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Book History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff   The War in Vietnam 1960 1968  Part 2   Covering Johnson and McNamara  Escalation in South Vietnam  Tonkin Gulf  Saigon  and Rolling Thunder

Download or read book History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff The War in Vietnam 1960 1968 Part 2 Covering Johnson and McNamara Escalation in South Vietnam Tonkin Gulf Saigon and Rolling Thunder written by Department of Defense and published by . This book was released on 2017-10-14 with total page 410 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume describes those JCS activities related to developments in Vietnam during the period 1964-1966. At times, the role of the Joint Chiefs in events in Vietnam may appear to be submerged in the description of foreign relations, politics, economics, and other areas having little to do with military matters. However, developments in these areas provide essential background for understanding the military activity of the 1960s. 1. President Johnson's First Months * 2. Johnson's Course Confirmed, NSAM 288 * 3. Command Reorganization in South Vietnam * 4. An Escalation Scenario Takes Shape * 5. New Faces in Saigon and More Troops * 6. Going North: Tonkin Gulf and Its Effects * 7. US Action Awaits Stability in Saigon * 8. The Bien Hoa Attack and the US Reaction * 9. A New Presidential Decision * 10. Implementing the Presidential Decisions * 11. A New Stage of US Commitment * 12. The Quantum Jump-ROLLING THUNDER * 13. Limited Deployment of US Forces * 14. The Logistics of Escalation * 15. Deployment Planning, March-June 1965 * 16. Into the Battle, June 1965-February 1966 * 17. Command Arrangements and Allies * 18. Military Operations, July-December 1965 * 19. ROLLING THUNDER Continues * 20. The Search for Peace Begins * 21. ROLLING THUNDER Resumes and Expands * 22. Deployments and Forces, 1966 * 23. The War in South Vietnam - 1966 * 24. The Air, the Sea, and the Borders * 25. Logistics Issues, 1966 * 26. ROLLING THUNDER, July 1966-January 1967 * 27. Efforts toward Negotiation Prologue: At the End of 1963 * The Deaths of Two Presidents * The Joint Chiefs of Staff under Kennedy and Johnson * The Joint Chiefs of Staff and Vietnam: Five Silent Men? * 1. President Johnson's First Months * 1964: A New Year Begins * President Johnson Sets a Course: NSAM 273 * Planning for Actions against North Vietnam * The Khanh Coup, 30 January 1964 * OPLAN 34A Starts Slowly * Encouraging Steps in Pacification * New Organization and Planning in Washington * The JCS Recommendations of 22 January 1964 * JCS Planning after the Khanh Coup * Decisions in Hanoi * 2. Johnson's Course Confirmed, NSAM 288 * JCS Recommendations to McNamara * The JCS Push for Cross-Border Operations * Blockading North Vietnam: Problems Identified * McNamara's March Trip and Report * JCS Views on the McNamara Report * Approval of the 12 Recommendations: NSAM 288 * Implementing NSAM 288: South Vietnamese Forces * Implementing NSAM 288: Cross-Border Operations * Aerial Reconnaissance in Laos: YANKEE TEAM * Implementing NSAM 288: Future Operations * The JCS Develop a Target List * 3. Command Reorganization in South Vietnam * General Harkins' Last Months * Reorganizing MACV * MACV: A Joint or Army Command? * 4. An Escalation Scenario Takes Shape * General Khanh Takes a New Tack * McNamara's May Visit to South Vietnam * Escalation Planning Intensifies * A Scenario is Written * The JCS in the Preparations for Honolulu * The Honolulu Conference, 1-2 June 1964 * After the Honolulu Conference * General Taylor Defines Patterns of Attack * A Vision of Regional War: CINCPAC OPLAN 38-64 * Status of Recommendations 11 and 12, NSAM 288 * 5. New Faces in Saigon and More Troops * Changes in Command * Ambassador Taylor Takes Charge * A Major Increase in US Military Personnel * Americans in Vietnam: Advisers or Fighters? * Accommodating the Forces * The Search for "More Flags" Begins * 6. Going North: Tonkin Gulf and Its Effects * General Khanh Calls for a Move North * Ambassador Taylor Proposes Combined Planning * The Joint Chiefs Recommend Additional Action * The Gulf of Tonkin Incident * The Joint Congressional Resolution * The United Nations and Communist Response * The View from Saigon * Continued Policy Deliberations in Washington * 7. US Action Awaits Stability in Saigon * The Khanh Regime Stumbles * Ambassador Taylor on Escalation * The JCS Recommendations of 26 August * The 94 Target List * A Split over Going North

