Download or read book History of Pakistan Army Volume Three 1965 War Analysed written by Agha Amin and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2017-05-11 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: CONCLUSION. The Pakistan Army in 1965 had the potential keeping in view its equipment, particularly tanks and artillery, vis a vis the state of Indian Armour and Artillery to inflict a decisive defeat on India.Poor Military leadership at the higher level in the final reckoning stands out as the principal cause of failure of the Pakistan Army to inflict a decisive military defeat on India.Ayub Khan was directly responsible for the leadership failure of the Pakistan Army. Conversely it was superior equipment and in particular tanks and artillery apart from the BRB in the Ravi-Sutlej Corridor which enabled Pakistan to contain the Indians despite their considerable numerical superiority in infantry. Valour, Morale, Motivation played a part, but we must remember that valour alone did not save the Poles from being overrun by the Russians and Germans repeatedly during the period from late 18th Century till 1939!Valour did not save the Serbians from being over run by the German-Austrian-Bulgarian force in WW One. The tragedy of the Pakistan Army was that it failed to achieve even 50 % of what it was capable of achieving and only because of Qualitative reasons.The definite edge over equipment was lost after 1965 and in 1971 Pakistan was saved largely because of the fact that Indian superiority in infantry coupled with superior equipment was divided between the Eastern and Western Fronts. The year 1965 was crucial and Providence gave an opportunity to Pakistan to achieve something militarily.The Seeds of defeat were sowed long before partition and the seal of mediocrity was laid once the Ayub-Musa duo headed the army during the period 1951-1965! The Indian Army was handicapped because of an indifferent political leadership.Racially both the armies were largely similar and only fools can think that one was inherently braver than the other! Long ago Hobbes had rightly said; "Nature hath made men so equal, in the faculties of the body and mind;as that though there be found one man sometimes manifestly stronger in body or quicker of mind than another; yet when all is reckoned together, the difference between man is not so considerable, as that one man can thereupon claim to himself any benefit to which another may not pretend as well as he " . 126 The Pakistanis failed to do as well as they potentially could in 1965, keeping in view the on ground tangible realities, because in terms of intangible qualities, by virtue of a common historical experience;they were as qualitatively mediocre as the Indians! My service in Pakistan Army from 1981 to 1994, and an intense study of Sub Continental Military history, has reinforced this conviction that I first developed as a student of Forman Christian College Lahore during the period 1977-1978!The rest is Fiction!
Download or read book Pakistan s Drift into Extremism written by Hassan Abbas and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-03-26 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the rise of religious extremism in Pakistan, particularly since 1947, and analyzes its connections to the Pakistani army's corporate interests and U.S.-Pakistan relations. It includes profiles of leading Pakistani militant groups with details of their origins, development, and capabilities. The author begins with an historical overview of the introduction of Islam to the Indian sub-continent in 712 AD, and brings the story up to the present by describing President Musharraf's handling of the war on terror. He provides a detailed account of the political developments in Pakistan since 1947 with a focus on the influence of religious and military forces. He also discusses regional politics, Pakistan's attempt to gain nuclear power status, and U.S.-Pakistan relations, and offers predictions for Pakistan's domestic and regional prospects.
Download or read book Fighting to the End written by C. Christine Fair and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2014 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Pakistan Army is poised for perpetual conflict with India which it cannot win militarily or politically. What explains Pakistan's persistent revisionism despite increasing costs and decreasing likelihood of success? This book argues that an understanding of the army's strategic culture explains its willingness to fight to the end
Download or read book The Pakistan Army War of 1965 written by Shaukat Riza and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 650 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book History of Pakistan Army Volume Two 1948 to 1965 War written by Agha Amin and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2017-05-10 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The peculiar socio-political circumstances and historical factors amidst which a country is born, play a decisive and formative role in the qualitative efficiency as well as political outlook of an army. Thus the Israeli Army like the state of Israel was acutely conscious of the more than two thousand years of persecution which the Jews had suffered and determined to fight and die for the many century old dream of a Jewish state. The Red Army created by the military organisational genius of Leon Trotsky was again a highly motivated body of men resolved at all cost to fight for the preservation of the ideals of the Russian Revolution.The Khalsa Sikh Army created by Ranjit Singh was the final supreme qualitative result of the indomitable and legendary response of the Punjabi Sikhs to two centuries of oppression by the Mughals and Afghans. The Army of Ahmad Shah Abdali was imbued with the spirit of being the first independent army of the Pathan Muslim independent Kingdom of Afghanistan.The army of Cromwell was the result of a basically Puritan/Democratic sentiment, determined to stand against the tyranny of believers in Divine Rights of the Kings. The army of Sayyid Ahmad Shaheed was motivated by the desire to fight for the cause of their Pathan and Punjabi Muslim brethren who had been under the iron heal of an oppressive Sikh government for some three decades. The Prussian Army of 1813 was motivated by desire to expel the French who had occupied their fatherland since 1806, and the prime motivation in establishment of the famous German General Staff was in intense desire to qualitatively improve the defeated Prussian Army in such a manner that the humiliation of Jena and Auerstadt could be avenged.Similarly the motivational basis of the Wehrmacht of 1939 was an intense desire to avenge the humiliating peace treaty of Versailles. In short all armies created or owing their foundation to a state of revolutionary activity or an extraordinary situation were qualitatively superior than armies whose foundation rested on more unspectacular and ordinary political situation . The creation of India and Pakistan was not the result of an armed struggle bnt the result of a constitutional process started in 1858, and hastened by the First and Second World Wars.
