Download or read book HIV Associated Immune Activation and Persistent Inflammation written by Martin Hoenigl and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2020-01-21 with total page 147 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Infectious Agent Induced Chronic Immune Activation Causes Phenotypes and Consequences written by Pierre Corbeau and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-01-28 with total page 151 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Handbook on Immunosenescence written by Tamas Fulop and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-02-27 with total page 1693 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This authoritative handbook covers all aspects of immunosenescence, with contributions from experts in the research and clinical areas. It examines methods and models for studying immunosenescence; genetics; mechanisms including receptors and signal transduction; clinical relevance in disease states including infections, autoimmunity, cancer, metabolic syndrome, neurodegenerative diseases, frailty and osteoporosis; and much more.

Download or read book Antigen Presenting Cell Dysfunction in Chronic Immune Activation During HIV Infection written by Lauren H. Nagy and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chronic immune activation in HIV infection contributes to immune dysfunction and disease progression. To date, the majority of research has focused on elucidating the role of CD4+ T cell dysfunction in chronic immune activation and inflammation in HIV infection. However, it is becoming increasingly evident that changes in the phenotype and function of antigen presenting cells (APCs) during HIV infection also contribute to chronic immune activation in HIV infection. Therefore, we sought to determine the impact of HIV infection on APC recognition, signaling, inflammatory response to pathogenic and commensal bacteria, and anti-inflammatory receptor expression and the role of these alterations in chronic immune activation and inflammation. We found that HIV infection, whether untreated or treated with HAART, enhances the sensitivity and response of APCs to microbial stimulation by upregulating expression of PRRs, specifically TLR2 and CD36. This upregulation leads to increased p38-MAPK signaling which initiates the transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-6, TNFalpha, and IL-12/IL23p40. Thus HIV-infected patients show heightened APC proinflammatory response to both pathogenic and commensal bacteria as evidenced by the enhanced production of inflammatory cytokines. We found that beta-cyclodextrin (2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin) treatment of APCs from HIV-infected patients decreases expression of TLR2 and lowers inflammatory response to microbial stimulation in APCs, further supporting the role of TLR2 in aberrant APC response. Finally, we found HIV impairs immune cell expression and upregulation of CD200R-CD200, an inhibitory receptor-ligand pair that plays an important role in down-modulating inflammatory response. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that chronic immune activation in HIV infection alters APC phenotype and function. This, in turn, causes APCs to produce heightened levels of inflammatory cytokines that contribute to the persistence of inflammation in HIV infection, suggesting the cyclical nature of chronic immune activation and inflammation in HIV infection.

Download or read book The Biology of Human Longevity written by Caleb E. Finch and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2010-07-28 with total page 640 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written by Caleb Finch, one of the leading scientists of our time, The Biology of Human Longevity: Inflammation, Nutrition, and Aging in the Evolution of Lifespans synthesizes several decades of top research on the topic of human aging and longevity particularly on the recent theories of inflammation and its effects on human health. The book expands a number of existing major theories, including the Barker theory of fetal origins of adult disease to consider the role of inflammation and Harmon's free radical theory of aging to include inflammatory damage. Future increases in lifespan are challenged by the obesity epidemic and spreading global infections which may reverse the gains made in lowering inflammatory exposure. This timely and topical book will be of interest to anyone studying aging from any scientific angle. - Author Caleb Finch is a highly influential and respected scientist, ranked in the top half of the 1% most cited scientists - Provides a novel synthesis of existing ideas about the biology of longevity and aging - Incorporates important research findings from several disciplines, including Gerontology, Genomics, Neuroscience, Immunology, Nutrition

Download or read book HIV and Disability written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2010-11-17 with total page 217 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Social Security Administration (SSA) uses a screening tool called the Listing of Impairments to identify claimants who are so severely impaired that they cannot work at all and thus qualify for disability benefits. In this report, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) makes several recommendations for improving SSA's capacity for determining disability benefits more accurately and quickly using the HIV Infection Listings.

Download or read book Congenital and Perinatal Infections written by Cecelia Hutto and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-10-28 with total page 309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A concise clinical reference that facilitates the diagnosis of intrauterine and perinatally acquired infections was the goal in creating the Congenital and Perinatal Infections: A Concise Guide to Diagnosis. Information about the natural history, m- agement, and outcome of these infections is well detailed in many other sources and so has not been included. Rather, the focus of the book is diagnosis. The initial chapters provide general information about serological and nonserological assays that are used for the diagnosis of infections, and a chapter about the placenta includes details about histopathological findings that can be helpful with the diagnosis of congenital inf- tions. The remainder of the book is devoted to the diagnosis of specific congenital and/ or perinatal infections. As illustrated in the chapters about specific infections, the approach to diagnosis of a congenital or perinatally acquired infection in the neonate begins, when possible, with consideration and diagnosis of infection in the pregnant woman, knowledge of how the infection is transmitted, and the risk of that infection for the woman and her fetus or neonate. The possibility of congenital or perinatal infection in neonates is usually considered because of the diagnosis of, or concern about a s- cific infection in, a mother during pregnancy that can be transmitted to the neonate or because of clinical findings in the neonate at birth that suggest an infectious cause.

