Download or read book A History of the Laws of War Volume 1 written by Alexander Gillespie and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2011-09-06 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This unique new work of reference traces the origins of the modern laws of warfare from the earliest times to the present day. Relying on written records from as far back as 2400 BCE, and using sources ranging from the Bible to Security Council Resolutions, the author pieces together the history of a subject which is almost as old as civilisation itself. The author shows that as long as humanity has been waging wars it has also been trying to find ways of legitimising different forms of combatants and regulating the treatment of captives. This first book on warfare deals with the broad question of whether the patterns of dealing with combatants and captives have changed over the last 5,000 years, and if so, how? In terms of context, the first part of the book is about combatants and those who can 'lawfully' take part in combat. In many regards, this part of the first volume is a series of 'less than ideal' pathways. This is because in an ideal world there would be no combatants because there would be no fighting. Yet as a species we do not live in such a place or even anywhere near it, either historically or in contemporary times. This being so, a second-best alternative has been to attempt to control the size of military forces and, therefore, the bloodshed. This is also not the case by which humanity has worked over the previous centuries. Rather, the clear assumption for thousands of years has been that authorities are allowed to build the size of their armed forces as large as they wish. The restraints that have been applied are in terms of the quality and methods by which combatants are taken. The considerations pertain to questions of biology such as age and sex, geographical considerations such as nationality, and the multiple nuances of informal or formal combatants. These questions have also overlapped with ones of compulsion and whether citizens within a country can be compelled to fight without their consent. Accordingly, for the previous 3,000 years, the question has not been whether there should be a limit on the number of soldiers, but rather who is or is not a lawful combatant. It has rarely been a question of numbers. It has been, and remains, one of type. The second part of this book is about people, typically combatants, captured in battle. It is about what happens to their status as prisoners, about the possibilities of torture, assistance if they are wounded and what happens to their remains should they be killed and their bodies fall into enemy hands. The theme that ties all of these considerations together is that all of the acts befall those who are, to one degree or another, captives of their enemies. As such, they are no longer masters of their own fate. As a work of reference this first volume, as part of a set of three, is unrivalled, and will be of immense benefit to scholars and practitioners researching and advising on the laws of warfare. It also tells a story which throws fascinating new light on the history of international law and on the history of warfare itself.
Download or read book Universities in the Middle Ages written by Hilde de Ridder-Symoens and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1992 with total page 540 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This, the first In the series, is also the first volume on the medieval University as a whole to be published In over a century. It provides a synthesis of the intellectual, social, political and religious life of the early University, and gives serious attention to the development of classroom studies and how they changed with the coming of the Renaissance and the Reformation. Following the first stirrings of the University In the thirteenth century, the evolution of the University is traced from the original Corporation of masters and Scholars through the early development of the colleges. The second half of the book focuses on the century from the 1440s to 1540s, which saw the flowering of the University under Tudor patronage. In the decades preceding the Reformation many colleges were founded, the teaching structures reorganised and the curriculum made more humanistic. The place of Cambridge at the forefront of northern European universities was eventually assured when Henry VIII founded Trinity College In 1546, In the face of changes and difficulties experienced during the course of the Reformation.
Download or read book Bibliography of the History of Medicine written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 1308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Humanities written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Controversy Catastrophism and Evolution written by Trevor Palmer and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 463 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Controversy, Trevor Palmer fully documents how traditional gradualistic views of biological and geographic evolution are giving way to a catastrophism that credits cataclysmic events, such as meteorite impacts, for the rapid bursts and abrupt transitions observed in the fossil record. According to the catastrophists, new species do not evolve gradually; they proliferate following sudden mass extinctions. Placing this major change of perspective within the context of a range of ancient debates, Palmer discusses such topics as the history of the solar system, present-day extraterrestrial threats to earth, hominid evolution, and the fossil record.
Download or read book Complexity and the Economy written by W. Brian Arthur and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2014-10-02 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Economics is changing. In the last few years it has generated a number of new approaches. One of the most promising - complexity economics - was pioneered in the 1980s and 1990s by a small team at the Santa Fe Institute. Economist and complexity theorist W. Brian Arthur led that team, and in this book he collects many of his articles on this new approach. The traditional framework sees behavior in the economy as in an equilibrium steady state. People in the economy face well-defined problems and use perfect deductive reasoning to base their actions on. The complexity framework, by contrast, sees the economy as always in process, always changing. People try to make sense of the situations they face using whatever reasoning they have at hand, and together create outcomes they must individually react to anew. The resulting economy is not a well-ordered machine, but a complex evolving system that is imperfect, perpetually constructing itself anew, and brimming with vitality. The new vision complements and widens the standard one, and it helps answer many questions: Why does the stock market show moods and a psychology? Why do high-tech markets tend to lock in to the dominance of one or two very large players? How do economies form, and how do they continually alter in structure over time? The papers collected here were among the first to use evolutionary computation, agent-based modeling, and cognitive psychology. They cover topics as disparate as how markets form out of beliefs; how technology evolves over the long span of time; why systems and bureaucracies get more complicated as they evolve; and how financial crises can be foreseen and prevented in the future.