Download or read book Why Indian Army and Pakistan Army Failed in 1965 War written by Agha Humayun Amin and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2013-10-29 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ForewordMajor (retd) Agha Humayun Amin is a rare type of army officer. He is a philosopher, debater and a very keen scholar of military affairs. His writings are prolific. He does not hesitate to call into question received wisdom and dares to explode sacred myths behind which military establishments generally hide their blunders and failures. I have benefited a great deal from his scholarly contribution on the Pakistan Army and have cited and quoted him in my book, Pakistan: The Garrison State – Origins, Evolution, Consequences (1947-2011). I particularly found his work very useful to understand the Kashmir War of 1947-48 and the 1965 war. I am therefore truly privileged to note that he has now presented a detailed analysis of the 1965 War in which he explains the reasons why neither India nor Pakistan made much headway in that conflict that lasted 17 days (6 – 23 September 1965). He writes with clarity not mincing words and therefore it is easy even for the general reader to follow his reasoning. However, he writes with an authority that comes only through a long and dedicated commitment to understanding the nature and purpose of war, the sociological and psychological underpinnings of warfare, the quality and competence needed to establish credible armed forces and above all the role and purpose of training for warfare. His knowledge is encyclopedic with regard to military philosophy. Since I have no background in military science or the art of modern warfare I am in no position to comment with authority on his evaluations of the reasons why the 1965 War ended in a stalemate. However, there is no doubt that he brings to bear his vast erudition on his analysis with great skill and persuasion. The roots of the problem are traced to the origins of the British Indian Army from whom both the Indian and Pakistani armies descend. The author argues that the Indians – Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs were recruited into that army essentially with the purpose of maintaining the status quo in the volatile tribal areas. They were never trained to be modern armies capable of independent responsibility to fight national wars. Famously, the British put little trust in the Indians with regard to leadership roles. Even when entry to the officer class or commissioned officers was granted to the Indians in 1919 they were not promoted to command positions beyond the rank of colonels. There were hardly one or two brigadiers when British rule ended in mid-August 1947. Amin asserts that the selection of officers and ordinary ranks was from amongst those sections of society which were traditionally known to have mercenary tendencies. British imperial policy conferred respectability upon them with the dubious “martial races theory”. In reality it was people from the least politically and socially aware sections of society who were employed in the Indian Army. In these circumstances, the partition of India and the division of the Indian Army resulted in sudden quick promotions. Men with little command experience and much less knowledge of strategic planning took over on both countries. While on the Indian side, Mahatma Gandhi's non-violence known as the doctrine of ahmisa resulted in the army being neglected and not being prepared to take upon the task of maintaining a credible defence of that huge country – something Nehru realized to his great horror during the 1962 Sino-Indian boundary war in which his men suffered humiliating defeat. In Pakistan, the military boss General Ayub Khan was content with the acquisition of weapons from the United States as sufficient to safeguard Pakistan. However, the problem was more serious than just two diametrically opposite philosophies on war. It was a lack of perspective on the tasks which devolve upon independent states and their armed forces. Quite simply national armies had to be fully prepared to take up the tasks commensurate with the realities of the territorial state.The author undertakes a detailed and
Download or read book History of Pakistan Army Volume One 1757 to 1948 Low Cost Black and White written by Agha Amin and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2017-05-11 with total page 434 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is the history of the post 1947 Pakistan Army as seen through the eyes of an officer who served in this army for a certain period of time. Unlike many books it is not an attempt to glorify an organisation. It does not aim to prove that one religion is better than another is or one country is more pure than another is, while the other is an evil state. It does not project any party or political leader like many post 1958, post 1971 or post 1977 works pertaining to the history of the Pakistan Army do. There are no silent soldiers or visionary soldiers, projected as heroes, as has been done in many post 1988 books, financed off