Download or read book HIV 1 Genetic Diversity Volume II written by Kok Keng Tee and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-11-01 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book HIV 1 Genetic Diversity written by Kok Keng Tee and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2021-06-24 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Genetic Diversity of HIV written by African Services Committee and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 11 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Decoding Diversity Understanding Novel Mutations in HIV 1 Rev and LTR Genes written by Itachi Publications and published by Itachi Publications. This book was released on 2023-10-23 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) belongs to the Retroviridae family and the sub family Lentivirinae. Infection with HIV usually culminates in AIDS over a variable period of time. AIDS stands for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. HIV primarily infects critical cells in the human immune system such as helper T cells (specifically CD4 T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells). The infection results in the loss of natural defense against trivial infections and makes the patient susceptible to various opportunistic infections resulting in the eventual death of the patient. HIV has a diploid RNA genome encoding nine viral proteins. HIV-1, demonstrates high genetic diversity due to lack of proof reading ability of its enzyme, reverse transcriptase. Although the HIV-1 epidemic in India is mainly due to subtype C, other subtypes have also been reported from different parts of India. To combat the infection and for the development of new anti-viral strategies, it is necessary to appreciate the extent of naturally found variations in HIV-1 genes. The focus of the present work was to study the naturally occurring novel mutations in HIV-1 Rev. LTR, Nef and Vpu genes. Since Rev is an important regulatory gene of HIV-1 genome for expression of HIV-1 structural proteins and production of genomic RNA. We first study the genetic and functional characterization of HIV-1 Rev derived from HIV-1 infected individuals in North India to find out the levels of genetic changes and to determine their functional relevance.

Download or read book HIV specific CD8 T Cell Phenotype and HIV 1 Genetic Diversity written by Lyle McKinnon and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 265 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book AIDS and Other Manifestations of HIV Infection written by Gary P. Wormser and published by Raven Press (ID). This book was released on 1992 with total page 748 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides an update on AIDS and other HIV infections. Over 40 chapters present information on the biological properties of the etiologic viral agent, its clinico-pathological manifestations, the epidemiology of HIV infection and the day-to-day management of HIV infected patients.

Download or read book HIV 1 Quasispecies Heterogeneity Mediates Tat Function Molecular Epistasis and Neuropathogenesis written by Cassandra Spector and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over 38 million people worldwide continue to live with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). HIV-1 remains a major public health concern due to chronic infection that cannot be cured by conventional antiretroviral therapies (ART). Infected cells continue to produce and secrete viral proteins, including the transactivator of transcription (Tat), even in viral load suppressed individuals. This predisposes people with HIV (PWH) to increased risk for developing HIV-1-associated comorbidities, such as HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). The HIV-1 genome is susceptible to genetic diversification due to the error prone viral reverse transcriptase, as well as from adaptation in response to host restriction factors and immune selection pressures. This results in the formation of unique viral quasispecies (vQS) populations in individuals. Genetic variation within vQS may manifest in Tat as functional amino acid (AA) mutations. Tat's canonical function is to bind host factors and the HIV-1 transcription response element (TAR) RNA to enhance viral transcription efficiency, but also participates in pathogenic activities that contribute to overall HIV-1 pathogenesis and comorbidities. Previous studies have sought to characterize functional genetic variation between both Tat exons, which are separated by about 3 kilobases in the HIV-1 genome. However, prior sequencing technologies could not associate observed variants within and between exons from the same molecule of DNA. Therefore, the Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) Sequel platform was utilized to obtain long read sequences encompassing both Tat exons. PBMC gDNA from therapy-controlled participants of the Drexel Medicine CNS AIDS Research and Eradication Study (CARES) Cohort was used to isolate tat-containing 4 kilobase amplicons to be sequenced. This sequencing dataset allowed for studies on viral diversity, co-occurring AAs, and functional conservation in Tat. Though deviations from expected occurrence composed a small proportion of observed co-variants, these presented potential variants of interest for future studies. AA functional sequence analyses displayed two patterns of conserved activity split across annotated Tat functions and demonstrated heterogeneity of Tat functional ability between vQS populations. Sequencing data from this study was applied to questions involving Tat's interactions with other viral proteins and its role in neuropathogenesis. Given the observed genetic diversity within tat, further studies investigated selection pressure between tat and rev, another HIV-1 gene that encodes a transcriptional regulatory protein and shares an overlapping reading frame with tat. Selection pressures observed on each overlapping gene segment as well as on individual overlapping codons supported the presence of segregated functional domain organization between the two genes. AA sequence logos of each gene further suggested adaptation of AAs that overlapped with functionally essential AAs in the opposite protein. To address the contribution of Tat AA variation to occurrence of HAND, Tat vQS sequences were associated with paired neuropsychological assessment test data administered to CARES Cohort participants. Neurocognitive phenotypes emerged that were led by dominant deficits in neurocognitive domains. Vectorization and dimensional reduction of Tat sample-specific sequences overlayed with domain deficit scores showed that sequence similarity between participants also associated with neurocognitive impairment in certain domains. Overall, these studies have led to advances in understanding Tat vQS composition and protein function in PWH. The data and results were applied to address questions on pathogenic mechanisms and the development of HIV-1 comorbidities involving Tat.

