Download or read book High Temperature Hydrothermal Vent Fluids in Yellowstone Lake Observations and Insights from In situ PH and Redox Measurements written by Chunyang Tan and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 39 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ROV investigation of hydrothermal fluids issuing from vents on the floor of Yellowstone lake revealed temperatures in excess of 170 °C ? the highest temperature yet reported for vent fluids within Yellowstone National Park (YNP). The study site is east of Stevenson Island at depth of approximately 100?125 m. In-situ pH and redox measurements of vent fluids were made using solid state sensors designed to sustain the elevated temperatures and pressures. YSZ membrane electrode with Ag/Ag2O internal element and internal pressure balanced Ag/AgCl reference electrode were used to measure pH, while a platinum electrode provided redox constraints. Lab verification of the pH sensor confirmed excellent agreement with Nernst law predictions, especially at temperatures in excess of 120 °C. In-situ pH values of between 4.2 and 4.5 were measured for the vent fluids at temperatures of 120 to 150 °C. The slightly acidic vent fluids are likely caused by CO2 enrichment in association with magmatic degassing effects that occur throughout YNP. This is consistent with results of simple model calculations and direct observation of CO2 bubbles in the immediate vicinity of the lake floor vents. Simultaneous redox measurements indicated moderate to highly reducing conditions (? 0.2 to ? 0.3 V). As typical of measurements of this kind, internal and external redox disequilibria likely preclude unambiguous determination of redox controlling reactions. Redox disequilibria, however, can be expected to drive microbial metabolism and diversity in the near vent environment. Thus, the combination of in-situ pH and redox sensor deployments may ultimately provide the requisite framework to better understand the microbiology of the newly discovered hot vents on Yellowstone lake floor.

Download or read book An Analysis of the Hydrothermal Fluid Chemistry and Isotopic Data of Yellowstone Lake Vents written by Christie D. Cino and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 51 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Yellowstone National Park is a dynamic environment home to an array of geysers, hot springs, and hydrothermal vents fueled by the underlying continental magmatic intrusion. Yellowstone Lake vent fluids accounts for approximately 10% of the total geothermal flux for all of Yellowstone National Park. Though studying this remote hydrothermal system poses severe challenges, it provides an excellent natural laboratory to research hydrothermal fluids that undergo higher pressure and temperature conditions in an environment largely shielded from atmospheric oxygen. The location of these vents also provides chemistry that is characteristic of fluids deeper in the Yellowstone hydrothermal system. In August 2016 and 2017, hydrothermal fluids were collected from the Stevenson Island vents in collaboration with the Hydrothermal Dynamics of Yellowstone Lake (HD-YLAKE) project using novel sampling techniques and monitoring instrumentation. The newly built ROV Yogi was deployed to reach the vents in-situ with temperatures in excess of 151oC at 100-120 m depth, equipped with a 12-cylinder isobaric sampler to collect the hydrothermal fluids. Analyses of the Yellowstone Lake hydrothermal fluid revealed chemistry almost identical to that of the lake water, with the exception of an abundance of dissolved gases, such as CO2 and H2S. Dissolved H2 and CO are also present, suggesting more reducing conditions at elevated temperatures with high fractions of hydrothermal source fluid. Reducing conditions are also indicated by high H2S/SO4 ratio, and in-situ chemical sensor data. A particularly abnormal feat of these fluids is the dissolved silica concentrations, which are well below saturation with respect to quartz and amorphous silica, in spite of the silica-rich substrate which the hydrothermal fluids vent through. One explanation for this chemical data is influx of high enthalpy steam from a boiling zone immediately beneath the lake floor. Mass-balance calculations indicate the collected sample contain 27% vapor to mix with lake water in order to achieve the observed temperatures of the vent fluids. However, this interpretation is a paradigm shift from the previous models, which entail mixing of a chloride rich, isotopically heavy deep thermal reservoir liquid with lake water.

