Download or read book Health Effects of Black Carbon written by Nicole A.H. Janssen and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Black carbon is a good indicator of combustion-related air pollution, and was only recently recognized as a short-lived climate-forcer, which contributes to warming the Earth's atmosphere. This report presents the results of a systematic review of evidence of the health effects of black carbon in ambient air. Epidemiological studies provide sufficient evidence of the association of cardiopulmonary morbidity and mortality with exposure to black carbon. Toxicological studies suggest that black carbon may operate as a universal carrier of a wide variety of chemicals of varying toxicity to the human body. Although black carbon may not be a major, directly toxic component of fine particulate matter, reducing people's exposure to particulate matter containing black carbon should reduce its effects on their health, as well as helping to mitigate climate change. [WHO]
Download or read book Health Effects of Black Carbon written by and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 86 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report presents the results of a systematic review of evidence of the health effects of black carbon (BC). Short-term epidemiological studies provide sufficient evidence of an association of daily variations in BC concentrations with short-term changes in health (all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, and cardiopulmonary hospital admissions). Cohort studies provide sufficient evidence of associations of allcause and cardiopulmonary mortality with long-term average BC exposure. Studies of short-term health effects suggest that BC is a better indicator of harmful particulate substances from combustion sources (especially traffic) than undifferentiated particulate matter (PM) mass, but the evidence for the relative strength of association from long-term studies is inconclusive. The review of the results of all available toxicological studies suggested that BC may not be a major directly toxic component of fine PM, but it may operate as a universal carrier of a wide variety of chemicals of varying toxicity to the lungs, the body's major defence cells and possibly the systemic blood circulation. A reduction in exposure to PM2.5 containing BC and other combustion-related PM material for which BC is an indirect indicator should lead to a reduction in the health effects associated with PM.
Download or read book Traffic Related Air Pollution written by Haneen Khreis and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2020-08-20 with total page 650 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Traffic-Related Air Pollution synthesizes and maps TRAP and its impact on human health at the individual and population level. The book analyzes mitigating standards and regulations with a focus on cities. It provides the methods and tools for assessing and quantifying the associated road traffic emissions, air pollution, exposure and population-based health impacts, while also illuminating the mechanisms underlying health impacts through clinical and toxicological research. Real-world implications are set alongside policy options, emerging technologies and best practices. Finally, the book recommends ways to influence discourse and policy to better account for the health impacts of TRAP and its societal costs. Overviews existing and emerging tools to assess TRAP’s public health impacts Examines TRAP’s health effects at the population level Explores the latest technologies and policies--alongside their potential effectiveness and adverse consequences--for mitigating TRAP Guides on how methods and tools can leverage teaching, practice and policymaking to ameliorate TRAP and its effects
Download or read book Waste Incineration and Public Health written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2000-10-21 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Incineration has been used widely for waste disposal, including household, hazardous, and medical wasteâ€"but there is increasing public concern over the benefits of combusting the waste versus the health risk from pollutants emitted during combustion. Waste Incineration and Public Health informs the emerging debate with the most up-to-date information available on incineration, pollution, and human healthâ€"along with expert conclusions and recommendations for further research and improvement of such areas as risk communication. The committee provides details on: Processes involved in incineration and how contaminants are released. Environmental dynamics of contaminants and routes of human exposure. Tools and approaches for assessing possible human health effects. Scientific concerns pertinent to future regulatory actions. The book also examines some of the social, psychological, and economic factors that affect the communities where incineration takes place and addresses the problem of uncertainty and variation in predicting the health effects of incineration processes.
