Download or read book History of the Office of the Secretary of Defense Volume One the Formative Years 1947 1950 Fascinating Account of Post War Decisions on Communist Threat Atomic Weapons Israel NATO written by Department of Defense and published by . This book was released on 2017-09-08 with total page 513 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first volume in an important new series that will provide a comprehensive history of the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD), The Formative Years traces the evolution of OSD from its establishment in September 1947 to the outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950. As the title indicates, these were years of beginnings that ushered in the present-day era of service unification and saw the development of policies and programs that would have lasting impact on national security. A richly documented volume, it draws on a wide variety of primary and secondary sources to present a commanding account of the evolution of both defense organization and national security policy during the critical post-World War II years. The book opens with the swearing-in of the first Secretary of Defense, James Forrestal, who faced the dual challenge of effecting unification of the armed forces and of reconstituting U.S. defense policy to meet an increasing array of problems and threats abroad, the Cold War with the Soviet Union heading the list. As Forrestal discovered, to make unification work, he needed more authority and assistance than the 1947 National Security Act gave him. His successor, Louis Johnson, had the benefit of amendments in 1949 that enhanced the secretary's power. But like Forrestal, Johnson confronted fierce interservice competition for scarce funds and deeply divisive quarrels, especially between the Air Force and the Navy, over the assignment of roles and missions. A series of chapters on the making of the defense budgets for the period strikingly illuminates the intricate relationships among strategic policies, military programs, roles and missions, and money.Problems abroad threatened to embroil the United States in conflicts for which it was largely unprepared. Students of foreign affairs will be especially interested in the chapters on assistance to Greece and Turkey under the Truman Doctrine, the partitioning of Palestine and the ensuing Arab-Israeli conflict, the civil war in China and its repercussions throughout the Far East, including the early stages of U.S. involvement in Vietnam, and the Berlin crisis of 1948-49, which nearly led to a military showdown with the Soviet Union. Subsequent chapters examine the development of the atomic energy program and growing U.S. reliance on nuclear weapons, the creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the origins of the worldwide Mutual Defense Assistance Program, and the drafting of NSC 68, the landmark policy paper that in 1950, on the eve of the Korean War, proposed an unprecedented program of peacetime rearmament.17 September 1947 * From Hot War to Cold War * Strategy of Containment * State of Armed Forces * Road to Unification * National Security Act of 1947 * Unification Act on Trial * Office of the Secretary of Defense * Forrestal's Staff * Evolution of Staff Responsibilities * Changes Under Johnson * Congressional Liaison * Public Relations Front * Civil Defense Organization * Joint and Special Committees * Staff Agencies * Munitions Board * Research and Development Board * Nonstatutory Staff Agencies * Military Liaison Committee * OSD and National Security Structure * National Security Council * Relations with State Department * National Security Resources Board * Joint Chiefs of Staff * Intelligence Community * Challenge of Communism: Greece, Turkey, and Italy * Struggle for Greece * Aid to Turkey * Communist Threat to Italy * Israel and the Arab States * Partition of Palestine * First Arab-Israeli War * Aid to Palestinian Refugees * Arms Shipments to the Middle East * Middle East Oil and Security * Crisis in China * Wedemeyer Mission * Question of Formosa * Spreading Turmoil in Asia * Japan Under U.S. Occupation * Divided Korea * Emerging Conflict in Southeast Asia * Berlin Crisis * "German Question" * March War Scare and Its Aftermath * Soviet Interference with Access to Berlin * Berlin Under Blockade * Planning for Possible Future Blockade
Download or read book History of the Office of the Secretary of Defense The formative years 1947 1950 written by Alfred Goldberg and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 732 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book History of the Office of the Secretary of Defense written by Steven L. Rearden and published by Office of the Secretary, Historical Office. This book was released on 1984 with total page 724 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book History of the Office of the Secretary of Defense The formative years 1947 1950 written by and published by Government Printing Office. This book was released on with total page 732 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book History of the Office of the Secretary of Defense The test of War 1950 1953 written by Alfred Goldberg and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 752 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book History of the Office of the Secretary of Defense written by and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 667 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book History of the Office of the Secretary of Defense The test of war 1950 1953 written by Doris M. Condit and published by Office of the Secretary, Historical Office. This book was released on 1984 with total page 768 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book History of the Office of the Secretary of Defense written by Steven L. Rearden and published by ACLS History E-Book Project. This book was released on 2014-01 with total page 726 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first volume of the history of the Office of the Secretary of Defense, written by the office's own Historical Office. It covers the founding of the office and key events, policies, and persons, especially in light of the early stages of the Cold War.