Download or read book Vapor driven Sublacustrine Vents in Yellowstone Lake Wyoming USA written by Andrew P.G. Fowler and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 4 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Study of the hydrothermal dynamics of Yellowstone Lake (Wyoming, USA) is important for identifying potential changes in sublacustrine hydrothermal systems in response to external perturbations from earthquakes, seiches, large waves, and seasonal effects. Remotely operated vehicle (ROV) submersible-based investigations of hydrothermal vents offshore from Stevenson Island reveal numerous non-constructional ~10-cm-diameter orifices with diffuse fluid flow at temperatures up to 174 °C. The vent field occurs in a large roughly conical depression on the lake floor at a water depth of ~120 m. The volatile-rich composition (CO2, H2S) of the vent fluids is preserved by using a novel isobaric sampling system that precludes degassing effects. In addition to high temperatures, the vent fluids have high CO2 and H2S, but low chloride (Cl) and major element concentrations largely indistinguishable from those in ambient lake water. These results are consistent with steam addition to the sublacustrine hydrothermal system. Kaolinite- and boehmite-rich alteration indicates acidic conditions and provides a low-permeability substrate that may contribute to the development of a steam-heated upflow zone. At the scale of individual vent areas (centimeters to meters), perturbations cause bursts of steam-rich fluids that locally expel and disperse sediment and contribute to the formation of vent orifices. Here we report on chemical and physical phenomena associated with the hottest and deepest sublacustrine hydrothermal vents in Yellowstone Lake. Results indicate that vapor-dominated sublacustrine systems are fundamentally different in hydrothermal alteration and hydrothermal dynamic characteristics than their liquid-dominated counterparts.

Download or read book Hydrothermal Processes Above the Yellowstone Magma Chamber written by Lisa A. Morgan and published by Geological Society of America. This book was released on 2009-01-01 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Home to more than 10,000 thermal features, Yellowstone has experienced over 20 large hydrothermal explosions producing craters from 100 to over 2500 meters in diameter during the past 16,000 years. Using new mapping, sampling, and analysis techniques, this volume documents a broad spectrum of ages and geologic settings for these events and considers additional processes and alternative triggering mechanisms that have not been explored in previous studies. Although large hydrothermal explosions are rare on the human time scale, the potential for future explosions in Yellowstone is not insignificant, and events large enough to create a 100-m-wide crater might be expected every 200 years. This work presents information useful for determining the timing, distribution, and possible causes of these events in Yellowstone, which will aid in the planning of monitoring strategies and the anticipation of hydrothermal explosions."--Publisher's description.

Download or read book Temperatures from Yellowstone Lake Vents Hit New High written by Brett French and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The amount of heat flowing out of hydrothermal vents in the floor of Yellowstone Lake in Yellowstone National Park appear to be much higher than previously thought.

Download or read book The Ecology of Deep sea Hydrothermal Vents written by Cindy Van Dover and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2000-03-26 with total page 474 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Teeming with weird and wonderful life--giant clams and mussels, tubeworms, "eyeless" shrimp, and bacteria that survive on sulfur--deep-sea hot-water springs are found along rifts where sea-floor spreading occurs. The theory of plate tectonics predicted the existence of these hydrothermal vents, but they were discovered only in 1977. Since then the sites have attracted teams of scientists seeking to understand how life can thrive in what would seem to be intolerable or extreme conditions of temperature and fluid chemistry. Some suspect that these vents even hold the key to understanding the very origins of life. Here a leading expert provides the first authoritative and comprehensive account of this research in a book intended for students, professionals, and general readers. Cindy Lee Van Dover, an ecologist, brings nearly two decades of experience and a lively writing style to the text, which is further enhanced by two hundred illustrations, including photographs of vent communities taken in situ. The book begins by explaining what is known about hydrothermal systems in terms of their deep-sea environment and their geological and chemical makeup. The coverage of microbial ecology includes a chapter on symbiosis. Symbiotic relationships are further developed in a section on physiological ecology, which includes discussions of adaptations to sulfide, thermal tolerances, and sensory adaptations. Separate chapters are devoted to trophic relationships and reproductive ecology. A chapter on community dynamics reveals what has been learned about the ways in which vent communities become established and why they persist, while a chapter on evolution and biogeography examines patterns of species diversity and evolutionary relationships within chemosynthetic ecosystems. Cognate communities such as seeps and whale skeletons come under scrutiny for their ability to support microbial and invertebrate communities that are ecologically and evolutionarily related to hydrothermal faunas. The book concludes by exploring the possibility that life originated at hydrothermal vents, a hypothesis that has had tremendous impact on our ideas about the potential for life on other planets or planetary bodies in our solar system.