Download or read book Health of People Health of Planet and Our Responsibility written by Wael Al-Delaimy and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-05-13 with total page 417 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book not only describes the challenges of climate disruption, but also presents solutions. The challenges described include air pollution, climate change, extreme weather, and related health impacts that range from heat stress, vector-borne diseases, food and water insecurity and chronic diseases to malnutrition and mental well-being. The influence of humans on climate change has been established through extensive published evidence and reports. However, the connections between climate change, the health of the planet and the impact on human health have not received the same level of attention. Therefore, the global focus on the public health impacts of climate change is a relatively recent area of interest. This focus is timely since scientists have concluded that changes in climate have led to new weather extremes such as floods, storms, heat waves, droughts and fires, in turn leading to more than 600,000 deaths and the displacement of nearly 4 billion people in the last 20 years. Previous work on the health impacts of climate change was limited mostly to epidemiologic approaches and outcomes and focused less on multidisciplinary, multi-faceted collaborations between physical scientists, public health researchers and policy makers. Further, there was little attention paid to faith-based and ethical approaches to the problem. The solutions and actions we explore in this book engage diverse sectors of civil society, faith leadership, and political leadership, all oriented by ethics, advocacy, and policy with a special focus on poor and vulnerable populations. The book highlights areas we think will resonate broadly with the public, faith leaders, researchers and students across disciplines including the humanities, and policy makers.
Download or read book Transportation Air Pollutants written by Thomas Brewer and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-11-17 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book begins by discussing the problems caused by transportation emissions, the various types of emissions, and the impacts they have on public health, agricultural production, and climate change. The next several chapters then present technologies and policies from around the world, which can be used to solve some of these problems. Finally, the book discusses implications for the future, from both an industrial and governmental point of view.
Download or read book Global Sources of Local Pollution written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2010-02-15 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent advances in air pollution monitoring and modeling capabilities have made it possible to show that air pollution can be transported long distances and that adverse impacts of emitted pollutants cannot be confined to one country or even one continent. Pollutants from traffic, cooking stoves, and factories emitted half a world away can make the air we inhale today more hazardous for our health. The relative importance of this "imported" pollution is likely to increase, as emissions in developing countries grow, and air quality standards in industrial countries are tightened. Global Sources of Local Pollution examines the impact of the long-range transport of four key air pollutants (ozone, particulate matter, mercury, and persistent organic pollutants) on air quality and pollutant deposition in the United States. It also explores the environmental impacts of U.S. emissions on other parts of the world. The book recommends that the United States work with the international community to develop an integrated system for determining pollution sources and impacts and to design effective response strategies. This book will be useful to international, federal, state, and local policy makers responsible for understanding and managing air pollution and its impacts on human health and well-being.
Download or read book Confronting Climate Gridlock written by Daniel S Cohan and published by Yale University Press. This book was released on 2022-03-29 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An atmospheric scientist explains why global climate change mitigation and energy decarbonization demand American diplomacy, technology, and policy “Daniel Cohan makes a compelling case that the problem of climate change is solvable. Fixing the gridlock on global action requires fixing the gridlock here in the United States of America. Cohan shows how that can be done.”—David Victor, UC San Diego Professor of environmental engineering Daniel Cohan argues that escaping the gravest perils of climate change will first require American diplomacy, technological innovation, and policy to catalyze decarbonization globally. Combining his own expertise along with insights from more than a hundred interviews with diplomats, scholars, and clean-technology pioneers, Cohan identifies flaws in previous efforts to combat climate change. He highlights opportunities for more successful strategies, including international “climate clubs” and accelerated development of clean energy technologies. Grounded in history and emerging scholarship, this book offers a forward-looking vision of solutions to confronting climate gridlock and a clear-eyed recognition of the challenges to enacting them.