Book History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff   The War in Vietnam 1960 1968  Part 3   Covering Rolling Thunder  TET Offensive  Domestic Dissent  Quest for Talks  and Strengthening the RVNAF

Download or read book History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff The War in Vietnam 1960 1968 Part 3 Covering Rolling Thunder TET Offensive Domestic Dissent Quest for Talks and Strengthening the RVNAF written by Department of Defense and published by . This book was released on 2017-10-15 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Part III of The Joint Chiefs of Staff and the War in Vietnam, 1960-1968, describes the formulation of policies and decisions during the years 1967-1968, the period during which the United States military escalation in Southeast Asia culminated. As it was written well before the war ended, the sources its authors used were quite limited; for example, the Pentagon Papers were not then available. Since that time, additional source material on all aspects of the war has become available both in US official records and in histories produced by the other side and made available in English. During the period covered by this study, the United States' military effort in Indochina, both in the ground battle in South Vietnam and the air war against North Vietnam, reached its highest level. As the scale and costs of the conflict increased with no sign of a decisive outcome, American public support for the war began to crumble as did the Johnson administration's confidence in its own policies. When the Communists launched their nationwide Tet Offensive early in 1968, the President and his advisers were already taking tentative steps toward limiting the American commitment and turning more of the war over to the South Vietnamese. Although a costly tactical defeat for the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese, the shock of the Tet Offensive set the Johnson administration on a course of de-escalation from which there was to be no turning back.1. The Situation, January 1967 * 2. Action on the Diplomatic Front * 3. ROLLING THUNDER Gains Momentum, February-June 1967 * 4. Launching the General Offensive: Operations in South Vietnam, January-May 1967 * 5. The Debate over Escalation * 6. ROLLING THUNDER at Its Zenith: Operations against North Vietnam, July 1967-January 1968 * 7. Military Operations in South Vietnam, June 1967-January 1968 * 8. Pacification and Nation Building--1967 * 9. Domestic Dissent and Policy Debate * 10. The TET Offensive * 11. A New Departure in Policy * 12. De-escalation and the Quest for Talks * 13. Strengthening the RVNAF * 14. After TET: The May and August Offensives * 15. The Paris Talks through the Bombing Halt * 16. Pressing the Attack in the South1. The Situation, January 1967 * 2. Action on the Diplomatic Front * Operation MARIGOLD * Appeal to U Thant * Operation SUNFLOWER * The JCS Express Their Views * 3. ROLLING THUNDER Gains Momentum, February-June 1967 * The Bombing Resumes * RT 55 and the MIG Threat * RT 56 and the Hanoi Thermal Power Plant * ROLLING THUNDER Is Restricted * 4. Launching the General Offensive: Operations in South Vietnam, January-May 1967 * General Westmoreland's Concept of Operations for 1967 * The Antagonists * Strengthening ARC LIGHT * CEDAR FALLS and JUNCTION CITY * Operations in II Corps Tactical Zone * Enemy Counterblows-- I Corps Tactical Zone * Reinforcement of I CTZ * The DMZ Barrier * General Westmoreland Requests Additional Forces * 5. The Debate over Escalation * The JCS' Views on Westmoreland's Request * Free World Countries as Sources of Additional Forces * The Debate Is Joined--Counterproposals by OSD * The Joint Chiefs Reply to McNamara * The Debate Continues: The Revised DPM of 12 June * McNamara Visits Saigon * The Presidential Decisions * 6. ROLLING THUNDER at Its Zenith: Operations against North Vietnam, July 1967-January 1968 * The Original ROLLING THUNDER 57 Package * The Senate Takes a Hand: The Stennis Hearings * New Targets and a Peace Initiative * Strikes in the Buffer Zone * Operations against the Ports * Countering the MIG Threat * ROLLING THUNDER Unleashed * ROLLING THUNDER Subsides * ROLLING THUNDER Pro and Con * 7. Military Operations in South Vietnam, June 1967-January 1968 * Westmoreland's Summer Plans * Summer Operations in III and IV CTZs * Summer Operations in II CTZ * Hard Fighting in I CTZ * Actions to Strengthen MACV * Enemy Pressure on the Cambodian Border * Attacking the Ho Chi Minh Trail