Download or read book Yellowstone Lake Hotbed of Chaos Or Reservoir of Resilience written by Roger Joseph Anderson and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Observations and Modeling of a Hydrothermal Plum in Yellowstone Lake written by Robert A. Sohn and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Acoustic Doppler current profiler and conductivity-temperature-depth data acquired in Yellowstone Lake reveal the presence of a buoyant plume above the "Deep Hole" hydrothermal system, located southeast of Stevenson Island. Distributed venting in the ~200 ? 200-m hydrothermal field creates a plume with vertical velocities of ~10 cm/s in the mid-water column. Salinity profiles indicate that during the period of strong summer stratification the plume rises to a neutral buoyancy horizon at ~45-m depth, corresponding to a ~70-m rise height, where it generates an anomaly of ~5% (-0.0014 psu) relative to background lake water. We simulate the plume with a numerical model and find that a heat flux of 28 MW reproduces the salinity and vertical velocity observations, corresponding to a mass flux of 1.4 ? 103 kg/s. When observational uncertainties are considered, the heat flux could range between 20 to 50 MW.

Download or read book Microbial Communities and Chemosynthesis in Yellowstone Lake Sublacustrine Hydrothermal Vent Waters written by Tingting Yang and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 17 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Five sublacustrine thermal spring locations from 1 to 109 m water depth in Yellowstone Lake were surveyed by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing in relation to their chemical composition and dark CO2 fixation rates. They harbor distinct chemosynthetic bacterial communities, depending on temperature (16-110°C) and electron donor supply (H2S 1 to 100 ?M; NH3 0.5 to 10 ?M). Members of the Aquificales, most closely affiliated with the genus Sulfurihydrogenibium, are the most frequently recovered bacterial 16S rRNA gene phylotypes in the hottest samples; the detection of these thermophilic sulfur-oxidizing autotrophs coincided with maximal dark CO2 fixation rates reaching near 9 ?M C h-1 at temperatures of 50-60°C. Vents at lower temperatures yielded mostly phylotypes related to the mesophilic gammaproteobacterial sulfur oxidizer Thiovirga. In contrast, cool vent water with low chemosynthetic activity yielded predominantly phylotypes related to freshwater Actinobacterial clusters with a cosmopolitan distribution.

Download or read book Dissolved Gases in Hydrothermal phreatic and Geyser Eruptions at Yellowstone National Park USA written by Shaul Hurwitz and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 4 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Multiphase and multicomponent fluid flow in the shallow continental crust plays a significant role in a variety of processes over a broad range of temperatures and pressures. The presence of dissolved gases in aqueous fluids reduces the liquid stability field toward lower temperatures and enhances the explosivity potential with respect to pure water. Therefore, in areas where magma is actively degassing into a hydrothermal system, gas-rich aqueous fluids can exert a major control on geothermal energy production, can be propellants in hazardous hydrothermal (phreatic) eruptions, and can modulate the dynamics of geyser eruptions. We collected pressurized samples of thermal water that preserved dissolved gases in conjunction with precise temperature measurements with depth in research well Y-7 (maximum depth of 70.1 m; casing to 31 m) and five thermal pools (maximum depth of 11.3 m) in the Upper Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park, USA. Based on the dissolved gas concentrations, we demonstrate that CO2 mainly derived from magma and N2 from air-saturated meteoric water reduce the near-surface saturation temperature, consistent with some previous observations in geyser conduits. Thermodynamic calculations suggest that the dissolved CO2 and N2 modulate the dynamics of geyser eruptions and are likely triggers of hydrothermal eruptions when recharged into shallow reservoirs at high concentrations. Therefore, monitoring changes in gas emission rate and composition in areas with neutral and alkaline chlorine thermal features could provide important information on the natural resources (geysers) and hazards (eruptions) in these areas.