course by dirty money of US dollars siphoned off from the Afghan war! There are however some forgotten or neglected heroes, which this book seeks to, rehabilitate or at least endeavour to restore them to their rightful position. The prime motivation to write this book was disgust with deliberate distortion of history, to a lesser or greater degree in both Pakistan and India. The Indian military history situation is far better than Pakistan because a democratic system ensured that the Indian Army officers were more free to write critical accounts of all three wars, a right which was denied to their Pakistani counterparts by two paper tiger soldiers who not only destroyed all political institutions in Pakistan, but also inflicted incalculable loss on the army as an institution. Ironically a substantial part of Pakistani military history has been distorted by the negative effects of the deliberate efforts of military and civilian dictators who usurped power from 1958 to 1988, three fateful decades, which disrupted intellectual growth of the Pakistani nation and ensured that no progress is made in real intellectual terms in anything to do with history. When freedom of opinion was destroyed and intellectual growth was suffocated under able sycophantic civil servants and army officers in the role of intellectual watchdogs of Ayub Zia and Bhntto regimes. A significant part of the work deals with the various myths and misconception pertaining to Indo Muslim political and military history. Unfortunately modern authors without sufficient scrutiny accepted many of these mvths, and resultantly many 0f these myths have acquired the status of reliable and irrefutable facts. Since the Pakistan Army like the Indian Army is essentially the continuation of the old British Indian Army, an effort has been made to highlight the formative and decisive influence of the colonial heritage on the post 1947 performance of both the armies. In this regard an attempt has been made to analyse the failures and successes of the post 1947 army in relation to the pre 1947 British operational and tactical concepts.
Download or read book The Pakistan Army written by Brian Cloughley and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 311 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book From Kutch to Tashkent written by Farooq Bajwa and published by Hurst Publishers. This book was released on 2013-09-30 with total page 421 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Decades of Pakistani resentment over India’s stance on Kashmir, and its subsequent attempt to force a military solution on the issue, led to the 1965 war between the two neighbours. It ended in a stalemate on the battlefield, and after a mere twenty-one days, the war was brought to a dramatic end with the signing of a peace treaty at Tashkent. The opposing sides both claimed victory, however, and also catalogues of heroic deeds that have since taken on the character of mythology. Although neither prevailed outright, the one undoubted loser in the conflict was the incumbent President of Pakistan, General Ayub Khan, who staked his political and military reputation on Pakistan emerging victorious. With the superpowers unwilling assist in negotiations, and Pakistan reluctant to damage its alliance with America, the agreement that followed only reinforced India’s position not to surrender anything during diplomacy that Pakistan had failed to gain militarily. This book examines in detail the politics, diplomacy and military manoeuvres of the war, using British and American declassified documents and memoirs, as well as some unpublished interviews. It provides a comprehensive overview of the conflict and makes sense of the morass of diplomacy and the confusion of war.
Download or read book War Despatches Indo Pak Conflict 1965 written by Lt Gen Harbakhsh Singh and published by Lancer Publishers LLC. This book was released on 1991 with total page 261 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The conflict was short and limited, packed with intense activity, major movement, heavy fighting and crucial decisions. The initiative rested with Pakistan to commence hostilities, which they did with a mix of irregular and regular troops and tactics. This is a story of anticipation, of impending actions, of virtual equality of forces engaged in a savage battle of attrition in which no quarters were given or asked. The author, GOC-in-C Western Command during those fateful days provided an unflappable presence under whose command the Army imposed unacceptable levels of losses on the enemy, first toning down their rhetoric, then their confidence, and lastly their ability to sustain very high levels of material losses. There is very little material or records to draw upon for our military studies of warfare in and around the Indian subcontinent. War Despatches narrates for the first time the inside story through original despatches field by the Army Commander from the war zone. To maintain the authenticity of the Despatches, the military style of writing has been followed in the text as far as possible.