Download or read book Immunopathogenesis of HIV Infection written by Anthony S. Fauci and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 159 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the last 5 years, major advances have been made in our understanding of the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease and in the development of new potent antiviral agents. With regard to HIV pathogenesis, several recent observations have not only changed our perspectives of HIV disease, but have been critical for the design of therapeutic strategies.

Download or read book Role of the NLRP3 Inflammasome in HIV Pathogenesis and Inflammation written by Brian Faung and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has ameliorated substantially human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) associated disease. Even so, persons living with HIV-1 (PLWH) on ART still exhibit chronic inflammation and various forms of HIV-1-associated disorders. The continued existence of HIV-1-associated disorders is thought to result from persistent inflammation present in PLWH despite sustained viral suppression and normalization of the CD4+ T cell count. Recent literature suggests that inflammasome activation is central to persistent inflammation with the NLRP3 inflammasome being the most studied. Upon formation of the NLRP3 inflammasome complex, the cytokines IL-1[beta] and IL-18 are produced. PLWH have increased activation of the complex that results in excess cytokine production, causing excessive inflammation. This activation is thought to contribute to a broad range of associated diseases including the early onset of aging, cardiovascular disease, and cognitive disorders. In this review, the mechanisms associated with the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in HIV-1 infected cells as well as the role of NLRP3 in persistent inflammation and HIV-associated pathogenesis are discussed. A summary of the NLRP3 inflammasome in HIV pathogenesis and inflammation as well as its role in other diseases will be given. Consequently, possible therapeutics using NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors will also be discussed. By understanding the NLRP3 inflammasome and its connection to HIV-1, effective methods to treat HIV-1-associated diseases caused by excessive inflammation can be identified.

Download or read book Nutrition and HIV written by Saurabh Mehta and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-05-15 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The world continues to lose more than a million lives each year to the HIV epidemic, and nearly two million individuals were infected with HIV in 2017 alone. The new Sustainable Development Goals, adopted by countries of the United Nations in September 2015, include a commitment to end the AIDS epidemic by 2030. Considerable emphasis on prevention of new infections and treatment of those living with HIV will be needed to make this goal achievable. With nearly 37 million people now living with HIV, it is a communicable disease that behaves like a noncommunicable disease. Nutritional management is integral to comprehensive HIV care and treatment. Improved nutritional status and weight gain can increase recovery and strength of individuals living with HIV/AIDS, improve dietary diversity and caloric intake, and improve quality of life. This book highlights evidence-based research linking nutrition and HIV and identifies research gaps to inform the development of guidelines and policies for the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals. A comprehensive approach that includes nutritional interventions is likely to maximize the benefit of antiretroviral therapy in preventing HIV disease progression and other adverse outcomes in HIV-infected men and women. Modification of nutritional status has been shown to enhance the quality of life of those suffering HIV/AIDS, both physically in terms of improved body mass index and immunological markers, and psychologically, by improving symptoms of depression. While the primary focus for those infected should remain on antiretroviral treatment and increasing its availability and coverage, improvement of nutritional status plays a complementary role in the management of HIV infection.

Download or read book HIV and Aging written by M. Brennan-Ing and published by Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers. This book was released on 2016-11-22 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite decades of attention on building a global HIV research and programming agenda, HIV in older populations has generally been neglected until recently. This new book focuses on HIV and aging in the context of ageism with regard to prevention, treatment guidelines, funding, and the engagement of communities and health and social service organizations. The lack of perceived HIV risk in late adulthood among older people themselves, as well on the part of providers and society in general, has led to a lack of investment in education, testing, and programmatic responses. Ageism perpetuates the invisibility of older adults and, in turn, renders current medical and social service systems unprepared to respond to patients’ needs. While ageism may lead to some advantages – discounts for services, for example – it is the negative aspects that must be addressed when determining the appropriate community-level response to the epidemic.

Download or read book Disease Control Priorities Third Edition Volume 6 written by King K. Holmes and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2017-11-06 with total page 1027 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Infectious diseases are the leading cause of death globally, particularly among children and young adults. The spread of new pathogens and the threat of antimicrobial resistance pose particular challenges in combating these diseases. Major Infectious Diseases identifies feasible, cost-effective packages of interventions and strategies across delivery platforms to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS, other sexually transmitted infections, tuberculosis, malaria, adult febrile illness, viral hepatitis, and neglected tropical diseases. The volume emphasizes the need to effectively address emerging antimicrobial resistance, strengthen health systems, and increase access to care. The attainable goals are to reduce incidence, develop innovative approaches, and optimize existing tools in resource-constrained settings.