Download or read book The Ongoing Challenge of Managing Carbon Monoxide Pollution in Fairbanks Alaska written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2002-08-22 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carbon monoxide (CO) is a toxic air pollutant produced largely from vehicle emissions. Breathing CO at high concentrations leads to reduced oxygen transport by hemoglobin, which has health effects that include impaired reaction timing, headaches, lightheadedness, nausea, vomiting, weakness, clouding of consciousness, coma, and, at high enough concentrations and long enough exposure, death. In recognition of those health effects, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), as directed by the Clean Air Act, established the health-based National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for CO in 1971. Most areas that were previously designated as "nonattainment" areas have come into compliance with the NAAQS for CO, but some locations still have difficulty in attaining the CO standards. Those locations tend to have topographical or meteorological characteristics that exacerbate pollution. In view of the challenges posed for some areas to attain compliance with the NAAQS for CO, congress asked the National Research Council to investigate the problem of CO in areas with meteorological and topographical problems. This interim report deals specifically with Fairbanks, Alaska. Fairbanks was chosen as a case study because its meteorological and topographical characteristics make it susceptible to severe winter inversions that trap CO and other pollutants at ground level.
Download or read book WHO global air quality guidelines written by Weltgesundheitsorganisation and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2021-09-07 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The main objective of these updated global guidelines is to offer health-based air quality guideline levels, expressed as long-term or short-term concentrations for six key air pollutants: PM2.5, PM10, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide. In addition, the guidelines provide interim targets to guide reduction efforts of these pollutants, as well as good practice statements for the management of certain types of PM (i.e., black carbon/elemental carbon, ultrafine particles, particles originating from sand and duststorms). These guidelines are not legally binding standards; however, they provide WHO Member States with an evidence-informed tool, which they can use to inform legislation and policy. Ultimately, the goal of these guidelines is to help reduce levels of air pollutants in order to decrease the enormous health burden resulting from the exposure to air pollution worldwide.
Download or read book Biogeochemical Dynamics at Major River Coastal Interfaces written by Thomas Bianchi and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2014 with total page 673 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive, state-of-the-art synthesis of biogeochemical dynamics and the impact of human alterations at major river-coastal interfaces for advanced students and researchers.
Download or read book Health Effects of Diesel Exhaust Emissions written by Per Camner and published by Nordic Council of Ministers. This book was released on 1988 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Miljørapport 1988:8
Download or read book The Impact of Air Pollution on Health Economy Environment and Agricultural Sources written by Mohamed Khallaf and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2011-09-26 with total page 459 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book aims to strengthen the knowledge base dealing with Air Pollution. The book consists of 21 chapters dealing with Air Pollution and its effects in the fields of Health, Environment, Economy and Agricultural Sources. It is divided into four sections. The first one deals with effect of air pollution on health and human body organs. The second section includes the Impact of air pollution on plants and agricultural sources and methods of resistance. The third section includes environmental changes, geographic and climatic conditions due to air pollution. The fourth section includes case studies concerning of the impact of air pollution in the economy and development goals, such as, indoor air pollution in México, indoor air pollution and millennium development goals in Bangladesh, epidemiologic and economic impact of natural gas on indoor air pollution in Colombia and economic growth and air pollution in Iran during development programs. In this book the authors explain the definition of air pollution, the most important pollutants and their different sources and effects on humans and various fields of life. The authors offer different solutions to the problems resulting from air pollution.