Book The Joint Chiefs of Staff and the War in Vietnam  1960 1968

Download or read book The Joint Chiefs of Staff and the War in Vietnam 1960 1968 written by Graham A. Cosmas and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book The Joint Chiefs of Staff and the War in Vietnam  1960 1968  1960 1968  pt  2

Download or read book The Joint Chiefs of Staff and the War in Vietnam 1960 1968 1960 1968 pt 2 written by Graham A. Cosmas and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 668 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pt. 1: This volume describes those JCS activities related to developments in Vietnam during the period 1960-1963, when the United States expanded its initial military commitment to Southeast Asia. In 1960, the United States increased its military advisory strength in South Vietnam in response to increased Communist infiltration and to more sustained guerrilla attacks in the south and its contingency planning effort to deploy regular US forces to both Laos and South Vietnam to counter any threat by Communist Army units from the north or from China. President Kennedy's called for a new emphasis upon guerrilla warfare at first received only lukewarm support from the Joint Chiefs of Staff. After the failed Bay of Pigs episode very early in the Kennedy administration, the President lost faith in the advice of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and appointed General Maxwell Taylor to serve as his intermediary with the Joint Chiefs, until he assumed the Chairman responsibilities in October 1962. The Kennedy administration's policy was marked by clashes between factions in the Defense Department, including the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the State Department, and the White House. By 1963, these differences involved the support the US should provide for the Republic of Vietnam under its President, Ngo Dinh Diem. The history ends with the killing of Diem by a coup followed by the coincidental murder of President Kennedy a short time later.

Book The Joint Chiefs of Staff and the War in Vietnam  1960 1068  Part 2

Download or read book The Joint Chiefs of Staff and the War in Vietnam 1960 1068 Part 2 written by and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 672 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book The Joint Chiefs of Staff and the War in Vietnam  1960 1968

Download or read book The Joint Chiefs of Staff and the War in Vietnam 1960 1968 written by Graham A. Cosmas and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 641 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Describes the formulation of policies and decisions during the years 1964-1966. Following the overthrow and death of President Ngo Dinh Diem in November 1963 and the assassination of President John F. Kennedy in the same month, President Lyndon B. Johnson's administration spent 1964 trying to make the advisory and support program work in South Vietnam while debating and planning for military pressure on North Vietnam. The year 1965 brought continued political turmoil in Saigon while North Vietnam steadily built up the Viet Cong and dispatched divisions of its own regular army to fight an expanding main force war against the South Vietnamese forces. In response, the United States escalated its own military role in the struggle. Through the ROLLING THUNDER air campaign, the United States brought gradually increasing pressure upon North Vietnam. In South Vietnam, American combat divisions entered the ground battled. During the last half of 1965 and all of 1966, the United States continued its buildup as fighting intensified and the cost of the war in blood and treasure steadily increased. At the end of 1966, the United States was engaged in full-scale war in Indochina with no end in sight.