Download or read book Investigations on the Microbial Ecology of Yellowstone Lake Hydrothermal Vents written by Carl Michael Schroeder and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Geologic Field trip Guide to the Volcanic and Hydrothermal Landscape of the Yellowstone Plateau written by Lisa A. Morgan and published by Government Printing Office. This book was released on 2017 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Microbial and Geochemical Iron Redox Cycling in Chocolate Pots Hot Springs Yellowstone National Park written by Nathaniel W. Fortney and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hydrothermal vent systems, both terrestrial and oceanic, are important environments for astrobiological research because of the hypothesized origin of life on Earth occurring at such environments. Recent and increasing evidence for relic vent deposits on Mars has further piqued the interest of astrobiologists and have become the target for future investigations for potential Martian life. While the origin of life is still highly debated, the redox gradients formed near hydrothermal vents and the energetic advantage this gives life living in such environments is undeniable. Hyperthermophilic prokaryotic organisms are phylogenetically deeply rooted, which supports the notion of originating near hydrothermal vents. Furthermore, many of these deeply rooted organisms encode Fe redox cycling based metabolic pathways suggesting dissimilatory Fe reduction (DIR) and Fe(II) oxidation are ancient microbial metabolisms. Chocolate Pots hot springs (CP) are a collection of Fe-rich circumneutral-pH hydrothermal springs located in northwestern Yellowstone National Park. For the past two decades, one of the more prominent features has been investigated with interest in how oxygenic phototrophs (e.g. cyanobacteria) may have contributed to banded iron formation deposition in the Archean. Here we expand on previous enrichment culture based investigations of the putative Fe cycling microbial community by conducting Fe(III)-reducing incubation experiments and collecting sediment and spring water samples directly from CP to gain a better understanding of the composition of the microbial community and its metabolic potential in situ. High DIR activity was observed in samples collected near the hot spring vent, and diminished further downstream. Results from 16S rRNA gene amplicon and shotgun metagenomic sequencing revealed taxa related to Thermodesulfovibrio and Ignavibacteria which encoded putative extracellular electron transfer pathways as potential indication of the in situ Fe(III)-reducing microbial community. Fe isotope fractionation that occurs as a result of DIR has been recognized as a potential biomarker of microbial activity in the rock record and in modern environments. Although natural variability obfuscated results, samples collected from the vent pool and sediment cores revealed fractionation suggestive of DIR. These studies provide constraint on the potential pathways and signatures of both extant and ancient Fe-based microbial life on Earth, Mars, and other rocky planets.

Download or read book Hydrothermal Processes Above the Yellowstone Magma Chamber written by Lisa A. Morgan and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hydrothermal explosions are violent and dramatic events resulting in the rapid ejection of boiling water, steam, mud, and rock fragments from source craters that range from a few meters up to more than 2 km in diameter; associated breccia can be emplaced as much as 3 to 4 km from the largest craters. Hydrothermal explosions occur where shallow interconnected reservoirs of steam- and liquid-saturated fluids with temperatures at or near the boiling curve underlie thermal fields. Sudden reduction in confining pressure causes fluids to flash to steam, resulting in significant expansion, rock fragmentation, and debris ejection. In Yellowstone, hydrothermal explosions are a potentially significant hazard for visitors and facilities and can damage or even destroy thermal features. The breccia deposits and associated craters formed from hydrothermal explosions are mapped as mostly Holocene (the Mary Bay deposit is older) units throughout Yellowstone National Park (YNP) and are spatially related to within the 0.64-Ma Yellowstone caldera and along the active Norris-Mammoth tectonic corridor.

