Download or read book Gut Microbial Taxa and Products that Regulate Immune Responses and Disease Features written by Yu-Ling Chang and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 147 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gut microbiome has a profound effect on human health and disease. The burgeoning body of research investigating the gut microbiome has illustrated its important roles on not only the local inflammatory diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, but also on systemic immunological disorders, such as autoimmune diseases. Many of these associations were determined at the level of metagenome analysis. This provides categorical information on both taxonomic composition and predicted functional capacities of the microbial community. This thesis tackles the problem of how gut microbiota affect human diseases using both these categories of assessment. Although the accumulating evidence suggested the important roles of gut microbiota in the human immune system and Crohn's disease (CD), the molecular mechanisms of how microbiome directly modulates immune responses and leads to CD progression remain unclear. To advance the current understanding of microbial roles in CD, we developed a systems biology approach to assess the human immune function in response to disease-associated microbial products. Progress in computational omics analysis of the microbiome in CD enables the functional inference and prediction of microbial metabolites. Both genetic and clinical studies suggested the involvement of human CD4+ T cells in CD progression. We therefore tabulated a set of microbial metabolites predicted to be differentially abundant in CD, and screened these microbial metabolites for their bioactivity in human CD4+ T cell functions. Our screen revealed 15 bioactive microbial metabolites, 3 previously reported and 12 unprecedented, with selective action on CD4+ T cell cytokine production. Mechanistic assessment of one novel microbe-derived metabolite, ascorbate, revealed apoptosis of activated human CD4+ T cells associated with selective inhibition of glycolytic energy metabolism. These findings suggest a substantial rate (11%) of bioactive metabolites among the predicted CD-associated metabolite reservoirs and provide evidence for novel modes of microbial activity targeting T cell metabolism. Emerging studies have characterized the association of taxonomic composition with systemic autoimmune diseases with various clinical phenotypes and modes of pathologic immune responses. In this thesis, we assessed systemic sclerosis (SSc), a previously unstudied autoimmune disease with respect to the microbiome, notable for both systemic manifestations and gastrointestinal involvement. The metagenomic study of mucosal-luminal interface (MLI) samples revealed a unique microbial composition associated with disease state. Patients with SSc had decreased abundances of Faecalibacterium and Clostridium, and increased abundances of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Fusobacterium and -Proteobacteria compared with healthy controls. In addition, the increase of Fusobacterium species and the decrease of Bacteroides fragilis were associated with moderate/severe gastrointestinal symptoms. We conducted an independent study of faecal samples from two independent cohorts of patients, from United States and Norway, that revealed a similar group of microbial taxa associations, and a greater dysbiosis in patients from the United States. These studies enable the specific targets for intervention to avert or treat the gastrointestinal involvement in systemic sclerosis. The study of gut microbiota is beginning to evolve from association toward causality. The functions of gut microbiota are not only restricted to local inflammatory responses but expanded to systemic immune regulations.i We hypothesized that gut microbiome may regulate host immune cellular responses by producing metabolites. We investigated the bioactive microbial factors regulating Crohn's disease, and explored the potential microbial taxonomic biomarkers in a systemic autoimmune disorder, SSc. Those improved understandings of the microbiome activity and metabolism may inform therapeutic strategies and ultimately improve patient health.
Download or read book The Gut Microbiome in Health and Disease written by Dirk Haller and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-07-27 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book provides an overview on how the gut microbiome contributes to human health. The readers will get profound knowledge on the connection between intestinal microbiota and immune defense systems. The tools of choice to study the ecology of these highly-specialized microorganism communities such as high-throughput sequencing and metagenomic mining will be presented. In addition the most common diseases associated to the composition of the gut flora are discussed in detail. The book will address researchers, clinicians and advanced students working in biomedicine, microbiology and immunology.
Download or read book Physiological and Clinical Aspects of Short Chain Fatty Acids written by John H. Cummings and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2004-12-02 with total page 602 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the first comprehensive volume to look at the importance of short-chain fatty acids in digestion, the function of the large intestine and their role in human health. Short-chain fatty acids are the major product of bacterial fermentation of dietary carbohydrates in the human and animal large intestine. They represent the major end products of digestive processes occurring in the caecum and large intestine. As such, they form an important dietary component and it is increasingly recognised that they may have a significant role in protecting against large bowel cancer and in metabolism. Prepared by an international team of contributors who are at the forefront of this area of research, this volume will be an essential source of reference for gastroenterologists, nutritionists and others active in this area.