Download or read book History of the Office of the Secretary of Defense Volume 1 the Formative Years 1947 1950 written by United States. Office of the Secretary of Defense. Historical Office and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book History of the Office of the Secretary of Defense The formative years 1947 1950 written by Alfred Goldberg and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book History of the Office of the Secretary of Defense written by and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book History of the Office of the Secretary of Defense written by and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book History of the Office of the Secretary of Defense Volume Two the Test of War 1950 1953 Pentagon s Role in the Korean War the Recall of MacArthur Hydrogen Bomb Truman and NATO written by Department of Defense and published by . This book was released on 2018-03-06 with total page 537 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Test of War, the second volume in the comprehensive History of the Office of the Secretary of Defense, follows the evolution of OSD from the outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950 to the end of the Truman presidency in January 1953- Like the first volume in the series (The Formative Years, 1947-1950), the present one focuses on the secretaries of defense, their staffs, and OSD's administration of the Pentagon and examines, beyond OSD and the Department of Defense, the larger framework of national security organization and policy that involved the White House, Congress, and other agencies of the government. As the central event of this period, the Korean War tested the mettle of officials and institutions throughout the national security establishment, but nowhere more acutely than in the E-ring offices of the Pentagon leadership. The Korean-era secretaries of defense--Louis Johnson. George Marshall, and Robert Lovett--confronted a maze of problems relating to strategy, budgets, manpower, weapons development, and service roles and missions. Operating under wartime pressures while attempting to manage a department on-lv recently created and still undergoing major adjustments, they faced a formidable agenda made even more difficult by domestic political and economic constraints that narrowed the options available to them. In a narrative rich in both documentary-detail and broad-brush perspective, The Test of War assesses how well the secretaries met these challenges. Success or failure depended not only on their effectiveness in managing the Pentagon bureaucracy, in particular their interaction with the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the still parochial-minded military services, but also on their relationship with Truman, Secretary of State Dean Acheson. and a contentious Congress unhappy over the firing of MacArthur, the pace of mobilization, and the progress of the war generally.Korea, of course, was the flash point for a much wider struggle unfolding during this time, the effort by the United States to contain the expansionist activities of the Soviet Union and communism. As the conflict in the Far East dragged on seemingly indefinitely, officials in Washington turned their attention increasingly to Europe and the strengthening of the Western alliance. Much of the book deals with the shaping of NATO and the related subject of military assistance.In a thoughtful conclusion, The Test of War observes that the precedents established in these seminal years--the beginnings of a military-industrial complex, the changing strategic formulations that allowed for reliance on nuclear as well as conventional weapons, the sharp debate over European vs. Asian priorities, and, above all, the staunch and expensive commitment to containment--would influence national security policy and the U.S. defense effort for the remainder of the century.I. Prelude to War * II. The Role of the Pentagon * III. The North Korean Attack * A Divided Korea * Combating Aggression * The United Nations Command * Finding U.S. Troops for Korea * Defeat of the North Koreans * IV. The Chinese Entry into the War * Early Views of Chinese Intentions * The Northern Borders * Enemy Sanctuary and MacArthur's Mission * Continuing the UN Ground Offensive * Response to Defeat * The Question of a Cease-Fire * V. A Policy of Limited War * A New Toughness * Across the 38th Again * Recall of MacArthur * Ridgway and Military Policy * VI. Fighting But Talking * The Start of the Talks: An Agenda * A Military Demarcation Line * Ground Operations * A Challenge to Air Superiority * VII. The Prisoners of War * The Major Issue--Repatriation * Recessing the Negotiations * VIII. The Final Round * The Protracted War * The Ammunition Problem * IX. Formosa: A Reversal of Policy * Neutralization and Assistance * Effects of the Chinese Intervention in Korea * X. Japan: A New Relationship * Situation in June 1950 * A State-Defense Agreement * Effect of Chinese Intervention in Korea
Download or read book History of the Office of the Secretary of Defense written by and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book History of the Office of the Secretary of Defense Volume Three Strategy Money and the New Look 1953 1956 Covering Atomic Weapons Korean War Soviet Nuclear Threat and the ICBM Missile written by Department of Defense and published by . This book was released on 2018-03-06 with total page 681 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This publication, Volume III of the History of the Office of the Secretary of Defense, is concerned with the first three and a half years of the Eisenhower administration--1953-1956. The hallmark of these years was the constant struggle of the administration to hold down the cost of national defense and balance that cost against an array of post-Korea cold war challenges. For President Eisenhower the budget balancing priority was almost an obsession. His firm belief that a sound and fundamental economy was the bedrock on which all national policy had to be based manifested itself powerfully in all considerations of the national budget, and especially in the national defense budget, the dominant element. This volume, therefore, seeks to demonstrate and develop the interlocking relationship between the economy, strategy, and money in the making of a national security policy that came to be known as the New Look.The New Look had its antecedent in the immediate pre-Korean War policies of the Truman administration, which had begun to emphasize the role of airpower and nuclear weapons in an effort to diminish reliance on the manpower-intensive ground forces and hold down the cost of national defense. The Korean War frustrated the overt implementation of this policy because of its demands for large ground forces, but important advances occurred in the buildup of