Book History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff   Volume IX

Download or read book History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Volume IX written by Department of Defense and published by . This book was released on 2017-10-14 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume covers an unhappy period in US as well as JCS history. As the Vietnam War turned into a bloody stalemate, the strategy of "close-in" containment for the Far East proved to be unbearably costly. After the Six Day War of 1967, the Middle East became increasingly polarized between East and West. NATO had to cope with France's secession from the integrated command. Across a broad range of issues, the Joint Chiefs of Staff found themselves at odds with Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara. They wanted to escalate sharply the air campaign against North Vietnam, preserve superiority in strategic nuclear capability, and restore a US-based reserve of conventional units being drained by Vietnam's demands. Many times, their recommendations were rejected by President Lyndon B. Johnson who accepted instead those of Secretary McNamara. Indeed, the sidelining of the Joint Chiefs of Staff emerges as the dominant theme of this volume. The Vietnam War dominated and ultimately consumed Lyndon B. Johnson's presidency. In March 1964, President Johnson set the objective of preserving an independent, non-communist South Vietnam.1 But as 1965 opened, communist forces-Viet Cong guerrillas supported by North Vietnamese soldiers-were close to victory. During March, the United States started a systematic bombing campaign against the North and began committing large ground forces in the South. Defeat was averted, but steady escalation followed as the communists persevered. By 1968, there were 549,500 US military personnel in South Vietnam. Vietnam's Impact * 2. Strategic Nuclear Forces: The End of US Superiority * 3. Losing the ABM Debate * 4. The Overstretching of Conventional Capabilities * 5. Arms Control Inches Forward * 6. NATO: Surviving Challenges from Within * 7. NATO'S Flexible Response: Reality or Mirage? * 8. Phasing Out the Military Assistance Program * 9. Latin America: The Instruments of Influence * 10. Upheaval in the Middle East * 11. Africa: Avoiding Direct Intervention * 12. South Asia: US Influence Shrinks * 13. The Far East: The Climax of Containment 1. Overview: Vietnam's Impact * Reputations Tarnish * Decisionmaking Mechanisms Become Muddled * The PPBS under Stress * The "Two-War" Strategy vs. Diminishing Resources * 2. Strategic Nuclear Forces: The End of US Superiority * Force Planning in 1965 * Force Planning in 1966 * Refining the SIOP * Force Planning in 1967 * Force Planning in 1968 Perspectives * 3. Losing the ABM Debate * Force Planning in 1965 * Force Planning in 1966 * Force Planning In 1967 * Force Planning in 1968 * Aftermath * 4. The Overstretching of Conventional Capabilities * Force Planning in 1965: Losing the Slack * Force Planning in 1966: Tautness * Force Planning in 1967: Fraying Faster * Force Planning in 1968: The Snap * Afterthoughts * Appendix: Forces in Being * 5. Arms Control Inches Forward * Killing the Comprehensive and Threshold Test Bans * Fissionable Material Production: No Cutoff * Signing an Outer Space Treaty * Negotiating a Non-Proliferation Treaty * SALT: Hopes Raised and Blighted * A Qualified Conclusion * 6. NATO: Surviving Challenges from Within * Coping with France's Secession * Re-Cementing the German Connection * Greece, Turkey, and Cyprus * 7. NATO'S Flexible Response: Reality or Mirage? * Cross Currents * The Evolution of MC 14/3 * Conventional Capabilities Start to Dwindle * Until Czechoslovakia Compels a Turnabout * 8. Phasing Out the Military Assistance Program * The FY 1966 Program * The FY 1967 Program * The FY 1968 Program * The FY 1969 Program * Preparing the FY 1970 Program * Conclusion * 9. Latin America: The Instruments of Influence * The Dominican Imbroglio * A Political Quagmire? * Internationalizing the Occupation * Resolution and Extrication * Panama: Toward a New Canal Treaty * Aircraft Sales: Pro and Con * 10. Upheaval in the Middle East * Israel and Jordan: An Unattainable "Balance" * Countdown * The Six Day War

Book Public Affairs

Download or read book Public Affairs written by William M. Hammond and published by Government Printing Office. This book was released on 1988 with total page 436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: United States Army in Vietnam. CMH Pub. 91-13. Draws upon previously unavailable Army and Defense Department records to interpret the part the press played during the Vietnam War. Discusses the roles of the following in the creation of information policy: Military Assistance Command's Office of Information in Saigon; White House; State Department; Defense Department; and the United States Embassy in Saigon.