Download or read book Microbiome in Human Health and Disease written by Pallaval Veera Bramhachari and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-10-18 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book provides an overview on how the microbiome contributes to human health and disease. The microbiome has also become a burgeoning field of research in medicine, agriculture & environment. The readers will obtain profound knowledge on the connection between intestinal microbiota and immune defense systems, medicine, agriculture & environment. The book may address several researchers, clinicians and scholars working in biomedicine, microbiology and immunology. The application of new technologies has no doubt revolutionized the research initiatives providing new insights into the dynamics of these complex microbial communities and their role in medicine, agriculture & environment shall be more emphasized. Drawing on broad range concepts of disciplines and model systems, this book primarily provides a conceptual framework for understanding these human-microbe, animal-microbe & plant-microbe, interactions while shedding critical light on the scientific challenges that lie ahead. Furthermore this book explains why microbiome research demands a creative and interdisciplinary thinking—the capacity to combine microbiology with human, animal and plant physiology, ecological theory with immunology, and evolutionary perspectives with metabolic science.This book provides an accessible and authoritative guide to the fundamental principles of microbiome science, an exciting and fast-emerging new discipline that is reshaping many aspects of the life sciences. These microbial partners can also drive ecologically important traits, from thermal tolerance to diet in a typical immune system, and have contributed to animal and plant diversification over long evolutionary timescales. Also this book explains why microbiome research presents a more complete picture of the biology of humans and other animals, and how it can deliver novel therapies for human health and new strategies.
Download or read book Adult Short Bowel Syndrome written by Mandy L. Corrigan and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2018-10-09 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Adult Short Bowel Syndrome: Nutritional, Medical, and Surgical Management serves as a practical guide to the medical, surgical and nutritional care of complex patients with Short Bowel Syndrome (SBS), providing information on SBS with the most up-to-date, evidence-based data available. Additionally, the book presents global perspectives and highlights emerging areas of research that are influencing the care of patients with SBS. Intended for nutritionists, dieticians, physicians (specifically, general practitioners, gastroenterologists, and surgeons), nurse practitioners, pharmacists, students and researchers, this book serves as a quick reference on the medical, surgical and nutritional care of complex patients with short bowel syndrome. Presents emerging areas of research related to Short Bowel Syndrome (gut microbiome, pre/probiotics), as well as current applications in clinical practice Compiles an overview, classification and complications of the Short Bowel Syndrome disease state Contains effective dietary concepts (including rationale and use of oral rehydration solutions) for managing malabsorption caused by Short Bowel Syndrome Includes medical and pharmaceutical management techniques to compliment nutrition interventions Discusses surgical options for consideration in patients with Short Bowel Syndrome Highlights international perspectives on treatment and care
Download or read book Microbes and the Mind written by C.S.M. Cowan and published by Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers. This book was released on 2021-05-06 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Interest in the mind-body connection has grown in recent years, with accumulating evidence showing that the gut microbiome can alter behavioral, neural, and psychological outcomes. This publication brings together a group of international experts who are investigating the microbiome and its potential to contribute to the causes and treatment of mental illness. The contributions are not aimed solely at specialists in clinical and experimental neuroscience. They cover a range of key topics, including the role of the microbiome in mental health and specific psychiatric disorders that occur across the lifespan, interactions with the immune system, diet, and pharmacological interventions. Furthermore, the microbial metabolite production and the potential for psychobiotic interventions that target the microbiome to improve mental health outcomes are discussed. This book is unique in its focus on the mechanisms and consequences of the activities of gut microorganisms in mental health and illness, providing expert insight into the current state of the art and important future directions for this emerging area of research. Additionally, it provides an excellent knowledge base for newcomers and a refresher for researchers and clinicians working in the fields of neuroscience, psychology, or psychiatry.
