Sir Wm. Petty did tell me that in good earnest, he hath in his will left such parts of his estate to him that could invent such and such things -as among others, that could discover truly the way of milk coming into the breasts of a woman ... (22 March 1665). My wife tells me that she hears that my poor aunt James hath had her breast cut off here in tow- her breast having long been out of order (5 May 1665). From the Diary of Samuel Pepys, published as The Shorter Pepys (edited by R. Latham), Penguin Books (1987) The long-standing ultimate importance of research on the mammary gland is illustrated by the importance attached to cows' milk for human consumption, to human lactation and to breast cancer by Samuel Pepys and his contemporaries in the middle of the 17th century. Research has tended to develop in isolation in these three areas of continuing contemporary importance largely because in most countries, the underlying science of agricultural productivity is funded separately from the underlying science of human health and welfare.
Download or read book The Mammary Gland Human Lactation Milk Synthesis written by Bruce L. Larson and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-10-22 with total page 614 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lactation: A Comprehensive Treatise, Volume IV, The Mammary Gland/Human Lactation/Milk Synthesis, forms the fourth in a series. When the first three volumes were published in 1974, publication of future volumes was not contemplated. However, the gratifying acceptance by the scientific community and the continuation of rapid advances in lactation, have provided the impetus for the continuation of the series. The present volume is concerned with general aspects of the mammary gland, human lactation, and mechanisms of milk synthesis. The volume is divided into three main parts. Part I covers some aspects of the mammary gland and lactation not discussed in the first three volumes and expands on others. Topics discussed include the development of the mammary apparatus and neuroendocrine control of lactation. Part II is devoted to more specific consideration of human lactation as a whole. It includes studies on breast feeding and the breast cancer process. Part III on milk synthesis deals with the mechanisms of milk synthesis; enzymology and control of lactose biosynthesis; molecular aspects of milk protein biosynthesis; and ion and water transport in the mammary gland.
Download or read book Lactogenic Hormone Regulation of Epidermal Growth Factor Gene Expression in Mouse Mammary Epithelial Cells written by Yanchu Fang and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Lactogenesis written by Monica Reynolds and published by University of Pennsylvania Press. This book was released on 2016-11-11 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Proceedings of a symposium, satellite to the 24th International Congress of Physiological Sciences, University of Pennsylvania.
Download or read book Regulation of Milk Synthesis in the Bovine Mammary Gland written by and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Milk Protein Expression in Mouse Mammary Epithelial Cells written by Yue-Hwa Pan Lee and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Hormonal and Nutritional Requirements for the Serum free Proliferation of Mouse Mammary Epithelial Cells in Vitro written by Walter Tsuyoshi Imagawa and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 428 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Protein Synthesis in Response to Prolactin in Mammary Epithelial Cells in Vitro written by Angela Beaton and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Modulation of Epidermal Growth Factor induced Cell Signaling in Mammary Epithelium by Prolactin written by Suzanne E. Fenton and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 482 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Hormonal Control of Gene Expression in Mouse Mammary Epithelial Cells written by Paul Brennan-Benson and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Role of Metabolic Signaling in Nutrient Partitioning During Lactation written by Virginia Pszczolkowski and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis examines the hypothesis that metabolic signaling regulates how nutrients are partitioned to support milk synthesis during lactation, with particular emphasis on the dairy cow. First we explored the role of the protein complex mTORC1, a cellular hub of metabolic regulation, in mediating dietary amino acid regulation of murine lactation. Kinase activity of mTORC1 positively regulates cellular anabolic signaling, including protein translation and fat synthesis. Amino acids are both the substrate for protein synthesis-including milk protein-and intracellular signaling molecules that stimulate mTORC1. Feeding lactating animals a protein-restricted diet, therefore, should limit the substrate supply for milk synthesis, as well as reduces anabolic signaling driving that synthesis. Increasing the synthesis of milk components, by definition, means that those components' precursors are simultaneously being partitioned to the synthesizing tissue. We hypothesized that inhibiting mTORC1 activity would reduce lactation performance similarly to restricting protein. We fed lactating mice isoenergetic diets containing adequate protein or restricted protein, and treated half of the adequate protein dams with the mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin. The dams receiving rapamycin under an adequate protein background and the dams receiving the protein-restricted diet all exhibited reduced pup growth and milk production. In this way, we demonstrated that pharmacologic inhibition of mTORC1 mimics dietary protein restriction in lactating mouse dams, positioning mTORC1 signaling as essential in milk production and successful lactation.Next, we further examined mTORC1 signaling