Download or read book Order Legitimacy and Wealth in Ancient States written by Janet Richards and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2000-12-07 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Three terms, Order, Legitimacy and Wealth, delineate a comparative approach to ancient civilizations initially developed by John Baines, Professor of Egyptology at the University of Oxford, and Norman Yoffee, Professor of Archaeology and Near Eastern Studies at the University of Michigan, in 1992. In an influential paper, they compared and contrasted the nature of social and political power in Egypt and Mesopotamia. This was the first analysis of the impact of wealth and high culture on the development of states. The contributors to the present book, first published in 2000, apply the classic Baines/Yoffee model to a range of ancient states around the world, providing documentary and archaeological evidence on the production and uses of 'high culture', literature and monumental architecture. There are chapters on Mesoamerica, the Andes, the Indus Valley, the Han Dynasty of China, and Greece during the Roman empire, while others expand on the original Egypt-Mesopotamia comparison.
Download or read book Music and Musicians in the Medieval Islamicate World written by Lisa Nielson and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2021-04-22 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the early medieval Islamicate period (800–1400 CE), discourses concerned with music and musicians were wide-ranging and contentious, and expressed in works on music theory and philosophy as well as literature and poetry. But in spite of attempts by influential scholars and political leaders to limit or control musical expression, music and sound permeated all layers of the social structure. Lisa Nielson here presents a rich social history of music, musicianship and the role of musicians in the early Islamicate era. Focusing primarily on Damascus, Baghdad and Jerusalem, Lisa Nielson draws on a wide variety of textual sources written for and about musicians and their professional/private environments – including chronicles, literary sources, memoirs and musical treatises – as well as the disciplinary approaches of musicology to offer insights into musical performances and the lives of musicians. In the process, the book sheds light onto the dynamics of medieval Islamicate courts, as well as how slavery, gender, status and religion intersected with music in courtly life. It will appeal to scholars of the Islamicate world and historical musicologists.
Download or read book A New History of Ireland Volume VI written by W. E. Vaughan and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2010-04-01 with total page 1017 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A New History of Ireland is the largest scholarly project in modern Irish history. In 9 volumes, it provides a comprehensive new synthesis of modern scholarship on every aspect of Irish history and prehistory, from the earliest geological and archaeological evidence, through the Middle Ages, down to the present day. Volume VI opens with a character study of the period, followed by ten chapters of narrative history, and a study of Ireland in 1914. It includes further chapters on the economy, literature, the Irish language, music, arts, education, administration and the public service, and emigration.
Download or read book Organ Literature written by Corliss Richard Arnold and published by Scarecrow Press. This book was released on 2003-02 with total page 399 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Now in paperback! Cloth edition 0-8108-2964-9 originally published in 1995.
Download or read book History and Political Economy written by Tony Aspromourgos and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2004-08-02 with total page 317 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book brings together a collection of essays in honour of Peter Groenewegen, one of the most distinguished historians of economic thought. His work on a wide range of economic theorists approaches a level of near insuperability.
Download or read book Geographic Thought written by George L. Henderson and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2009 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This unabridged reader offers a fresh approach to learning about Geographic Thought by showing, through concrete examples and detailed editorial essays, how the discipline has been forever altered by the rise of progressive social struggles of the last 30 years.
Download or read book From Dust to Ashes written by P. Jupp and published by Springer. This book was released on 2005-12-15 with total page 251 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seventy per cent of British families now choose cremation for their funerals, a rapid change in traditional death customs. This is the first book to investigate why cremation replaced burial. It examines the political, religious, economic and social reasons behind personal choice and sets them in a European context. This study is doubly timely with the expanding scholarly interest in death studies, and the new media interest in the British way of death.
Download or read book OUR FRAGILE WORLD Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable Development Volume I written by M. K. Tolba and published by EOLSS Publications. This book was released on 2001-08-23 with total page 1183 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This publication, Our Fragile World: Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable Development, presents perspectives of several important subjects that are covered in greater detail and depth in the Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS). The contributions to the two volumes provide an integrated presentation of knowledge and worldviews related to the state of: Earth's natural resources, social resources, institutional resources, and economic and financial resources. They present the vision and thinking of over 200 authors in support of efforts to solve the complex problems connected with sustainable development, and to secure perennial life support on "The Blue Planet'. These contributions are holistic, informative, forward looking, and will be of interest to a broad readership. This volume presents contributions with focus on the Natural and Social Dimensions of sustainable Development in to two sections: NATURAL SYSTEMS AND RESOURCES (Natural Systems and Climate Change ; - Natural Resources Management). - SOCIO-CULTURAL ISSUES (Human Security, Peace, and Socio-Cultural issues; Equity and Ethical issues).
Download or read book National Library of Medicine Current Catalog written by National Library of Medicine (U.S.) and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 1536 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Transactions of the Academy of Science of Saint Louis written by Academy of Science of St. Louis and published by . This book was released on 1892 with total page 782 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: List of members in each volume, except v. 5.
Download or read book The Transactions of the Academy of Science of Saint Louis written by and published by . This book was released on 1892 with total page 772 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