Book Naval Air War  The Rolling Thunder Campaign

Download or read book Naval Air War The Rolling Thunder Campaign written by Norman Polmar and published by Government Printing Office. This book was released on 2016-01-05 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the sixth monograph in the series The U.S. Navy and the Vietnam War. It covers aircraft carrier activity during Operation Rolling Thunder in the war. Operation Rolling Thunder was one of the longest sustained aerial bombing campaigns in history. And it would be a failure. The U.S. Navy proved essential to the conduct of Rolling Thunder. Exploiting the inherent flexibility and mobility of naval forces, the Seventh Fleet operated with impunity for three years off the coast of North Vietnam. The success with which the Navy executed the later Operation Linebacker campaign against North Vietnam in 1972 revealed how much the service had learned from and exploited the Rolling Thunder experience of 1965–1968. The book includes several photographs with backgrounds of key aircraft used as part of Operation Rolliing Thunder during the Vietnam War. Other products relating to the Vietnam War can be found here: https://bookstore.gpo.gov/catalog/us-military-history/battles-wars/vietnam-war Other products relating to U.S. Naval History can be found here: https://bookstore.gpo.gov/catalog/us-military-history/armed-forces-military-branches-history/united-states-navy-usn-history Other products published by the U.S. Navy History and Heritage Command can be found here: https://bookstore.gpo.gov/agency/902

Book History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff   The War in Vietnam 1960 1968  Part 1   Covering Eisenhower and Kennedy  Laos  Communist Offensive  McNamara and the Buildup  Defoliation  and Fall of Diem

Download or read book History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff The War in Vietnam 1960 1968 Part 1 Covering Eisenhower and Kennedy Laos Communist Offensive McNamara and the Buildup Defoliation and Fall of Diem written by Department of Defense and published by . This book was released on 2017-10-14 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written to complement The Joint Chiefs of Staff and National Policy series, The Joint Chiefs of Staff and the War in Vietnam focuses upon the activities of the Joint Chiefs that were concerned with events in Vietnam. Two prior volumes dealt with Indochina and the prelude to Vietnam. The nature of the activities of the JCS and the sensitivity of the sources used caused the volume to originally be written as a classified document. This volume describes those JCS activities related to developments in Vietnam during the period 1960-1963. At times, the role of the Joint Chiefs may appear to be submerged in the description of foreign relations, politics, economics, and other areas having little to do with military matters. However, developments in these areas provide essential background for understanding the military activity of the 1960s. 1. Vietnam and the Eisenhower Administration: The View from Washington and Vietnam * 2. The Kennedy Administration and Crisis Management: Vietnam and Laos, January-March 1961 * 3. Continuing Crises: Laos and Vietnam, March-May 1961 * 4. A New Emphasis on Vietnam * 5. Continuing Reassessment and the Taylor Mission * 6. From MAAG to MACV * 7. A New Beginning * 8. The Continuing War in Vietnam and the Laotian Interlude * 9. The Ongoing War * 10. Uncertain Progress, October 1962-March 1963 * 11. From Laotian Crisis to Buddhist Revolt * 12. From Crisis to Crisis, June-August 1963 * 13. The Aftermath * 14. Conclusion 1. Vietnam and the Eisenhower Administration: The View from Washington and Vietnam * Prelude * Policy Formulation in the Eisenhower Administration * Vietnam Policy in the Eisenhower Administration * The Beginnings of a New War * Some Divergences * Another Look at Counterinsurgency * The Failed Coup * The End of the Year and the Beginning of the New * 2. The Kennedy Administration and Crisis Management: Vietnam and Laos, January-March 1961 * A New Administration * The Lansdale Report and the Counterinsurgency Plan * Civilian and Military Tensions * The Eisenhower Laotian Heritage * The Initial Kennedy Laotian Policy, January-February 1961 * Growing Crisis in Laos, February-March, 1961 * Vietnam Again, February-March 1961 * 3. Continuing Crises: Laos and Vietnam, March-May 1961 * The Trapnell Report on Laos and Status of Contingency Planning, March 1961 * Diplomatic Attempts to Resolve the Laotian Crisis * SEATO Contingency Planning, April 1961 * To Talk or to Fight, April 1961 * The Struggle against the Viet Cong, March-April 1961 * The Bay of Pigs Episode, April 1961 * Once More Laos * Temporary Denouement of the Laotian Situation * 4. A New Emphasis on Vietnam * The Vietnam Task Force * The Vice President's Trip to Vietnam * Implementation of the New Plan, May-August 1961 * 5. Continuing Reassessment and the Taylor Mission * The Communists Renew the Offensive * On-Going Contingency Planning and President Diem's Increasing Demands * The NSC Meeting of 11 October and the Decision to Send General Taylor to Vietnam * Newspaper Speculation about the Taylor Trip * The Taylor Mission * The Taylor Recommendations * The Presidential Decision * 6. From MAAG to MACV * A Reluctant Partnership * Secretary McNamara and the Buildup * Defoliation * International Public Opinion * Laos * The "Thanksgiving Massacre" * Proposed Changes in the US Military Organization in Vietnam * The Situation in Vietnam * December Honolulu Conference * Continuing Discussions about Vietnam Command Structure * New Initiatives, January-8 February 1962 * 7. A New Beginning * Hopes and Doubts * Resistance on the Home Front * The February Honolulu Conference * The New Command * The Attack on the Palace * The March Honolulu Conference * Operation SUNRISE * Continuing Deployments and the Arrival of Marine Helicopters * The Washington Scene * War Clouds Loom over Laos * 8. The Continuing War in Vietnam and the Laotian Interlude

Book The War Bells Have Rung

    Book Details:
  • Author : George C. Herring
  • Publisher : University of Virginia Press
  • Release : 2015-07-28
  • ISBN : 0813938511
  • Pages : 39 pages

Download or read book The War Bells Have Rung written by George C. Herring and published by University of Virginia Press. This book was released on 2015-07-28 with total page 39 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the summer of 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson faced an agonizing decision. On June 7, General William Westmoreland had come to him with a "bombshell" request to more than double the number of existing troops in Vietnam. LBJ, who wished to be remembered as a great reformer, not as a war president, saw the proposed escalation for what it was—the turning point for American involvement in Vietnam. This is one of the most discussed chapters in modern presidential history, but George Herring, the acknowledged dean of Vietnam War historians, has found a fascinating new way to tell this story—through the remarkable legacy of LBJ’s taped telephone conversations. Underused until now in exploring Johnson’s decision making in Vietnam, the phone conversations offer intimate, striking, and sometimes poignant insights into this ordeal. Johnson emerges as a fascinating character, obligated to pursue victory in Vietnam but skeptical that it is even possible, the whole while watching his plans for domestic reform threatened. The president walks a fine line between a military he must placate and a Congress whose support he must maintain as he tries to implement his Great Society legislation. The reader can see the flaws in the Cold War sensibility contributing to Johnson’s tragic attempt to hold ground against an enemy with whom he had no leverage. The cast includes many of the era’s most iconic players, such as Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, General Westmoreland ("I have a lot riding on you," LBJ tells him—"I hope you don’t pull a MacArthur on me!"), House minority leader Gerald Ford, anti-war advocate Robert Kennedy ("I think you’ve got to sit down and talk to Bobby," LBJ tells McNamara), and former president Eisenhower, a valuable contact in the Republican camp. A concise, inside look at seven critical weeks in 1965—presented as a Rotunda ebook linking to transcripts and audio files of the original presidential tapes— The War Bells Have Rung offers both student and scholar a vivid and accessible look at a decision on which LBJ’s presidency would pivot and that would change modern American history. Miller Center Studies on the Presidency is a new series of original works that draw on the Miller Center's scholarly programs to shed light on the American presidency past and present.

Book U S  Marines In Vietnam  The Landing And The Buildup  1965

Download or read book U S Marines In Vietnam The Landing And The Buildup 1965 written by Dr. Jack Shulimson and published by Pickle Partners Publishing. This book was released on 2016-08-09 with total page 666 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the second volume in a series of chronological histories prepared by the Marine Corps History and Museums Division to cover the entire span of Marine Corps involvement in the Vietnam War. This volume details the Marine activities during 1965, the year the war escalated and major American combat units were committed to the conflict. The narrative traces the landing of the nearly 5,000-man 9th Marine Expeditionary Brigade and its transformation into the ΙII Marine Amphibious Force, which by the end of the year contained over 38,000 Marines. During this period, the Marines established three enclaves in South Vietnam’s northernmost corps area, I Corps, and their mission expanded from defense of the Da Nang Airbase to a balanced strategy involving base defense, offensive operations, and pacification. This volume continues to treat the activities of Marine advisors to the South Vietnamese armed forces but in less detail than its predecessor volume, U.S. Marines in Vietnam, 1954-1964; The Advisory and Combat Assistance Era.