Download or read book Neuro AIDS written by Alireza Minagar and published by Nova Publishers. This book was released on 2006 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the past two decades, the world scientific community has witnessed major achievements in our understanding of the pathogenesis of HIV infection of the nervous system and HIV-Associated Dementia (HAD). Despite these giant gains, nervous system involvement during AIDS remains a relentlessly progressive disease with a deadly fate in many cases. This book on NeuroAIDS provides a unique resource for both general neurologists as well as basic neuroscientists with profound interests for research on NeuroAIDS. This book has special emphasis on the mechanisms of disease development and progression of HIV-infected patients with NeuroAIDS. The contributors have provided the readers with comprehensive reviews on clinical manifestations of HAD, mechanisms of HIV entry into the central nervous system, the role of cytokines and chemokines in pathogenesis of NeuroAIDS, drug abuse and NeuroAIDS, virus load in HAD, allostasis in HIV and AIDS, stroke in AIDS patients, and neuroimaging of HIV infection of the central nervous system. In addition, there are chapters on Varicella Zoster virus infection of HIV-seropositive and AIDS patients, as well as the molecular basis for opioids and AIDS virus interactions.

Download or read book HIV 1 Latency written by Guido Silvestri and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-10-11 with total page 253 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume summarizes recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of HIV-1 latency, in characterizing residual viral reservoirs, and in developing targeted interventions to reduce HIV-1 persistence during antiretroviral therapy. Specific chapters address the molecular mechanisms that govern and regulate HIV-1 transcription and latency; assays and technical approaches to quantify viral reservoirs in humans and animal models; the complex interchange between viral reservoirs and the host immune system; computational strategies to model viral reservoir dynamics; and the development of therapeutic approaches that target viral reservoir cells. With contributions from an interdisciplinary group of investigators that cover a broad spectrum of subjects, from molecular virology to proof-of-principle clinical trials, this book is a valuable resource for basic scientists, translational investigators, infectious-disease physicians, individuals living with HIV/AIDS and the general public.

Download or read book The Impact of Inflammatory Cytokines Il 6 and Il 1beta on the Pathogenesis of Immune Failure in HIV Disease written by Carey Lynn Shive and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: HIV disease is characterized by the disruption of immune homeostasis and persistent immune activation. The use of anti-retroviral therapy dramatically reduces mortality caused by HIV, however, treated HIV-infected patients are still at increased risk for co-morbidities related to cardiovascular disease, liver disease, malignancies, and renal disease. Patients with persistently low levels of CD4 T cells despite having therapy-controlled viral replication (immune failure patients) are at increased risk for these morbidities and have increased inflammation. Plasma levels of the inflammatory cytokine IL-6 and soluble CD14 are elevated in immune failure patients and are strongly linked to morbid outcomes and mortality. While it is clear that soluble indices of inflammation are linked to HIV disease progression, it remains unclear what is driving elevated levels of inflammation, particularly when viral replication is controlled with therapy. How this inflammation contributes to pathology in HIV disease and in immune failure patients remains unknown. We demonstrated that plasma IL-6 is likely not driven by HIV itself, and instead propose that IL-6 is produced in response to systemic translocation of microbial products from a damaged gut. We identified evidence of increased inflammation and increased cell cycling in immune failure patients. When PBMCs from uninfected donors were treated with the inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-1ß, we could recapitulate the memory CD4 T cell cycling and turnover found in immune failure patients, and mimic the reduced responsiveness to IL-7, and the down-regulation of IL-7Ra. Furthermore, we demonstrated that IL-1ß could induce cycling and proliferation of memory CD4 T cells without up-regulating the survival factor Bcl2. This CD4 T cell cycling was not a direct effect of IL-1ß on T cells, was dependent on CD14+ cells, and was induced by a, yet unknown, soluble factor in the absence of exogenous antigen. We propose that by blocking the effects of IL-6 and IL-1ß in vivo we can decrease CD4 T cell turnover and increase responsiveness to IL-7. We hope this therapy will lead to the reconstitution of CD4 T cells in immune failure patients and reduce chronic inflammation in patients infected with HIV.

Download or read book Consolidated Guidelines on the Use of Antiretroviral Drugs for Treating and Preventing HIV Infection written by World Health Organization and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 429 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: These guidelines provide guidance on the diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, the use of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection and the care of people living with HIV. They are structured along the continuum of HIV testing, prevention, treatment and care. This edition updates the 2013 consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs following an extensive review of evidence and consultations in mid-2015, shared at the end of 2015, and now published in full in 2016. It is being published in a changing global context for HIV and for health more broadly.

Download or read book HIV and Cancer Immunotherapy Similar Challenges and Converging Approaches written by Mirko Paiardini and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2020-05-15 with total page 157 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: