Download or read book Guy de Maupassant s Tales of the Franco Prussian War A Collection of Short Stories written by Guy de Maupassant and published by Read Books Ltd. This book was released on 2016-03-31 with total page 229 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: These early works by Guy de Maupassant were originally published in the 1880's. As a collection of short stories, this represents Maupassant's tales of the Franco-Prussian War, and includes 'Two Little Soldiers', 'The Prisoners', 'The Lancer's Wife', 'Boule de Suif', 'A Coup D'etat', and many other titles. Guy de Maupassant was born in 1850 at the Château de Miromesnil, near Dieppe, France. He came from a prosperous family, but when Maupassant was eleven, his mother risked social disgrace by trying to secure a legal separation from her husband. After the split, Maupassant lived with his mother till he was thirteen, and inherited her love of classical literature. In 1880, Maupassant published his first - and, according to many, his best - short story, entitled 'Boule de Suif' ('Ball of Fat'). It was an instant success. He went on to be extremely prolific during the 1880s, working methodically to produce up to four volumes of short fiction every year. Many of the earliest books, particularly those dating back to the 1900's and before, are now extremely scarce and increasingly expensive. We are republishing these classic works in affordable, high quality, modern editions.
Download or read book Maupassant Complete Short Stories written by Guy de Maupassant and published by 谷月社. This book was released on 2015-12-31 with total page 1423 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: INDEX VOLUME I. GUY DE MAUPASSANT BOULE DE SUIF TWO FRIENDS THE LANCER'S WIFE THE PRISONERS TWO LITTLE SOLDIERS FATHER MILON A COUP D'ETAT LIEUTENANT LARE'S MARRIAGE THE HORRIBLE MADAME PARISSE MADEMOISELLE FIFI A DUEL ORIGINAL SHORT STORIES, Vol. 2. VOLUME II. THE COLONEL'S IDEAS MOTHER SAUVAGE EPIPHANY THE MUSTACHE MADAME BAPTISTE THE QUESTION OF LATIN A MEETING THE BLIND MAN INDISCRETION A FAMILY AFFAIR BESIDE SCHOPENHAUER'S CORPSE ORIGINAL SHORT STORIES, Vol. 3. VOLUME III. MISS HARRIET LITTLE LOUISE ROQUE THE DONKEY MOIRON THE DISPENSER OF HOLY WATER A PARRICIDE BERTHA THE PATRON THE DOOR A SALE THE IMPOLITE SEX A WEDDING GIFT THE RELIC "To the Abbe Louis d'Ennemare, at Soissons. ORIGINAL SHORT STORIES, Vol. 4. VOLUME IV. THE MORIBUND THE GAMEKEEPER THE STORY OF A FARM GIRL PART I PART II PART III PART IV PART V THE WRECK It was yesterday, the 31st of December. THEODULE SABOT'S CONFESSION THE WRONG HOUSE THE DIAMOND NECKLACE THE MARQUIS DE FUMEROL THE TRIP OF LE HORLA FAREWELL! THE WOLF THE INN ORIGINAL SHORT STORIES, Vol. 5. VOLUME V. MONSIEUR PARENT QUEEN HORTENSE TIMBUCTOO TOMBSTONES MADEMOISELLE PEARL THE THIEF CLAIR DE LUNE WAITER, A "BOCK" AFTER "My darlings," said the comtesse, "you might go to bed." FORGIVENESS IN THE SPRING A QUEER NIGHT IN PARIS ORIGINAL SHORT STORIES, Vol. 6. VOLUME VI. THAT COSTLY RIDE USELESS BEAUTY I THE FATHER I MY UNCLE SOSTHENES THE BARONESS MOTHER AND SON THE HAND A TRESS OF HAIR ON THE RIVER THE CRIPPLE A STROLL ALEXANDRE THE LOG JULIE ROMAIN THE RONDOLI SISTERS I ORIGINAL SHORT STORIES, Vol. 7. VOLUME VII. THE FALSE GEMS FASCINATION YVETTE SAMORIS "The Comtesse Samoris." A VENDETTA MY TWENTY-FIVE DAYS "THE TERROR" LEGEND OF MONT ST. MICHEL A NEW YEAR'S GIFT FRIEND PATIENCE What became of Leremy?" ABANDONED THE MAISON TELLIER PART II PART III DENIS MY WIFE THE UNKNOWN THE APPARITION ORIGINAL SHORT STORIES, Vol. 8. VOLUME VIII. CLOCHETTE THE KISS THE LEGION OF HONOR THE TEST FOUND ON A DROWNED MAN THE ORPHAN THE BEGGAR He had seen better days, despite his present misery and infirmities. THE RABBIT HIS AVENGER MY UNCLE JULES THE MODEL A VAGABOND THE FISHING HOLE THE SPASM IN THE WOOD MARTINE ALL OVER THE PARROT I THE PIECE OF STRING ORIGINAL SHORT STORIES, Vol. 9. VOLUME IX. TOINE MADAME HUSSON'S "ROSIER" THE ADOPTED SON COWARD OLD MONGILET MOONLIGHT THE FIRST SNOWFALL SUNDAYS OF A BOURGEOIS A RECOLLECTION OUR LETTERS THE LOVE OF LONG AGO FRIEND JOSEPH THE EFFEMINATES OLD AMABLE ORIGINAL SHORT STORIES, Vol. 10. VOLUME X. THE CHRISTENING "Well doctor, a little brandy?" THE FARMER'S WIFE Said the Baron Rene du Treilles to me: THE DEVIL THE SNIPE THE WILL WALTER SCHNAFFS' ADVENTURE AT SEA The following paragraphs recently appeared in the papers: MINUET THE SON THAT PIG OF A MORIN SAINT ANTHONY LASTING LOVE PIERROT A NORMANDY JOKE FATHER MATTHEW ORIGINAL SHORT STORIES, Vol. 11. VOLUME XI. THE UMBRELLA BELHOMME'S BEAST DISCOVERY THE ACCURSED BREAD THE DOWRY THE DIARY OF A MADMAN THE MASK THE PENGUINS' ROCK This is the season for penguins. A FAMILY SUICIDES To Georges Legrand. AN ARTIFICE DREAMS SIMON'S PAPA ORIGINAL SHORT STORIES, Vol. 12. VOLUME XII. THE CHILD A COUNTRY EXCURSION ROSE ROSALIE PRUDENT REGRET A SISTER'S CONFESSION COCO DEAD WOMAN'S SECRET A HUMBLE DRAMA MADEMOISELLE COCOTTE THE CORSICAN BANDIT THE GRAVE ORIGINAL SHORT STORIES, Vol. 13. VOLUME XIII. OLD JUDAS THE LITTLE CASK BOITELLE A WIDOW THE ENGLISHMAN OF ETRETAT MAGNETISM A FATHER'S CONFESSION A MOTHER OF MONSTERS AN UNCOMFORTABLE BED A PORTRAIT THE DRUNKARD THE WARDROBE THE MOUNTAIN POOL A CREMATION MISTI MADAME HERMET THE MAGIC COUCH
Download or read book Maupassant Complete Short Stories written by Guy de Maupassant and published by Prabhat Prakashan. This book was released on 2015-12-31 with total page 1212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: INDEX VOLUME I. GUY DE MAUPASSANT BOULE DE SUIF TWO FRIENDS THE LANCER'S WIFE THE PRISONERS TWO LITTLE SOLDIERS FATHER MILON A COUP D'ETAT LIEUTENANT LARE'S MARRIAGE THE HORRIBLE MADAME PARISSE MADEMOISELLE FIFI A DUEL ORIGINAL SHORT STORIES, Vol. 2. VOLUME II. THE COLONEL'S IDEAS MOTHER SAUVAGE EPIPHANY THE MUSTACHE MADAME BAPTISTE THE QUESTION OF LATIN A MEETING THE BLIND MAN INDISCRETION A FAMILY AFFAIR BESIDE SCHOPENHAUER'S CORPSE ORIGINAL SHORT STORIES, Vol. 3. VOLUME III. MISS HARRIET LITTLE LOUISE ROQUE THE DONKEY MOIRON THE DISPENSER OF HOLY WATER A PARRICIDE BERTHA THE PATRON THE DOOR A SALE THE IMPOLITE SEX A WEDDING GIFT THE RELIC "To the Abbe Louis d'Ennemare, at Soissons. ORIGINAL SHORT STORIES, Vol. 4. VOLUME IV. THE MORIBUND THE GAMEKEEPER THE STORY OF A FARM GIRL PART I PART II PART III PART IV PART V THE WRECK It was yesterday, the 31st of December. THEODULE SABOT'S CONFESSION THE WRONG HOUSE THE DIAMOND NECKLACE THE MARQUIS DE FUMEROL THE TRIP OF LE HORLA FAREWELL! THE WOLF THE INN ORIGINAL SHORT STORIES, Vol. 5. VOLUME V. MONSIEUR PARENT QUEEN HORTENSE TIMBUCTOO TOMBSTONES MADEMOISELLE PEARL THE THIEF CLAIR DE LUNE WAITER, A "BOCK" AFTER "My darlings," said the comtesse, "you might go to bed." FORGIVENESS IN THE SPRING A QUEER NIGHT IN PARIS ORIGINAL SHORT STORIES, Vol. 6. VOLUME VI. THAT COSTLY RIDE USELESS BEAUTY I THE FATHER I MY UNCLE SOSTHENES THE BARONESS MOTHER AND SON THE HAND A TRESS OF HAIR ON THE RIVER THE CRIPPLE A STROLL ALEXANDRE THE LOG JULIE ROMAIN THE RONDOLI SISTERS I ORIGINAL SHORT STORIES, Vol. 7. VOLUME VII. THE FALSE GEMS FASCINATION YVETTE SAMORIS "The Comtesse Samoris." A VENDETTA MY TWENTY-FIVE DAYS "THE TERROR" LEGEND OF MONT ST. MICHEL A NEW YEAR'S GIFT FRIEND PATIENCE What became of Leremy?" ABANDONED THE MAISON TELLIER PART II PART III DENIS MY WIFE THE UNKNOWN THE APPARITION ORIGINAL SHORT STORIES, Vol. 8. VOLUME VIII. CLOCHETTE THE KISS THE LEGION OF HONOR THE TEST FOUND ON A DROWNED MAN THE ORPHAN THE BEGGAR He had seen better days, despite his present misery and infirmities. THE RABBIT HIS AVENGER MY UNCLE JULES THE MODEL A VAGABOND THE FISHING HOLE THE SPASM IN THE WOOD MARTINE ALL OVER THE PARROT I THE PIECE OF STRING ORIGINAL SHORT STORIES, Vol. 9. VOLUME IX. TOINE MADAME HUSSON'S "ROSIER" THE ADOPTED SON COWARD OLD MONGILET MOONLIGHT THE FIRST SNOWFALL SUNDAYS OF A BOURGEOIS A RECOLLECTION OUR LETTERS THE LOVE OF LONG AGO FRIEND JOSEPH THE EFFEMINATES OLD AMABLE ORIGINAL SHORT STORIES, Vol. 10. VOLUME X. THE CHRISTENING "Well doctor, a little brandy?" THE FARMER'S WIFE Said the Baron Rene du Treilles to me: THE DEVIL THE SNIPE THE WILL WALTER SCHNAFFS' ADVENTURE AT SEA The following paragraphs recently appeared in the papers: MINUET THE SON THAT PIG OF A MORIN SAINT ANTHONY LASTING LOVE PIERROT A NORMANDY JOKE FATHER MATTHEW ORIGINAL SHORT STORIES, Vol. 11. VOLUME XI. THE UMBRELLA BELHOMME'S BEAST DISCOVERY THE ACCURSED BREAD THE DOWRY THE DIARY OF A MADMAN THE MASK THE PENGUINS' ROCK This is the season for penguins. A FAMILY SUICIDES To Georges Legrand. AN ARTIFICE DREAMS SIMON'S PAPA ORIGINAL SHORT STORIES, Vol. 12. VOLUME XII. THE CHILD A COUNTRY EXCURSION ROSE ROSALIE PRUDENT REGRET A SISTER'S CONFESSION COCO DEAD WOMAN'S SECRET A HUMBLE DRAMA MADEMOISELLE COCOTTE THE CORSICAN BANDIT THE GRAVE ORIGINAL SHORT STORIES, Vol. 13. VOLUME XIII. OLD JUDAS THE LITTLE CASK BOITELLE A WIDOW THE ENGLISHMAN OF ETRETAT MAGNETISM A FATHER'S CONFESSION A MOTHER OF MONSTERS AN UNCOMFORTABLE BED A PORTRAIT THE DRUNKARD THE WARDROBE THE MOUNTAIN POOL A CREMATION MISTI MADAME HERMET THE MAGIC COUCH
Download or read book Original Short Stories Volume 10 written by Guy de Guy de Maupassant and published by . This book was released on 2017-04-29 with total page 75 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How is this book unique? Font adjustments & biography included Unabridged (100% Original content) Illustrated About Original Short Stories - Volume 10 by Guy de Maupassant Guy de Maupassant is widely regarded as the father of the modern short story. As his 13 volumes of short stories attest, he was a prolific writer of this form. He had a simple, efficient style of writing and, like Anton Chekhov, found inspiration for his stories in the day-to-day lives of characters, in which their hidden natures are often revealed. Many of his works also centerd on the Franco-Prussian War, in which he served. Original Short Stories - Volume 1 by Guy de Maupassant is short-story writing at its best. They're just unforgettable stories. They're concise, funny, satirical, and they describe life at its most mundane and yet most interesting and sometimes shocking juncture. It's a kind of life that someone who grows up in America may never imagine, the kind of closed, stuffy Old World life that may just exist unchanged for millennia.
Download or read book Short Stories written by Guy de Maupassant and published by DigiCat. This book was released on 2022-11-13 with total page 2507 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Guy de Maupassant (1850–1893) was a popular French writer, considered one of the fathers of the modern short story and one of the form's finest exponents. Content: An Adventure in Paris The Awakening Crash My Landlady The Horla Our Letters Profitable Business A Fashionable Woman The Donkey A Mother of Monsters A Family Affair The Mad Woman The Bandmaster's Sister The Cripple A Cock Crowed Words of Love Miss Harriet Two Friends Pierrot Countess Satan Mother Sauvage Coward A Duel The Corsican Bandit The Accent Always Lock the Door! Legend of Mont St.
Download or read book Guy de Maupassant Novels and Short Stories written by Guy de Maupassant and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2014-11-14 with total page 590 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Henri Rene Albert Guy de Maupassant (1850 - 1893) was a popular French writer, considered one of the fathers of the modern short story and one of the form's finest exponents. His stories are characterized by economy of style and efficient, effortless outcomes. Many are set during the Franco-Prussian War of the 1870s, describing the futility of war and the innocent civilians who, caught up in events beyond their control, are permanently changed by their experiences. He wrote more than 300 short stories, six novels, three travel books, and one volume of verse. His first published story, "Boule de Suif" ("Ball of Fat," 1880), is often considered his masterpiece. In this book: Bel Ami (A Ladies' Man) Strong as Death Pierre and Jean Une vie and other stories The Viaticum and other stories The old maid and other stories
Download or read book Original Short Stories Volume 1 written by Guy de Guy de Maupassant and published by . This book was released on 2017-04-25 with total page 99 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How is this book unique? Font adjustments & biography included Unabridged (100% Original content) Illustrated About Original Short Stories - Volume 1 by Guy de Maupassant Guy de Maupassant is widely regarded as the father of the modern short story. As his 13 volumes of short stories attest, he was a prolific writer of this form. He had a simple, efficient style of writing and, like Anton Chekhov, found inspiration for his stories in the day-to-day lives of characters, in which their hidden natures are often revealed. Many of his works also centerd on the Franco-Prussian War, in which he served. Original Short Stories - Volume 1 by Guy de Maupassant is short-story writing at its best. They're just unforgettable stories. They're concise, funny, satirical, and they describe life at its most mundane and yet most interesting and sometimes shocking juncture. It's a kind of life that someone who grows up in America may never imagine, the kind of closed, stuffy Old World life that may just exist unchanged for millennia.
Download or read book Complete Short Stories of Maupassant written by and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2014-11-14 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Henri Ren� Albert Guy de Maupassant (1850 - 1893) was a popular French writer, considered one of the fathers of the modern short story and one of the form's finest exponents. His stories are characterized by economy of style and efficient, effortless outcomes. Many are set during the Franco-Prussian War of the 1870s, describing the futility of war and the innocent civilians who, caught up in events beyond their control, are permanently changed by their experiences. He wrote more than 300 short stories, six novels, three travel books, and one volume of verse. His first published story, "Boule de Suif" ("Ball of Fat", 1880), is often considered his masterpiece.
Download or read book Original Short Stories Volume 3 written by Guy de Guy de Maupassant and published by . This book was released on 2017-04-25 with total page 90 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How is this book unique? Font adjustments & biography included Unabridged (100% Original content) Illustrated About Original Short Stories - Volume 3 by Guy de Maupassant Guy de Maupassant is widely regarded as the father of the modern short story. As his 13 volumes of short stories attest, he was a prolific writer of this form. He had a simple, efficient style of writing and, like Anton Chekhov, found inspiration for his stories in the day-to-day lives of characters, in which their hidden natures are often revealed. Many of his works also centerd on the Franco-Prussian War, in which he served. Original Short Stories - Volume 1 by Guy de Maupassant is short-story writing at its best. They're just unforgettable stories. They're concise, funny, satirical, and they describe life at its most mundane and yet most interesting and sometimes shocking juncture. It's a kind of life that someone who grows up in America may never imagine, the kind of closed, stuffy Old World life that may just exist unchanged for millennia.
Download or read book Guy de Maupassant s Selected Works Norton Critical Editions written by Guy de Maupassant and published by W. W. Norton & Company. This book was released on 2016-08-27 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “Smith successfully captures Maupassant’s depiction of nineteenth-century French culture using terminology that allows these wonderful texts to reach a fresh generation of readers. A solid translation of some wonderful short stories.” —Library Journal The Norton Critical Edition includes: - Thirty of Maupassant’s best short stories centering on war, the supernatural, and French life, translated by Sandra Smith. - An introduction and explanatory footnotes by Robert Lethbridge. - Essays, letters, and newspaper articles on the subjects that influenced Maupassant’s writing, including politics, war, love, despair, and the supernatural. - Sixteen critical assessments from Maupassant’s time to our own, including those by Joseph Conrad, David Coward, Mary Donaldson-Evans, Rachel Killick, Roger L. Williams, Ruth A. Hottell, and Katherine C. Kurk. - A Chronology and a Selected Bibliography.
Download or read book Boule de Suif and Other Stories written by Guy de Maupassant and published by . This book was released on 2022-06-25 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Boule de Suif (French pronunciation: [bul də sɥif]), translated variously as Dumpling, Butterball, Ball of Fat, or Ball of Lard, is a famous short story by the late 19th-century French writer Guy de Maupassant, first published on 15/16 April 1880. It is arguably his most famous short story and is the title story for his collection on the Franco-Prussian War, titled Boule de Suif et Autres Contes de la Guerre (Dumpling and Other Stories of the War).
Download or read book Original Short Stories Volume X Esprios Classics written by Guy De Maupassant and published by . This book was released on 2020-10-29 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Henri René Albert Guy de Maupassant (1850 -1893) was a 19th-century French author, remembered as a master of the short story form, and as a representative of the Naturalist school. Maupassant was a protégé of Gustave Flaubert and his stories are characterized by economy of style and efficient, seemingly effortless dénouements (outcomes). Many are set during the Franco-Prussian War of the 1870s, describing the futility of war and the innocent civilians who, caught up in events beyond their control, are permanently changed by their experiences. He wrote 300 short stories, six novels, three travel books, and one volume of verse. His first published story, "Boule de Suif" ("The Dumpling", 1880), is often considered his masterpiece.
Download or read book Original Short Stories Volume VII Esprios Classics written by Guy De Maupassant and published by . This book was released on 2020-10-29 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Henri René Albert Guy de Maupassant (1850 -1893) was a 19th-century French author, remembered as a master of the short story form, and as a representative of the Naturalist school. Maupassant was a protégé of Gustave Flaubert and his stories are characterized by economy of style and efficient, seemingly effortless dénouements (outcomes). Many are set during the Franco-Prussian War of the 1870s, describing the futility of war and the innocent civilians who, caught up in events beyond their control, are permanently changed by their experiences. He wrote 300 short stories, six novels, three travel books, and one volume of verse. His first published story, "Boule de Suif" ("The Dumpling", 1880), is often considered his masterpiece.
Download or read book Complete Original Short Stories of Guy De Maupassant written by Guy de Maupassant and published by Good Press. This book was released on 2019-11-19 with total page 1380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Maupassant (1850-1893) was a prodigious writer, particularly of short stories. This volume is divided into thirteen books of stories each with about a dozen stories. Maupassant's stories were often menacing or disturbing in some way.
Download or read book Original Short Stories Volume 7 written by Guy de Guy de Maupassant and published by . This book was released on 2017-07-30 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How is this book unique? Font adjustments & biography included Unabridged (100% Original content) Illustrated About Original Short Stories - Volume 7 by Guy de Maupassant Guy de Maupassant is widely regarded as the father of the modern short story. As his 13 volumes of short stories attest, he was a prolific writer of this form. He had a simple, efficient style of writing and, like Anton Chekhov, found inspiration for his stories in the day-to-day lives of characters, in which their hidden natures are often revealed. Many of his works also centerd on the Franco-Prussian War, in which he served. Original Short Stories - Volume 1 by Guy de Maupassant is short-story writing at its best. They're just unforgettable stories. They're concise, funny, satirical, and they describe life at its most mundane and yet most interesting and sometimes shocking juncture. It's a kind of life that someone who grows up in America may never imagine, the kind of closed, stuffy Old World life that may just exist unchanged for millennia.
Download or read book Original Short Stories Volume 11 written by Guy de Guy de Maupassant and published by . This book was released on 2017-07-30 with total page 63 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How is this book unique? Font adjustments & biography included Unabridged (100% Original content) Illustrated About Original Short Stories - Volume 11 by Guy de Maupassant Guy de Maupassant is widely regarded as the father of the modern short story. As his 13 volumes of short stories attest, he was a prolific writer of this form. He had a simple, efficient style of writing and, like Anton Chekhov, found inspiration for his stories in the day-to-day lives of characters, in which their hidden natures are often revealed. Many of his works also centerd on the Franco-Prussian War, in which he served. Original Short Stories - Volume 1 by Guy de Maupassant is short-story writing at its best. They're just unforgettable stories. They're concise, funny, satirical, and they describe life at its most mundane and yet most interesting and sometimes shocking juncture. It's a kind of life that someone who grows up in America may never imagine, the kind of closed, stuffy Old World life that may just exist unchanged for millennia.
Download or read book Original Short Stories Volume 4 written by Guy de Guy de Maupassant and published by . This book was released on 2017-04-25 with total page 83 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How is this book unique? Font adjustments & biography included Unabridged (100% Original content) Illustrated About Original Short Stories - Volume 4 by Guy de Maupassant Guy de Maupassant is widely regarded as the father of the modern short story. As his 13 volumes of short stories attest, he was a prolific writer of this form. He had a simple, efficient style of writing and, like Anton Chekhov, found inspiration for his stories in the day-to-day lives of characters, in which their hidden natures are often revealed. Many of his works also centerd on the Franco-Prussian War, in which he served. Original Short Stories - Volume 1 by Guy de Maupassant is short-story writing at its best. They're just unforgettable stories. They're concise, funny, satirical, and they describe life at its most mundane and yet most interesting and sometimes shocking juncture. It's a kind of life that someone who grows up in America may never imagine, the kind of closed, stuffy Old World life that may just exist unchanged for millennia.