Download or read book Fundamentals of HIV Medicine written by William David Hardy and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2017-04-18 with total page 617 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Completely updated for 2017, Fundamentals of HIV Medicine is a comprehensive clinical care publication for the treatment of HIV/AIDS. Published by the American Academy of HIV Medicine, the book offers physicians, pharmacists, nurse practitioners, and other care providers the most up-to-date overview of the latest HIV treatments and guidelines plus online access to CME. The online access expires August 2018. Embodying the AAHIVM's commitment to promoting uniform excellence in care of seropositive patients, Fundamentals of HIV Medicine 2017 empowers health professionals to deliver standardized, life-sustaining treatment to the patients who need it most. It will serve as an essential clinical reference and provide valuable career enrichment to users across the spectrum of HIV care, treatment, and prevention.

Download or read book HIV 1 Group O Genetic Diversity written by Marie Leoz and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 15 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Les VIH-1 de groupe 0 (VIH-1/0) sont des variants rares, essentiellement retrouvés au Cameroun où ils représenteraient plusieurs milliers de cas. Les causes de leur faible diffusion restent méconnues: leur émergence serait aussi ancienne que les VIH-1 de groupe M, pourtant devenus pandémiques. En près d'un siècle, les VIII-1/0 ont développé une importante diversité génétique, dont la description reste ambiguë du fait de l'existence de plusieurs nomenclatures basées sur un nombre restreint de séquences génétiques. Peu de données sont disponibles quant aux causes de cette diversité et à son impact sur diverses propriétés virologiques. La mutation Y181C de la Transcriptase Inverse (TI) a toutefois été proposée comme critère de classification des VIH-1/0, et suspectée de conférer un avantage réplicatif à ceux chez qui elle serait naturellement présente. Ce travail a donc constitué à caractériser plus largement la diversité génétique des vm-vo, et à explorer la dynamique de leur évolution au cours du temps à l'aide de méthodes bayésiennes. Nous avons ainsi identifié deux phases de diversification successives, liées au développement de deux sous-groupes: T, minoritaire et ayant émergé dans les années 1960, et H, majoritaire et ayant émergé du sous-groupe T dans les années 1980. La présence de la mutation 181C a été associée au sous-groupe H, ce qui a conduit à la définition de trois populations virales: H/181C-like, H/181Y-like et T/181Y-like. Une forte conservation du motif signature K28, K103, 1142, D174, L178 au niveau de la poche non catalytique de la TI des virus H/181C-like a été mise en évidence, mais aucun de ces marqueurs (présence de la mutation 181C, appartenance à la population H/181C-like ou présence du motif associé) ne semble être lié à un plus haut niveau de réplication virale in vivo. Afin de développer les connaissances sur le tropisme des VIH-110, une propriété en lien avec l'évolution 1 clinique de l'infection par VIH-11M ou VIH-2, nous avons développé un outil de phénotropisme basé sur la production de pseudovirus présentant un clone de glycoprotéine d'Enveloppe V111-1/0. Nous avons montré que les 16 Enveloppes produites n'utilisaient que le corécepteur CCR5, malgré l'exploration d'échantillons séquentiels et/ou prélevés en phase d'infection tardive. Enfin, pour permettre l'analyse des propriétés phénotypiques liées aux différentes populations VIH-1/0, nous avons participé à la production de trois nouveaux de clones moléculaires infectieux représentant deux souches H/181C-like et une souche T/181Y-like. Ces clones ont contribué à démontrer comment les VIH-1/0 contrecarraient l'action de la Tetherine et modulaient l'expression de NFKB par le biais des protéines Nef et Vpu. En conclusion, nos résultats suggèrent une dynamique d'évolution des V111-1/0 plus complexe que suspectée jusqu'alors, ayant entraîné l'émergence de deux sous-groupes distincts. Nous avons unifié les 1 différents systèmes de nomenclature, décrit des caractéristiques distinguant trois populations virales, et développé de nouveaux outils pour contribuer à une meilleure connaissance des conséquences de leur diversité génétique.

Download or read book HIV 1 Genetic Diversity Evolution and Neuropsychological Impairment written by George Kimet Hightower and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) remain a significant problem worldwide and can range in severity from disabling dementia to asymptomatic cognitive, motor and behavioral changes. Clinical assessments are the gold standard for detecting impairment and have defined the scope and severity of HAND; however, the viral determinants of HAND are not well understood. To further characterize the viral determinants of HAND, we studied viral evolution and disease by analyzing HIV-1 RNA extracted from blood and CSF samples along with participant specific clinical and neuropsychological assessments. HIV-1 RNA was amplified with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and sequenced using the Sanger Method. Neuropsychological assessments were administered and scored by trained psychometrists and included seven ability domains: learning, delayed recall, verbal fluency, processing speed, attention/working memory, abstraction/executive functioning and motor speed. HIV-1 population diversity was positively associated with disease, specifically AIDS and neuropsychological impairment. Further, antiretroviral resistance was associated with lower CSF viral loads and with better neuropsychological performance. Our findings suggest that HIV-1 virulence is most likely associated with the capacity of a viral population to maintain genetic diversity and not simply a specific and predominant genotypic variant. Although, the exact underlying mechanism for this remains unclear, complex phenotypes such as neuropsychological impairment may result from different HIV-1 variants operating in a coordinated manner to cause disease.