strategic nuclear airpower during the war that would facilitate that transformation. Thus, for its New Look strategic air component, the Eisenhower administration inherited and embraced, within the constraints of the budget, needed essential elements--a fast-growing Strategic Air Command being equipped with jet bombers, rapidly expanding stockpiles of nuclear weapons, beginnings of ballistic missile development, and revolutionary advances in electronics. All of these could make it possible for the New Look to fulfill its widely perceived promise of a "bigger bang for a buck."The author has organized and shaped his account of these years with the budget at the center, around which revolved issues of strategy, technology, interservice competition, and the state of the national economy This approach affords an illuminating and near-exhaustive examination of the total budget process--from the earliest planning and consideration to the final executive branch determination and through the sometimes comprehensive congressional reviews before becoming law. Strategy, Money, and the New Look offers a revealing picture not only of the key dynamic in national security decisionmaking during the Eisenhower era, but of the central and dominant role that is generally played by the budget in forming government policies.Atomic Weapons and the End of the Korean War * I. New Bosses in the E Ring * II. Reorganizing Defense * III. Management and Budget * Hoover Commission Reforms * IV. Shrinking the Truman Budget * V. Defense Goes to Capitol Hill: The FY 1954 Budget * General Vandenberg's Day in Court * VI. Debating Defense of the Continental Vitals * Continental Defense Joins the System * VII. Economy and Strategy Decoupled: The October 1953 Budget Crisis * Redeployment, Nuclear Weapons, and the Soviet Threat * VIII. Cutting Manpower * IX. Containment's New Testament * Soviet Threat, Free World Weakness * New Emphasis on Retaliation * Reduction of the Soviet Threat * Nuclear Weapons and Redeployment * X. The New Look Takes Form * Massive Retaliation * XI. Congress and the New Look: FY 1955 * XII. Basic Strategy and the FY 1956 Budget: Pressures to Expand * XIII. Continental Defense: Ambivalence Compounded * The Growing Nuclear Threat * XIV. Basic Strategy and the FY 1956 Budget: Decision to Retrench * XV. Updating Basic National Security Policy: NSC 5501 and the Soft Line * XVI. Congress and the FY 1956 Budget * The Senate: Symington Wins One for the Marines * XVII. The 1955 Bomber Gap Flap * The Moscow Flybys * Publicity Firestorm * B-52 Acceleration * The Sci-Tech Threat
Download or read book Harold Brown written by Edward Coltrin Keefer and published by Government Printing Office. This book was released on 2018 with total page 848 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Author Edward Keefer chronicles and analyses the tenure of Secretary of Defense Harold Brown, who worked to counter the Soviet Union's growing military strength during the administration of President Jimmy Carter. Flush with cash from oil and gas development, the Soviets came closest to matching the United States in strategic power than at any other point in the Cold War, threatening to make the U.S. land-based missile force vulnerable to a first strike. By most reckonings the Kremlin also surpassed the West in conventional arms and forces in Central Europe, creating a direct threat to NATO. In response, Brown, a nuclear physicist, advocated for the development of more technologically advanced weapon systems to offset the Soviet military advantage, but faced Carter's efforts to reign in the defense budget. Eventually the secretary, backed by the JCS, the national security adviser, and key members of Congress, persuaded a reluctant Carter to increase defense spending for the last two years of his term. As a result weapons development such as stealth technology, precision-guided bombs, and cruise missiles went forward. These initiatives and more provided a head start for the acclaimed Ronald Reagan revolution in defense. As the author points out, there was more continuity than contrast in defense policy between Carter and Reagan. The book also highlights Brown's policymaking efforts and his influence on Carter as the administration responded to international events such as the Middle East peace process, the Iran revolution and hostage crisis, the rise of radical Islam, negotiations with the Soviets over arms limitations, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, and the creation of a new security framework in the Persian Gulf region. Other topics cover policy toward Latin America Africa, China, and Southeast Asia. The book is also a history of the Defense Department, including the continual development of the All-Volunteer Force and the organizational changes that saw improved policy formulation and acquisition decisions. Political strategists, political scientists, international relations scholars, foreign policy advocates, historians, and political economists may be interested in this comprehensive historical reference for United States defense and foreign policy under the James (Jimmy) Carter administration. High school students pursuing research for essays and term papers for Government, Modern World History, and United States History may be interested in this resource. Additionally, undergraduate and graduate level students may be interested in this authoritative resource for research relating to international relations, public administration, military science, public policy economics, and introduction to political theory courses. Related products: Presidential History resources collection is available here: https: //bookstore.gpo.gov/catalog/presidential-history Other resources relating to the President James (Jimmy) Carter administration can be found here: https: //bookstore.gpo.gov/catalog/39-jimmy-carter Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS) series resources can be found here: https: //bookstore.gpo.gov/catalog/foreign-relations-united-states-series-frus Other published works by the US Department of Defense, Office of the Secretary of Defense can be found here: https: //bookstore.gpo.gov/agency/office-secretary-defense
Download or read book The U S Air Force in Space 1945 to the Twenty First Century Proceedings written by Air Force Historical Foundation. Symposium and published by Department of the Air Force. This book was released on 1998-09-02 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Contains papers presented at the Air Force Historical Foundation Symposium, held at Andrews Air Force Base, Maryland, on September 21-22, 1995. Topics addressed are: Pt. 1, The Formative Years, 1945-1961; Pt. 2, Mission Development and Exploitation Since 1961; and Pt. 3, Military Space Today and Tomorrow. Includes notes, abbreviations & acronyms, an index, and photographs.