in MAC-T, an immortalized mammary epithelial cell line. Amino acids function to induce mTORC1 localization to the lysosome, where its insulin-activated binding partner Rheb resides. In other models, it has been established that in order for mTORC1 activity to commence following amino acid-driven lysosomal localization, insulin signaling must also be present. We hypothesized that this was also the case in MAC-T. By testing the response in mTORC1 activity to varying concentrations of individual amino acids and insulin, we found that, out of the 10 essential amino acids, only Arg, Ile, Leu, Met, and Thr activate mTORC1 signaling in MAC-T cells, and that this activation requires concurrent stimulation by insulin for greatest response. Following the establishment of which amino acids best interact with insulin to regulate mTORC1 activity in a mammary epithelial cell line, we then sought to test this interaction in lactating cows. We hypothesized that the combination of insulin with Leu and Met-two of the amino acids identified as key in our in vitro study-would result in improved mammary utilization of nutrients for milk synthesis. In this cow study, we raised circulating insulin by means of the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, and increased circulating Leu and Met by abomasal infusion. We found that the simplicity suggested by our in vitro experiment belies the complexity of lactation in a cow: there was no interaction between insulin and the amino acids, nor did either treatment independently result in any positive effects on mammary utilization of nutrients or milk production. We did, however, observe responses in plasma concentrations of several nutrients and metabolites, including free fatty acids and amino acids, which were reduced in response to insulin. Insulin is a particularly complex hormone in the context of a lactating dairy cow, because despite the necessity of insulin signaling for cellular metabolic functions like mTORC1 activity in the mammary cells, insulin can also reduce the availability of nutrients for the mammary gland by inducing uptake in non-mammary tissues. Because we did not see evidence that the free fatty acids nor amino acids decreased in circulation were being utilized by the mammary glands for milk synthesis, it is likely that in the context of this experiment, insulin instead stimulated nutrient uptake by other insulin sensitive tissues, partitioning nutrients away from the mammary glands. As insulin partitions nutrients away from the mammary glands, we then sought to investigate the effect of serotonin in nutrient partitioning, a hormone that in lactating cows has been shown to decrease circulating insulin concentration, act as an autocrine-paracrine regulator of mammary and calcium homeostasis in lactation, and perform a variety of other metabolic roles outside of lactation. We raised peripheral serotonin in lactating cows by intravenously infusing them with the serotonin precursor 5-HTP and conducted several experiments in these cows over the course of three weeks to investigate how serotonin may participate in nutrient partitioning to the mammary glands. In performing an intravenous glucose tolerance test on the cows, we determined that elevated serotonin both reduced the insulin response and blunted the decrease in free fatty acids following the glucose challenge, without altering the glucose dynamics themselves. The maintenance of normoglycemia under lower insulin conditions, coupled with elevated free fatty acids, suggests that serotonin stimulates insulin-independent glucose disposal, and increases free fatty acid availability for mammary gland usage. When we then assessed serotonin's broader effects on metabolic function, mammary extraction of nutrients, and subsequent milk production, we found transiently decreased circulating insulin, increased circulating free fatty acids, and increased mammary free fatty acid extraction, all of which indicate increased free fatty acid partitioning to the mammary glands. This partitioning was not, however, borne out in improved milk production, which was instead decreased in concert with infusion of 5-HTP. Elevated serotonin also increased the incidence and frequency of loose manure during and shortly after infusion, in line with its known effects on gut motility, and reduced feed intake in a manner antithetical to the support of lactation. This work in serotonin may have been limited by the experimental approach used, with 5-HTP rather than serotonin itself administered in a bolus fashion, potentially driving strongly transient effects in both the periphery and central nervous system. This could effect serotonergic responses that are disparate from what is possible with endogenous mammary serotonin production alone. Overall, through the work of this dissertation, we have identified the importance of insulin in cellular signaling within the mammary epithelial cells to drive milk synthesis, but also that, within the physiologic context of a lactating animal, insulin has non-mammary functions that may contradict its signaling role in mammary cells, reducing substrate availability for milk synthesis. As with insulin, peripheral serotonin is part of a complex system that can yield equally complex outcomes. While serotonin can improve milk substrate availability in the circulation and improve the mammary extraction of some of those substrates, it can simultaneously reduce the availability of other substrates by limiting their availability and absorption from the diet. Broadly, understanding how amino acids, insulin, and serotonin interact to regulate metabolism function during lactation will better position lactation physiologists and nutritionists to understand and manipulate metabolism during lactation. In this way, this work advances the pursuit of improved productive efficiency and treatment and prevention of metabolic disorders in dairy cows.