Download or read book The Evolution of HIV written by Keith A. Crandall and published by JHU Press. This book was released on 1999-04-26 with total page 524 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wolinsky.-- "European Molecular Biology Organization Reports"

Download or read book Global HIV AIDS Medicine written by Paul Volberding and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2008 with total page 850 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: HIV/AIDS management poses many different challenges around the world, and the therapies available in the West are often not economically feasible in developing countries. This new book is the first to address the myriad of clinical difficulties faced by health practitioners worldwide in managing HIV/AIDS. Edited by the same authorities responsible for the highly respected reference "The Medical Management of AIDS," with Associate Editors that include the President of the International AIDS Society and a preeminent opinion leader in the fight against AIDS in Africa, and authored by a "who's who" of current global experts on HIV and AIDS medicine, this visionary text presents all the practical, indispensable information that clinicians everywhere need to offer their patients the best possible care. Access reliable, up-to-the-minute guidance that addresses the realities of HIV/AIDS management in your geographical region, thanks to contributions from a global cast of renowned expert clinicians and researchers. Locate the clinically actionable information you need quickly with an organization that mirrors the current state of the AIDS epidemic and the different needs of Western vs. developing-world patients and clinicians. Diagnose AIDS manifestations confidently by comparing them to full-color clinical images. Review essential data quickly through numerous at-a-glance tables.

Download or read book HIV and the New Viruses written by Angus G. Dalgleish and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 1999 with total page 620 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: HIV and the New Viruses presents cutting-edge reviews of persistent human virus infections as a coherent collection for the first time. These cover recently discovered viruses such as HHV-6, HHV-8 and HCV, as well as the latest research on HIV. This comprehensive and updated reference includes an in-depth study of the major issues in the epidemiology, pathogenicity, molecular virology, host responses and management of conditions associated with those viruses. Information on new pharmaceuticals and vaccine developments is also included. Edited by the leading experts in the field, HIV and the New Viruses will be essential reading for postgraduates, clinicians and researchers in virology, immunology, cancer, molecular biology and the pharmaceutical industry. Presents cutting-edge reviews of persistent human virus infections as a coherent collection for the first time Includes an in-depth study of the major issues in the epidemiology, pathogenicity, molecular virology, host responses, and management of conditions associated with those viruses

Download or read book Principles of Virology Volume 2 written by S. Jane Flint and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-11-03 with total page 518 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Principles of Virology, the leading virology textbook in use, is an extremely valuable and highly informative presentation of virology at the interface of modern cell biology and immunology. This text utilizes a uniquely rational approach by highlighting common principles and processes across all viruses. Using a set of representative viruses to illustrate the breadth of viral complexity, students are able to under-stand viral reproduction and pathogenesis and are equipped with the necessary tools for future encounters with new or understudied viruses. This fifth edition was updated to keep pace with the ever-changing field of virology. In addition to the beloved full-color illustrations, video interviews with leading scientists, movies, and links to exciting blogposts on relevant topics, this edition includes study questions and active learning puzzles in each chapter, as well as short descriptions regarding the key messages of references of special interest. Volume I: Molecular Biology focuses on the molecular processes of viral reproduction, from entry through release. Volume II: Pathogenesis and Control addresses the interplay between viruses and their host organisms, on both the micro- and macroscale, including chapters on public health, the immune response, vaccines and other antiviral strategies, viral evolution, and a brand new chapter on the therapeutic uses of viruses. These two volumes can be used for separate courses or together in a single course. Each includes a unique appendix, glossary, and links to internet resources. Principles of Virology, Fifth Edition, is ideal for teaching the strategies by which all viruses reproduce, spread within a host, and are maintained within populations. This edition carefully reflects the results of extensive vetting and feedback received from course instructors and students, making this renowned textbook even more appropriate for undergraduate and graduate courses in virology, microbiology, and infectious diseases.

Download or read book Encyclopedia of AIDS written by Thomas J. Hope and published by . This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book HIV AIDS in South Africa written by S. S. Abdool Karim and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2010-06-17 with total page 612 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This second edition of the book provides up-to-date information on new drugs, new proven HIV prevention interventions, a new chapter on positive prevention, and current HIV epidemiology. This definitive text covers all aspects of HIV/AIDS in South Africa, from basic science to medicine, sociology, economics and politics. It has been written by a highly respected team of South African HIV/AIDS experts and provides a thoroughly researched account of the epidemic in the region.

Download or read book Immunology and Evolution of Infectious Disease written by Steven A. Frank and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2002-07-21 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Publisher Description