Download or read book The Acute Effects of Personal Exposures to Black Carbon on Blood Pressure in Indian Women Cooking with Biomass Fuels written by Christina Norris and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The acute effects of air pollution on the cardiovascular system are not well established despite consistent evidence of a causal association between chronic exposure to air pollution and adverse cardiovascular effects. This is especially true of exposures to household air pollution from biomass and coal burning and its association with sub-clinical vascular effects including small, transient increases in blood pressure that may increase the risk of cardiovascular events and diseases. Baumgartner and colleagues conducted a panel study of rural Indian women in 2011-2012 to assess their personal exposure to black carbon from use of biomass fuels during cooking and the effect that this exposure may have on short-term changes in blood pressure during cooking sessions. This study was nested within a larger cookstove evaluation study in 187 homes that aimed to assess whether use of 'improved' rocket stoves for cooking was associated with lower household air pollution concentrations in kitchens compared with use of traditional stoves, and whether use of the rocket stoves improved the health of 80 cooks who received this stove. For the panel study constituting the basis for my thesis, we enrolled 45 women (ages 25-66 years) who cook almost exclusively with biomass fuels and live in rural Karnataka, India. During one cooking session in winter and summer, we simultaneously measured women's personal real-time exposure to black carbon and assessed their ambulatory blood pressure every 10 minutes. We recorded ambient temperature and participants' activities while cooking (e.g., pounding roti, sweeping), we conducted anthropometric measurements, and we assessed age, socioeconomic status, health status, and medication use using questionnaires. Several metrics of black carbon exposure were generated including average exposure in the minutes preceding each blood pressure measurement and lagged values from 1-20 minutes. The associations between women's exposures to black carbon and blood pressure were assessed using multivariate mixed effects regression models with random intercepts to account for repeated measurements for each woman. Average cooking session length was longer in the winter [mean duration: 95 minutes; standard deviation (SD): 52 minutes] compared with the summer season (mean: 76 minutes; SD: 46 minutes). Women's geometric mean personal exposure to black carbon during the cooking sessions was lower in winter (40 [mu]g/m3; SD: 8 [mu]g/m3) than in summer (56 [mu]g/m3; SD: 8 [mu]g/m3). There is some evidence to suggest that exposure to black carbon in the ~10 to 12 minutes preceding blood pressure measurement may be associated with small changes in systolic blood pressure. However, in general there was not a strong and consistent association between our indices of black carbon and acute changes in blood pressure after adjusting for age, body mass index, activities during cooking, ambient temperature, salt intake, socioeconomic status, and time of day. A 100 μg/m3 increase in black carbon exposure, integrated prior to blood pressure measurement, was associated with a 0.40 mm Hg increase in systolic blood pressure [95% confidence interval (CI): -1.36, 2.16] and a 0.30 mm Hg decrease in diastolic blood pressure (95% CI: -1.67, 1.07). We found similar magnitudes of effect on blood pressure and ranges of uncertainty when using our other indices of black carbon exposure. Our results complement the few previous studies of changes or differences in blood pressure associated with exposure to household air pollution from biomass use. We did not find a strong and consistent association between personal exposure to black carbon and acute changes in blood pressure among rural Indian women during cooking sessions, although there is some evidence to suggest an association with systolic blood pressure at lags of 10-12 minutes. These results may be informative to the mechanisms linking exposure to air pollution, blood pressure, and cardiovascular risk." --
Download or read book Research Priorities for Airborne Particulate Matter written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1998-04-30 with total page 211 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: New National Ambient Air Quality Standards for airborne particles smaller than 2.5 micrometers, called PM2.5, were issued by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) amidst scientific uncertainty and controversy. In response to a request from Congress, Research Priorities for Airborne Particulate Matter, the first of four books in a series, offers a conceptual framework for an integrated national program of particulate-matter research, identifies the 10 most critical research needs linked to key policy-related scientific uncertainties, and describes the recommended timing and estimated costs of such research. The committee concludes that EPA should devote more resources to investigating the relationships between fixed-site outdoor monitoring data and actual human breathing-zone exposures to ambient particulate matter and to identifying the most biologically important constituents and characteristics of particulate matter through toxicological studies. The recommended research activities are critical to determining actual exposures of human subpopulations most susceptible to harm from the most hazardous constituents of particulate matter. Future research will be an investment in public health and a means to ensure that resources spent on control technology and regulatory compliance will have a reasonable probability of success.
Download or read book Lamto written by Luc Abbadie and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-11-22 with total page 422 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Synthesizing 40 years of ongoing ecological research, this book examines the structure, function, and dynamics of the Lamto humid savanna. From the history of the Lamto ecology station, to an overview of enivronmental conditions of the site, and examining the integrative view of energy and nutrient fluxes relative to the dynamics of the region's vegetation, this exacting work is as unique and treasured as Lamto itself.
Download or read book Impact of Black Carbon on Global Climate written by Anthony M. De Julio and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