Download or read book Sulfur Geochemistry of Hydrothermal Waters in Yellowstone National Park written by Darrell Kirk Nordstrom and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 17 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many waters sampled in Yellowstone National Park, both high-temperature (30?94 °C) and low-temperature (0?30 °C), are acid?sulfate type with pH values of 1?5. Sulfuric acid is the dominant component, especially as pH values decrease below 3, and it forms from the oxidation of elemental S whose origin is H2S in hot gases derived from boiling of hydrothermal waters at depth. Four determinations of pH were obtained: (1) field pH at field temperature, (2) laboratory pH at laboratory temperature, (3) pH based on acidity titration, and (4) pH based on charge imbalance (at both laboratory and field temperatures). Laboratory pH, charge imbalance pH (at laboratory temperature), and acidity pH were in close agreement for pH 2.7. Field pH measurements were predominantly used because the charge imbalance was ±10%. When the charge imbalance was generally ±10%, a selection process was used to compare acidity, laboratory, and charge balance pH to arrive at the best estimate. Differences between laboratory and field pH can be explained based on Fe oxidation, H2S or S2O3 oxidation, CO2 degassing, and the temperature-dependence of pK2 for H2SO4. Charge imbalances are shown to be dependent on a speciation model for pH values

Download or read book Water rhyolite Interaction in the Yellowstone Hydrothermal System written by Jeffrey Todd Cullen and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 430 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In caldera-hosted rhyolitic hydrothermal systems, thermal waters, which are expelled to the surface through geysers and hot springs, provide a window into the conditions of water-rock interaction and element source/transport pathways of the dissolved components. By conducting hydrothermal experiments, we can constrain element behaviors during water-rock (W-R) interaction which enhances our ability to accurately interpret natural thermal waters and thus gain insights into processes occurring at depth in the hydrothermal system. This dissertation focuses on constraining elemental and isotopic behaviors during water rock interactions under conditions appropriate of continental, rhyolitic-caldera-hosted hydrothermal systems; more specifically the Yellowstone Hydrothermal System. In Chapter 2, I conduct water-rhyolite experiments over a temperature range of 150°C-350°C to constrain element leaching behaviors at each temperature, the secondary minerals formed, and how the secondary minerals control the concentrations of certain essential proxy fluid-mobile trace elements (Cl, F, Br, Li, and B). The experiments show rhyolite obsidian is stable at T ≤ 250°C. No alteration occurs and F is mobilized readily out of the rock by hydration exchange reactions. Cl and B are not leached from the rock. At T ≥ 275 °C, the rhyolite is completely broken down and recrystallized to the zeolite, ferrierite. Fluorine has affinity for the zeolite and is removed from solution into this phase, whereas Cl and B are completely leached from the rock and remain in solution. Li is moderately fluid mobile over the entire temperature range. In Chapter 3, I investigate the Cl, Li, and B stable isotope behaviors of the experimental materials in order to determine whether these isotopes fractionate during water rock interaction. The experimental results are compared with natural Yellowstone thermal waters from Upper Geyser Basin (UGB). The results indicate that Cl and B isotopes fractionate negligibly during leaching and during precipitation of ferrierite at T ≥ 275 °C. 7Li is only preferentially released into solution during leaching at T ≤ 250°C. The Cl, Li, and B isotope compositions of Upper Geyser Basin (UGB) waters reflect the leaching from host rhyolites with little to no fractionation. Elemental ratios suggest a small fraction of Cl and perhaps Li are derived from a magmatic source. In Chapter 4, I generate aqueous geochemical data from an extensive suite of Yellowstone thermal waters we collected between 2014 and 2016 (n = 141) from 11 separate geyser basins/thermal areas in the Yellowstone Hydrothermal System to uncover chemical correlations between thermal areas and water types across the entire system. Data are in good agreement with the experimental results. delta37Cl, values are relatively uniform throughout, and indicate leaching from host rhyolites. In alkaline-chloride dominant thermal areas, delta7Li, and delta11B values indicate leaching of host rhyolites with minimal fractionation and/or interaction with preciously altered rhyolites. In acid-SO4 and mixed SO4-Cl areas, delta7Li, and delta11B values are consistent with fractionation due to interaction with secondary clay minerals. Higher resolution investigation of UGB thermal waters reveals spatial correlations with compositions and inferred reservoir equilibrium temperatures.

Download or read book Analysis of Microbial Communities in Hydrothermal Vents in Yellowstone Lake Yellowstone National Park Using 16S RDNA Functional Metabolic Genes and Enrichment Culture Methods written by Andrew M. Wier and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: