Download or read book Handbook on Recycling and Disposal of Hospital Waste Municipal Solid Waste Biomedical Waste Plastic Waste written by NIIR Board of Consultants & Engineers and published by NIIR PROJECT CONSULTANCY SERVICES. This book was released on 2018-03-02 with total page 544 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Waste can be almost anything, including food, leaves, newspapers, bottles, construction debris, and chemicals from a factory, candy wrappers, disposable diapers, old cars, or radioactive materials. People have always produced waste, but as industry and technology have evolved and the human population has grown, waste management has become increasingly complex. Waste recycling involves the collection of waste materials and the separation and clean-up of those materials. Recycling waste means that fewer new products and consumables need to be produced, saving raw materials and reducing energy consumption. Waste reduction and recycling are very important elements of the local waste management framework. They help both to conserve natural resources and to reduce demand for valuable landfill space. The waste recycling services has become the one of the fastest growing industry. The growth of the waste recycling services is driven by the technology development for waste recycling. The waste management market is expected to be worth US$ 13.62 billion by 2025. Indian municipal solid waste (MSW) management market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 7.14% by 2025. India has planned to achieve a capacity of 2.9 million hospital beds by 2025 which will help bio medical waste management market to grow at a CAGR of 8.41%. The concern for bio medical waste management has been felt globally with the rise in infectious diseases and indiscriminate disposal of waste. It is to be understood that management of bio medical waste is an integral part of health care. There is a clear need for the current approach of waste disposal in India that is focussed on municipalities and uses high energy/high technology, to move more towards waste processing and waste recycling (that involves public private partnerships, aiming for eventual waste minimization driven at the community level, and using low energy/low technology resources. This book basically deals with characterization of Medical Waste, Medical Waste Data Collection Activities, Medical Waste Treatment Effectiveness, Gas Sterilization, Municipal Solid Waste, Bio-Medical Waste, Hospital Waste Incineration, Production, Use, and Disposal of Plastics and Plastic Products, Medical Waste Reuse, Recycling and Reduction, Disposal on Land, municipal and plastic waste management, Plastic Waste, incineration and number of recycling methods. The book is highly recommended to new entrepreneurs, existing units who wants to get more information of Waste Disposal & Recycling.

Download or read book Medical Municipal and Plastic Waste Management Handbook written by NIIR Board of Consultants & Engineers and published by NIIR PROJECT CONSULTANCY SERVICES. This book was released on 2005-08-15 with total page 544 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Waste management is the collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal, and monitoring of waste materials. Concern over environment is being seen a massive increase in recycling globally which has grown to be an important part of modern civilization. The consumption habits of modern consumerist lifestyles are causing a huge global waste problem. Rapid urbanization and industrial diversification has led generation of considerable qualities of municipal, plastic, hazardous and biomedical waste. Further the rapid industrial developments have, led to the generation of huge quantities of hazardous wastes, which have further aggravated the environmental problems in the country by depleting and polluting natural resources. Therefore, rational and sustainable utilization of natural resources and its protection from toxic releases is vital for sustainable socioeconomic development. Hazardous waste management is a new concept for most of the Asian countries including India. The utilization of resources and generation of waste is for beyond the limit that the biosphere was made to carry. Recycling of plastics should be carried in such a manner to minimize the pollution level during the process and as a result to enhance the efficiency of the process and conserve the energy. The concern for bio medical waste management has been felt globally with the rise in infectious diseases and indiscriminate disposal of waste. It is to be understood that management of bio medical waste is an integral part of health care. There is a clear need for the current approach of waste disposal in India that is focussed on municipalities and uses high energy/high technology, to move more towards waste processing and waste recycling (that involves public private partnerships, aiming for eventual waste minimization driven at the community level, and using low energy/low technology resources. This book basically deals with characterization of medical waste, medical waste data collection activities, medical waste treatment effectiveness, gas sterilization , medical waste reuse, recycling and reduction, selection of waste management options, fundamental concepts related to hospital waste incineration , linkage of bio medical waste management with municipal waste management , waste identification and waste control program for the health care establishments, waste treatment and disposal : the rules and the available options , recycle spoiled photographic film and paper etc. Waste management is one of the essential obligatory functions of the country. This service is falling too short of the desired level of efficiency and satisfaction resulting in problems of health, sanitation and environmental degradation. This book provides overview of the status of medical, municipal and plastic waste management. A treatment technique includes sterilization, incineration and number of recycling methods.

Download or read book Medical Waste Management written by and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Finding the Rx for Managing Medical Wastes written by United States. Congress. Office of Technology Assessment and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Handbook on Hospital Solid Waste Management written by Frank L. Cross and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Complete Book on Waste Treatment Technologies Industrial Biomedical Water Electronic Municipal Household Kitchen Farm Animal Dairy Poultry Meat Fish Sea Food Industry Waste written by Prof. Dr. Mahendra Pal and published by NIIR PROJECT CONSULTANCY SERVICES. This book was released on 2015-01-11 with total page 592 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Waste management is a global problem that continues to increase with rapid industrialization, population growth, and economic development. As the world hurtles towards the urban future, the amount of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is growing very fast. Wastes are generally classified into solid, liquid, & gaseous and are broadly classified as household waste; municipal waste; commercial and non-hazardous industrial wastes; hazardous (toxic) industrial wastes; construction and demolition waste; health care wastes – waste generated in health care facilities (e.g. hospitals, medical research facilities); human and animal wastes; and incinerator wastes. The fast industrialization, urbanization, modern technology, and rapidly growing population in India have posed a serious challenge to the waste management. In India, per capita generation rate of municipal solid waste ranges from 0.2 to 0.5 kg/day. At present, the daily generation rate in South Asia, East Asia and the Pacific combined is approximately 1.0 million tons per day. Hazard management is essentially a problem solving process aimed at defining problems (identifying hazards), gathering information about them (assessing the risks) and solving them (controlling the risks). Integrated solid waste management is a comprehensive waste prevention, recycling, composting, and disposal programme. Disposing the waste in an environmentally friendly manner is highly crucial to all the nations of the world including India. The goal of urban solid waste management is to collect, treat and dispose of solid waste generated by the all the city dwellers in an environmentally, and socially satisfactory manner by using the most economical methods available. The major contents of the book are types of waste, human pathogens in animal agriculture production systems, pathogen reductions during waste treatment, aerosolization of pathogens etc. It will be a standard reference book for professionals, entrepreneurs, students, teachers, researchers, administrators, and planners of various disciplines who are directly or indirectly involved in the waste management. TAGS Best small and cottage scale industries, Better waste management, Biological Waste treatment techniques, Bio-medical Waste Management, Biomedical Waste treatment, Anaerobic lagoon techniques, Book about Waste Management, Book on Waste Management, Business guidance for Waste treatment, Chemical industry wastewater treatment, Dairy Waste treatment, Electronic Waste treatment, E-waste Management, E-Waste Management & Clean Technologies Treatment of E-waste for Safe Disposal, E-Waste Recycling Technologies, Farm Animal Waste treatment, Guidelines for Livestock Waste Management, Household Waste treatment, How to compost kitchen waste, How to make money from waste management, How to Start a Recycling Business - Opportunities & Ideas, How to start a successful Waste treatment business, How to start a waste disposal business, How to Start a Waste treatment Business, How to start waste management business in India, How to Start Waste treatment Industry in India, Industrial & Municipal Wastewater Treatment Processes, Industrial Waste Treatment book, Industrial Waste treatment, Industrial wastewater treatment, Is it a good idea to start up a waste management?, Kitchen waste management, Kitchen Waste treatment, Latest waste management technologies, Livestock Farm Waste treatment, Livestock waste disposal and management, Livestock waste treatment systems, Meat, Fish & Sea Food Industry Waste treatment, Modern waste management technologies, Most Profitable Waste treatment Business Ideas, Municipal Waste treatment, New small scale ideas in Waste treatment industry, Opening a Waste Management Business, Physical Waste treatment techniques, Poultry Waste treatment, Recycling and Treatment of E-waste, Setting up and opening your Waste treatment Business, Small Scale Waste treatment Projects, Solid waste treatment, Solid waste treatment methods, Solid waste treatment technologies, Starting a Waste Management Business, Starting a Waste treatment Business, Start-up Business Plan for Waste treatment, Start up Project for Waste treatment, Technology of Waste Management, Technology of Waste Treatment, Treatment and disposal of municipal waste, Treatment of Bio-Medical Waste, Treatment of kitchen waste, Waste disposal business plan, Waste Management & Processing Solutions, Waste Management and Recycling, Waste Management and Recycling Technology, Waste management business ideas, Waste management business opportunities, Waste management business plan, Waste Management Startups in India, Waste Recycling Business in India Business Plan, Waste Treatment and Disposal Methods, Waste treatment and waste disposal methods, Waste treatment Based Profitable Projects, Waste treatment Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Waste treatment Business, Waste treatment Industry in India, Waste treatment methods, Waste treatment process, Waste treatment Projects, Waste treatment technologies, Water Waste treatment, What is Waste Management and Methods of Waste Disposal?, What is waste treatment?

Download or read book Medical Waste Management and Disposal written by and published by William Andrew Inc.. This book was released on 1991-01-01 with total page 541 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Describes the current status of US medical waste management and disposal practices, ranging from handling the waste as nonhazardous municipal solid waste to strict segregation, packaging, labeling, and tracking. Treatment techniques include steam sterilization, incineration, recycling and reuse methods. Also covers EPA studies characterizing types, numbers and sizes of waste generators and wastes generated.

Download or read book The Consumer s Handbook for Reducing Solid Waste written by Fifteenth Anniversary Task Force and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 1993 with total page 37 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Describes how people can help solve a growing problem -- garbage. Outlines many practical steps to reduce the amount & toxicity of garbage. Includes success stories, reusable vocabularyÓ, & other resources. Illustrated.

Download or read book Safe Management of Wastes from Health care Activities written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2014 with total page 327 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the second edition of the WHO handbook on the safe, sustainable and affordable management of health-care waste--commonly known as "the Blue Book". The original Blue Book was a comprehensive publication used widely in health-care centers and government agencies to assist in the adoption of national guidance. It also provided support to committed medical directors and managers to make improvements and presented practical information on waste-management techniques for medical staff and waste workers. It has been more than ten years since the first edition of the Blue Book. During the intervening period, the requirements on generators of health-care wastes have evolved and new methods have become available. Consequently, WHO recognized that it was an appropriate time to update the original text. The purpose of the second edition is to expand and update the practical information in the original Blue Book. The new Blue Book is designed to continue to be a source of impartial health-care information and guidance on safe waste-management practices. The editors' intention has been to keep the best of the original publication and supplement it with the latest relevant information. The audience for the Blue Book has expanded. Initially, the publication was intended for those directly involved in the creation and handling of health-care wastes: medical staff, health-care facility directors, ancillary health workers, infection-control officers and waste workers. This is no longer the situation. A wider range of people and organizations now have an active interest in the safe management of health-care wastes: regulators, policy-makers, development organizations, voluntary groups, environmental bodies, environmental health practitioners, advisers, researchers and students. They should also find the new Blue Book of benefit to their activities. Chapters 2 and 3 explain the various types of waste produced from health-care facilities, their typical characteristics and the hazards these wastes pose to patients, staff and the general environment. Chapters 4 and 5 introduce the guiding regulatory principles for developing local or national approaches to tackling health-care waste management and transposing these into practical plans for regions and individual health-care facilities. Specific methods and technologies are described for waste minimization, segregation and treatment of health-care wastes in Chapters 6, 7 and 8. These chapters introduce the basic features of each technology and the operational and environmental characteristics required to be achieved, followed by information on the potential advantages and disadvantages of each system. To reflect concerns about the difficulties of handling health-care wastewaters, Chapter 9 is an expanded chapter with new guidance on the various sources of wastewater and wastewater treatment options for places not connected to central sewerage systems. Further chapters address issues on economics (Chapter 10), occupational safety (Chapter 11), hygiene and infection control (Chapter 12), and staff training and public awareness (Chapter 13). A wider range of information has been incorporated into this edition of the Blue Book, with the addition of two new chapters on health-care waste management in emergencies (Chapter 14) and an overview of the emerging issues of pandemics, drug-resistant pathogens, climate change and technology advances in medical techniques that will have to be accommodated by health-care waste systems in the future (Chapter 15).

Download or read book Handbook of Solid Waste Management written by George Tchobanoglous and published by McGraw Hill Professional. This book was released on 2002-06-22 with total page 836 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In a world where waste incinerators are not an option and landfills are at over capacity, cities are hard pressed to find a solution to the problem of what to do with their solid waste. Handbook of Solid Waste Management, 2/e offers a solution. This handbook offers an integrated approach to the planning, design, and management of economical and environmentally responsible solid waste disposal system. Let twenty industry and government experts provide you with the tools to design a solid waste management system capable of disposing of waste in a cost-efficient and environmentally responsible manner. Focusing on the six primary functions of an integrated system--source reduction, toxicity reduction, recycling and reuse, composting, waste- to-energy combustion, and landfilling--they explore each technology and examine its problems, costs, and legal and social ramifications.

Download or read book Handbook on Organic Waste for Biological Treatment Liquid Manure into a Solid Tomato Waste Water Treatment Oxalic Acid from Jute Stick Cotton Processing Waste Fish Waste Agro Industrial Wastes Bioconversion of Pretreated Wheat Straw and Sunflower Stalks to Ethanol Agricultural Waste Treatment Waste of Dehydrated Onion Beef Cattle Manure Slurry Meat Meal and Algae for Calves Wastes from Large Piggeries Pig Waste Oxytetracycline Methane from Cattle Waste written by Dr. Himadri Panda and published by NIIR PROJECT CONSULTANCY SERVICES. This book was released on 2018-01-15 with total page 504 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Handbook on Organic Waste for Biological Treatment, Liquid Manure into a Solid, Tomato Waste Water Treatment, Oxalic Acid from Jute Stick, Cotton Processing Waste, Fish Waste, Agro-Industrial Wastes, Bioconversion of Pretreated Wheat Straw and Sunflower Stalks to Ethanol, Agricultural Waste Treatment, Waste of Dehydrated Onion, Beef-Cattle Manure Slurry, Meat Meal and Algae for Calves, Wastes from Large Piggeries, Pig Waste, Oxytetracycline, Methane from Cattle Waste (Also Known as The Complete Book on Biological Waste Treatment and their Utilization) Biological Treatment is the recycling of humus, nutrients and/or energy from biological waste by means of aerobic (composting) or anaerobic (digesting) processing. Biological treatment is an important and integral part of any wastewater treatment plant that treats wastewater from either municipality or industry having soluble organic impurities or a mix of the two types of wastewater sources. Biological wastewater treatment is an important and integral step of wastewater treatment system and it treats wastewater coming from either residential buildings or industries etc. It is often called as Secondary Treatment process which is used to remove any contaminants that left over after primary treatment. Organic waste is material that is biodegradable and comes from either a plant or animal. Organic waste is usually broken down by other organisms over time and may also be referred to as wet waste. Most of the time, it's made up of vegetable and fruit debris, paper, bones and human waste which quickly disintegrate. Wastewater treatment is a process used to convert wastewater, which is water no longer needed or suitable for its most recent use, into an effluent that can be either returned to the water cycle with minimal environmental issues or reused. Expenditure on water and wastewater infrastructure in India is set to increase by 83% over the next five years, hitting an annual run rate of $16 billion by 2020. The utility market is set to top $14 billion within five years, while annual spending in the industrial sector will approach $2 billion. Spending on water supply will grow from $5.56 billion to $9.4 billion over the next five years. It will be a standard reference book for professionals, entrepreneurs, those studying and researching in this important area.

Download or read book Handbook on Household Hazardous Waste written by Amy D. Cabaniss and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2018-08-10 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written by leading practitioners, this updated edition looks at household hazardous waste and its collection/management, including chapters on planning a facility, marketing to affect behavior change, and encouraging extended product stewardship. Includes information on new regulations and advances and a comprehensive reference section.

Download or read book Decision Maker s Guide to Solid Waste Management written by Philip R. O'Leary and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 1999-02 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Guide has been developed particularly for solid waste management practitioners, such as local government officials, facility owners and operators, consultants, and regulatory agency specialists. Contains technical and economic information to help these practitioners meet the daily challenges of planning, managing, and operating municipal solid waste (MSW) programs and facilities. The Guide's primary goals are to encourage reduction of waste at the source and to foster implementation of integrated solid waste management systems that are cost-effective and protect human health and the environment. Illustrated.

Download or read book Epoxy Resins Technology Handbook Synthesis Epoxy Resin Adhesives Epoxy Coatings with Manufacturing Process and Machinery Equipment Details 3rd Revised Edition written by Dr. Himadri Panda and published by ASIA PACIFIC BUSINESS PRESS Inc.. This book was released on 2022-07-07 with total page 592 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Epoxy is a term used to denote both the basic components and the cured end products of epoxy resins, as well as a colloquial name for the epoxide functional group. Epoxy resin are a class of thermoset materials used extensively in structural and specialty composite applications because they offer a unique combination of properties that are unattainable with other thermoset resins. Epoxies are monomers or prepolymers that further reacts with curing agents to yield high performance thermosetting plastics. They have gained wide acceptance in protecting coatings, electrical and structural applications because of their exceptional combination of properties such as toughness, adhesion, chemical resistance and superior electrical properties. Epoxy resins are characterized by the presence of a three membered cycle ether group commonly referred to as an epoxy group 1,2-epoxide, or oxirane. The most widely used epoxy resins are diglycidyl ethers of bisphenol-A derived from bisphenol-A and epichlorohydrin. The market of epoxy resins are growing day by day. Today the total business of this product is more than 100 crores. Epoxy resins are used for about 75% of wind blades currently produced worldwide, while polyester resins account for the remaining 25%. A standard 1.5-MW (megawatt) wind turbine has approximately 10 tonnes of epoxy in its blades. Traditionally, the markets for epoxy resins have been driven by demand generated primarily in areas of adhesives, building and civil construction, electrical insulation, printed circuit boards, and protective coatings for consumer durables, amongst others. The major contents of the book are synthesis and characteristics of epoxy resin, manufacture of epoxy resins, epoxide curing reactions, the dynamic mechanical properties of epoxy resins, physical and chemical properties of epoxy resins, epoxy resin adhesives, epoxy resin coatings, epoxy coating give into water, electrical and electronic applications, analysis of epoxides and epoxy resins and the toxicology of epoxy resins. It will be a standard reference book for professionals and entrepreneurs. Those who are interested in this field can find the complete information from manufacture to final uses of epoxy resin. This presentation will be very helpful to new entrepreneurs, technocrats, research scholars, libraries and existing units.

Download or read book Issues in Medical Waste Management written by United States. Congress. Office of Technology Assessment and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Handbook on Manufacture of Indian Kitchen Spices Masala Powder with Formulations Processes and Machinery Details 5th Edition written by Ajay Kumar Gupta and published by NIIR PROJECT CONSULTANCY SERVICES. This book was released on 2022-04-25 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Spices or Masala as it is called in Hindi, may be called the “heartbeat” of an Indian kitchen. The secret ingredient that makes Indian food truly Indian is the generous use of signature spices. From ancient times of the maharaja’s, spices have added unforgettable flavours and life to Indian cuisine. Indian spices offer significant health benefits and contribute towards an individual's healthy life. There are a large number of various spices, used along with food such as Chilli (Mirchi), Turmeric (Haldi), Coriander (Dhania), Cumin (Jeera), Mustard (Rai), Fenugreek (Methi), Sesame (Til), Cardamon, Peppercorns (Kali Mirchi), Clove, Fennel (Saunf), Nutmeg and Mace etc. In modern times, international trade in spices and condiments have increased dramatically which could be attributed to several factors including rapid advances in transportation, permitting easy accessibility to world markets, growing demand from industrial food manufacturers of wide ranging convenience foods. As the demand for Indian spices is increasing day by day, Indian manufacturers are producing spices of high quality. The book presents the fundamental concepts of Spices (Masala Powder) Indian Kitchen Spices product mix in a manner that new entrepreneurs can understand easily. It covers Formulation for spices i.e., Chaat Masala, Chana Masala, Sambar Masala, Pav Bhaji Masala, Garam Masala, Goda Masala, Pani Puri Masala, Kitchen King Masala, Thandai Masala Powder, Meat Masala, Rasam Powder, Kesari Milk Masala, Punjabi Chole Masala, Shahi Biryani Masala, Tea Masala Powder, Jaljeera Masala, Tandoori Masala, Fish Curry Masala, Chicken Masala, Pickle Masala, Curry Masala. This book contains manufacturing process, Packaging and Labelling of Spices. The highlighting segments of this book are Spices Nutritional value, Special Qualities and Specifications, Cryogenic Grinding Technology, Food Safety & Quality, BIS Specifications, Quality Control, Market, Sample Production Plant Layout and Photograph of Machinery with Supplier’s Contact Details. It also covers Good manufacturing practices in Food Industry, Case Study for Everest and MDH Masala and Top Spice Brands of India. This book is aimed for those who are interested in Spices business, can find the complete information about Manufacture of Indian Kitchen Spices (Masala Powder). It will be very informative and useful to consultants, new entrepreneurs, startups, technocrats, research scholars, libraries and existing units.

Download or read book The Complete Book on Resins Alkyd Amino Phenolic Polyurethane Epoxy Silicone Acrylic Paints Varnishes Pigments Additives Surface Coating Products with Formulae written by Dr. Himadri Panda and published by ASIA PACIFIC BUSINESS PRESS Inc.. This book was released on 2022-02-23 with total page 632 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Resin is a versatile material that can be utilized for a variety of applications. It's frequently utilized in durable castings, arts and crafts, flooring, countertops, and other applications. Resin is a good adhesive and can be used to produce plastics. The best approach to maintain a range of surfaces safe is to use industrial coatings. Surface coating is any mixture of film-forming materials, pigments, solvents, and other additives that, when applied to a surface and cured or dried, produces a thin functional and frequently decorative film. Paints, drying oils and varnishes, synthetic transparent coatings, and other items with the primary function of protecting an object's surface from the environment are examples of surface coatings. The global resin market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 6.4%. The growing demand for epoxy resin in the paints and coatings industry is driving the market. In addition, demand is likely to be driven by the growing use of epoxy in the electronics and electrical industries as an insulator and to protect components from dust, short-circuiting, and moisture. The rising demand for convenience and processed food and beverages is increasing the demand for packaging in both developed and emerging countries. Resins are used in internal coatings of cans to enhance the shelf life of canned food and beverages products. They are also used to protect and preserve the taste, texture, and colour of food and beverage products while preventing corrosion. Moreover, the increasing use of glass packaging is significantly contributing to the market growth as it uses resin to prevent corrosion in jars and bottles. The introduction of various stringent policies regarding food safety by several governments is increasing the use of epoxy resin, further fuelling the market growth. The book covers a variety of topics related to starting a Resin Business. It also includes images of the equipment and facility structure, as well as information on machinery suppliers. An in-depth look at the Resin Industry and how to start a business in it. This book is a one-stop shop for everything you need to know about the Resin Industry, which is rife with opportunities for manufacturers, merchants, and entrepreneurs. This is the only book on the market that covers the entire process of establishing a commercial Surface Coating facility. From concept to equipment acquisition, it's a wonderful feast of how-to information.