Download or read book The Role of Metabolic Signaling in Nutrient Partitioning During Lactation written by Virginia Loretta Pszczolkowski and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis examines the hypothesis that metabolic signaling regulates how nutrients are partitioned to support milk synthesis during lactation, with particular emphasis on the dairy cow. First we explored the role of the protein complex mTORC1, a cellular hub of metabolic regulation, in mediating dietary amino acid regulation of murine lactation. Kinase activity of mTORC1 positively regulates cellular anabolic signaling, including protein translation and fat synthesis. Amino acids are both the substrate for protein synthesis-including milk protein-and intracellular signaling molecules that stimulate mTORC1. Feeding lactating animals a protein-restricted diet, therefore, should limit the substrate supply for milk synthesis, as well as reduces anabolic signaling driving that synthesis. Increasing the synthesis of milk components, by definition, means that those components' precursors are simultaneously being partitioned to the synthesizing tissue. We hypothesized that inhibiting mTORC1 activity would reduce lactation performance similarly to restricting protein. We fed lactating mice isoenergetic diets containing adequate protein or restricted protein, and treated half of the adequate protein dams with the mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin. The dams receiving rapamycin under an adequate protein background and the dams receiving the protein-restricted diet all exhibited reduced pup growth and milk production. In this way, we demonstrated that pharmacologic inhibition of mTORC1 mimics dietary protein restriction in lactating mouse dams, positioning mTORC1 signaling as essential in milk production and successful lactation.Next, we further examined mTORC1 signaling in MAC-T, an immortalized mammary epithelial cell line. Amino acids function to induce mTORC1 localization to the lysosome, where its insulin-activated binding partner Rheb resides. In other models, it has been established that in order for mTORC1 activity to commence following amino acid-driven lysosomal localization, insulin signaling must also be present. We hypothesized that this was also the case in MAC-T. By testing the response in mTORC1 activity to varying concentrations of individual amino acids and insulin, we found that, out of the 10 essential amino acids, only Arg, Ile, Leu, Met, and Thr activate mTORC1 signaling in MAC-T cells, and that this activation requires concurrent stimulation by insulin for greatest response. Following the establishment of which amino acids best interact with insulin to regulate mTORC1 activity in a mammary epithelial cell line, we then sought to test this interaction in lactating cows. We hypothesized that the combination of insulin with Leu and Met-two of the amino acids identified as key in our in vitro study-would result in improved mammary utilization of nutrients for milk synthesis. In this cow study, we raised circulating insulin by means of the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, and increased circulating Leu and Met by abomasal infusion. We found that the simplicity suggested by our in vitro experiment belies the complexity of lactation in a cow: there was no interaction between insulin and the amino acids, nor did either treatment independently result in any positive effects on mammary utilization of nutrients or milk production. We did, however, observe responses in plasma concentrations of several nutrients and metabolites, including free fatty acids and amino acids, which were reduced in response to insulin. Insulin is a particularly complex hormone in the context of a lactating dairy cow, because despite the necessity of insulin signaling for cellular metabolic functions like mTORC1 activity in the mammary cells, insulin can also reduce the availability of nutrients for the mammary gland by inducing uptake in non-mammary tissues. Because we did not see evidence that the free fatty acids nor amino acids decreased in circulation were being utilized by the mammary glands for milk synthesis, it is likely that in the context of this experiment, insulin instead stimulated nutrient uptake by other insulin sensitive tissues, partitioning nutrients away from the mammary glands. As insulin partitions nutrients away from the mammary glands, we then sought to investigate the effect of serotonin in nutrient partitioning, a hormone that in lactating cows has been shown to decrease circulating insulin concentration, act as an autocrine-paracrine regulator of mammary and calcium homeostasis in lactation, and perform a variety of other metabolic roles outside of lactation. We raised peripheral serotonin in lactating cows by intravenously infusing them with the serotonin precursor 5-HTP and conducted several experiments in these cows over the course of three weeks to investigate how serotonin may participate in nutrient partitioning to the mammary glands. In performing an intravenous glucose tolerance test on the cows, we determined that elevated serotonin both reduced the insulin response and blunted the decrease in free fatty acids following the glucose challenge, without altering the glucose dynamics themselves. The maintenance of normoglycemia under lower insulin conditions, coupled with elevated free fatty acids, suggests that serotonin stimulates insulin-independent glucose disposal, and increases free fatty acid availability for mammary gland usage. When we then assessed serotonin's broader effects on metabolic function, mammary extraction of nutrients, and subsequent milk production, we found transiently decreased circulating insulin, increased circulating free fatty acids, and increased mammary free fatty acid extraction, all of which indicate increased free fatty acid partitioning to the mammary glands. This partitioning was not, however, borne out in improved milk production, which was instead decreased in concert with infusion of 5-HTP. Elevated serotonin also increased the incidence and frequency of loose manure during and shortly after infusion, in line with its known effects on gut motility, and reduced feed intake in a manner antithetical to the support of lactation. This work in serotonin may have been limited by the experimental approach used, with 5-HTP rather than serotonin itself administered in a bolus fashion, potentially driving strongly transient effects in both the periphery and central nervous system. This could effect serotonergic responses that are disparate from what is possible with endogenous mammary serotonin production alone. Overall, through the work of this dissertation, we have identified the importance of insulin in cellular signaling within the mammary epithelial cells to drive milk synthesis, but also that, within the physiologic context of a lactating animal, insulin has non-mammary functions that may contradict its signaling role in mammary cells, reducing substrate availability for milk synthesis. As with insulin, peripheral serotonin is part of a complex system that can yield equally complex outcomes. While serotonin can improve milk substrate availability in the circulation and improve the mammary extraction of some of those substrates, it can simultaneously reduce the availability of other substrates by limiting their availability and absorption from the diet. Broadly, understanding how amino acids, insulin, and serotonin interact to regulate metabolism function during lactation will better position lactation physiologists and nutritionists to understand and manipulate metabolism during lactation. In this way, this work advances the pursuit of improved productive efficiency and treatment and prevention of metabolic disorders in dairy cows.