Download or read book Orbat 1965 India Pakistan War written by Agha H Amin and published by . This book was released on 2020-07-28 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Orders of battle (ORBAT) of Pakistan Army for India Pakistan 1965 war.Useful for students of military history as well as layman.
Download or read book Pakistan s Wars written by Tariq Rahman and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2022-06-09 with total page 375 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book studies the wars Pakistan has fought over the years with India as well as other non-state actors. Focusing on the first Kashmir war (1947–48), the wars of 1965 and 1971, and the 1999 Kargil war, it analyses the elite decision-making, which leads to these conflicts and tries to understand how Pakistan got involved in the first place. The author applies the ‘gambling model’ to provide insights into the dysfunctional world view, risk-taking behaviour, and other behavioural patterns of the decision makers, which precipitate these wars and highlight their effects on India–Pakistan relations for the future. The book also brings to the fore the experience of widows, children, common soldiers, displaced civilians, and villagers living near borders, in the form of interviews, to understand the subaltern perspective. A nuanced and accessible military history of Pakistan, this book will be indispensable to scholars and researchers of military history, defence and strategic studies, international relations, political studies, war and conflict studies, and South Asian studies.
Download or read book The Turning Points 1965 War written by Sonnia Singh and published by K W Publishers Pvt Limited. This book was released on 2020-12-05 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The 1965 war was a series of conflicts between India and Pakistan and was the second war fought over Kashmir. The war was a response to intrusions that were carried out by the Pakistani forces. The turning points are the points or the situations during the war when the eventual outcome got redefined. Each story highlights the point of no return wherein the position of a seeming defeat of India was turned around to that of victory thanks to the grit of our soldiers and the strategic planning of the military commanders. Despite being outnumbered and having outdated equipment the Indian side turned from a defensive position to offensive stance-The hunters became the hunted! The book is about strategy and tactics that changed the course of history forever. A typical war book chronicles battles and military conquests, but this book has a different approach. It presents the battles in chapters and these are chronicled in short story format though neither the battle nor the people are the ultimate subjects. The book is about the turning points that make history dramatic and are crucial to changing the tide of history. The focus is on acts, ideas and triumphs that shaped the strategy and tactics and thus shaped the course of the history of India. I have deliberately not dwelt on battalion formations and division compositions so as to make easy reading for everyone. The book has deliberately not focused on troop formations and detailed military terms and tactics.
Download or read book The China Pakistan Axis written by Andrew Small and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2020 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The Beijing-Islamabad axis plays a central role in Asia's geopolitics, from India's rise to the prospects for a post-American Afghanistan, from the threat of nuclear terrorism to the continent's new map of mines, ports and pipelines. China is Pakistan's great economic hope and its most trusted military partner; Pakistan is the battleground for China's encounters with Islamic militancy and the heart of its efforts to counter-balance the emerging US-India partnership. For decades, each country has been the other's only 'all-weather' friend. Yet the relationship is still little understood. The wildest claims about it are widely believed, while many of its most dramatic developments are hidden from the public eye. This book sets out the recent history of Sino-Pakistani ties and their ramifications for the West, for India, for Afghanistan, and for Asia as a whole. It tells the stories behind some of its most sensitive aspects, including Beijing's support for Pakistan's nuclear program, China's dealings with the Taliban, and the Chinese military's planning for crises in Pakistan. It describes a relationship increasingly shaped by Pakistan's internal strife, and the dilemmas China faces between the need for regional stability and the imperative for strategic competition with India and the USA."--Amazon.com.
Download or read book Atlas and Military History of India Pakistan Wars written by Agha Amin and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2012-10-13 with total page 476 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first of my book 'The Pakistan Army till 1965' was distributed free of cost to a vast cross section of people including retired and serving Pakistani army officers of ranks varying from captain to four star general. Some copies were sent to libraries both Pakistani as well as foreign and some copies sent to research oriented organisations. No feedback was received from Pakistani readers, a happening, which may be termed as a rule rather than an exception. I have been writing for various Pakistani military journals since 1989. The various articles, which I thus wrote, dealt with doctrine, military training, leadership etc. With the exception of four cases out of which three were letters written praising my articles in two lines by officers who retired as colonels or brigadiers and one in which a factual error inadvertently committed by me was pointed out by the late General Attiq-ur-Rahman. No letter was written by any officer critically analysing my articles. The same is true for the vast majority of articles published in various army journals and magazines. The trend in Pakistan since independence has been towards anti-intellectualism. There are historical reasons for this anti-intellectualism. The irony is that the situation was not remedied after independence. Education in British India was aimed at acquiring degrees so that Indians could become lawyers doctors or government officials. That they surely did, in the process of which some acquired great wealth and also became political leaders, senior civil servants and prosperous middle class professionals. The intellectual basis of modern Europe's success was the renaissance, the French Revolution and the Industrial revolution. During this period great progress was made in Europe in political thought, philosophy and scientific advancement. The Indo-Pak sub-continent was introduced to modern thought by the British by virtue of being colonial subjects of the English East India Company. Thus research intellectual activity etc were never important or of any consequence for the people of the Indo-Pak. On the other hand a mad rush towards acquiring rank and status, government jobs or political power by claiming to be champions of Hindu and Muslim rights plagued the Indo-Pak Sub-Continent! Once this mad rush for government patronage and jobs got an impetus from 1858, communalism became a major factor in Indo-Pak politics. This was since at this time the other parts of the world were talking about nationalism, socialism and political liberties. All the intellectual thrust of Indians was towards interpreting laws in communal terms! This was a Godsend blessing for the British colonial rulers! They encouraged communalism since it divided the Indians and ensured that they stayed away from dangerous ideas like war of liberation against the colonial state or from socialism or communism. The British very cleverly introduced parliamentary institutions, which enabled the leading Indians to divert their energy into harmless constitutional debates! The fathers of communalism as an idea in Indian politics were Syed Ahmad Khan, Lala Lajpat Rai, Gandhi and the Jauhar brothers! The British on the other hand right from 1858 followed a subtle but brilliant policy, introducing parliamentary democracy as bait to divert the energies of the more prominent Indians! A bait, which aroused ambition, whether based on ego, lust for glory, social recognition or material rewards! Peaceful yet heroic! Safe yet glorious! The double advantage of pursuing a prosperous law practice or business career or wielding feudal power while at the same time also being leaders of the subject Indians and the possible successors of the British Viceroys! Parliamentary democracy or its prospects once the British finally left India produced two distinct kinds of reactions, both of which helped the British and went against the people of the Indo-Pak Sub-continent!
Download or read book 1965 written by Rachna Bisht and published by Penguin UK. This book was released on 2015-08-15 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On 1 September 1965, Pakistan invaded Chamb district in Jammu and Kashmir, triggering a series of tank battles, operations and counter-operations. It was only the bravery and well-executed strategic decisions of the soldiers of the Indian Army that countered the very real threat of losing Kashmir to Pakistan. Recounting the battles fought by five different regiments, the narrative reconstructs the events of the 1965 Indo-Pakistan war, outlining details never revealed before, and remembers its unsung heroes.
Download or read book Eating Grass written by Feroz Khan and published by Stanford University Press. This book was released on 2012-11-07 with total page 550 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The history of Pakistan's nuclear program is the history of Pakistan. Fascinated with the new nuclear science, the young nation's leaders launched a nuclear energy program in 1956 and consciously interwove nuclear developments into the broader narrative of Pakistani nationalism. Then, impelled first by the 1965 and 1971 India-Pakistan Wars, and more urgently by India's first nuclear weapon test in 1974, Pakistani senior officials tapped into the country's pool of young nuclear scientists and engineers and molded them into a motivated cadre committed to building the 'ultimate weapon.' The tenacity of this group and the central place of its mission in Pakistan's national identity allowed the program to outlast the perennial political crises of the next 20 years, culminating in the test of a nuclear device in 1998. Written by a 30-year professional in the Pakistani Army who played a senior role formulating and advocating Pakistan's security policy on nuclear and conventional arms control, this book tells the compelling story of how and why Pakistan's government, scientists, and military, persevered in the face of a wide array of obstacles to acquire nuclear weapons. It lays out the conditions that sparked the shift from a peaceful quest to acquire nuclear energy into a full-fledged weapons program, details how the nuclear program was organized, reveals the role played by outside powers in nuclear decisions, and explains how Pakistani scientists overcome the many technical hurdles they encountered. Thanks to General Khan's unique insider perspective, it unveils and unravels the fascinating and turbulent interplay of personalities and organizations that took place and reveals how international opposition to the program only made it an even more significant issue of national resolve. Listen to a podcast of a related presentation by Feroz Khan at the Stanford Center for International Security and Cooperation at cisac.stanford.edu/events/recording/7458/2/765.