Download or read book Probiotics Prebiotics and Synbiotics written by Ronald Ross Watson and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2015-09-23 with total page 940 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics: Bioactive Foods in Health Promotion reviews and presents new hypotheses and conclusions on the effects of different bioactive components of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics to prevent disease and improve the health of various populations. Experts define and support the actions of bacteria; bacteria modified bioflavonoids and prebiotic fibrous materials and vegetable compounds. A major emphasis is placed on the health-promoting activities and bioactive components of probiotic bacteria. Offers a novel focus on synbiotics, carefully designed prebiotics probiotics combinations to help design functional food and nutraceutical products Discusses how prebiotics and probiotics are complementary and can be incorporated into food products and used as alternative medicines Defines the variety of applications of probiotics in health and disease resistance and provides key insights into how gut flora are modified by specific food materials Includes valuable information on how prebiotics are important sources of micro-and macronutrients that modify body functions
Download or read book Environmental Chemicals the Human Microbiome and Health Risk written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2018-03-01 with total page 123 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A great number of diverse microorganisms inhabit the human body and are collectively referred to as the human microbiome. Until recently, the role of the human microbiome in maintaining human health was not fully appreciated. Today, however, research is beginning to elucidate associations between perturbations in the human microbiome and human disease and the factors that might be responsible for the perturbations. Studies have indicated that the human microbiome could be affected by environmental chemicals or could modulate exposure to environmental chemicals. Environmental Chemicals, the Human Microbiome, and Health Risk presents a research strategy to improve our understanding of the interactions between environmental chemicals and the human microbiome and the implications of those interactions for human health risk. This report identifies barriers to such research and opportunities for collaboration, highlights key aspects of the human microbiome and its relation to health, describes potential interactions between environmental chemicals and the human microbiome, reviews the risk-assessment framework and reasons for incorporating chemicalâ€"microbiome interactions.
Download or read book Radiation Chimeras written by O. Van Bekkum and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 1967-01-01 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Natural Autoantibodies written by Yehuda Shoenfeld and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1992-12-07 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Natural Autoantibodies provides an in-depth analysis of all aspects of natural antibodies. The book examines the advantages and pitfalls of every type of technique that is widely used for detecting autoantibodies. It also covers the sequencing of human autoantibody genes, discussing how sequencing is undertaken and the genetic clues available to elucidate the genetic origins of autoimmunity. Animal models of autoimmunity are also covered, and the up-to-date account provided in this book explains how natural autoantibodies have important regulatory functions and also occasionally serve as templates for autoimmunity. Other topics examined in Natural Autoantibodies: Their Physiological Role and Regulatory Significance include idiotypes of natural autoantibodies; the pathogenic role of natural autoantibodies; and methods to measure the effects of genetic and sex hormones, as well as aging, on natural autoantibodies. The book will be an excellent research tool and reference for immunologists, rheumatologists, and others interested in the topic.
Download or read book Microbiome and Cancer written by Erle S. Robertson and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-02-20 with total page 406 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book ventures into a new and exciting area of discovery that directly ties our current knowledge of cancer to the discovery of microorganisms associated with different types of cancers. Recent studies demonstrate that microorganisms are directly linked to the establishment of cancers and that they can also contribute to the initiation, as well as persistence of, the cancers. Microbiome and Cancer covers the current knowledge of microbiome and its association with human cancers. It provides important reading for novices, senior undergraduates in cancer and microbiology, graduate students, junior investigators, residents, fellows and established investigators in the fields of cancer and microbiology. We cover areas related to known, broad concepts in microbiology and how they can relate to the ongoing discoveries of the micro-environment and the changes in the metabolic and physiologic states in that micro-environment, which are important for the ongoing nurturing and survival of the poly-microbial content that dictates activities in that micro-environment. We cover the interactions of microorganisms associated with gastric carcinomas, which are important for driving this particular cancer. Additional areas include oral cancers, skin cancers, ovarian cancers, breast cancers, nasopharyngeal cancers, lung cancers, mesotheliomas, Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas, glioblastoma multiforme, hepatocellular carcinomas, as well as the inflammatory response related to the infectious agents in cancers. This book covers the metabolic changes that occur because of infection and their support for development of cancers, chronic infection and development of therapeutic strategies for detection and control of the infection. The field of microbiome research has exploded over the last five years, and we are now understanding more and more about the context in which microorganisms can contribute to the onset of cancers in humans. The field of microbiome research has demonstrated that the human body has specific biomes for tissues and that changes in these biomes at the specific organ sites can result in disease. These changes can result in dramatic differences in metabolic shifts that, together with genetic mutations, will produce the perfect niche for establishment of the particular infection programmes in that organ site. We are just beginning to understand what those changes are and how they influence the disease state. Overall, we hope to bring together the varying degrees of fluctuations in the microbiome at the major organ sites and how these changes affect the normal cellular processes because of dysregulation, leading to proliferation of the associated tissues.
Download or read book Microbial Endocrinology The Microbiota Gut Brain Axis in Health and Disease written by Mark Lyte and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-07-05 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The field of microbial endocrinology is expressly devoted to understanding the mechanisms by which the microbiota (bacteria within the microbiome) interact with the host (“us”). This interaction is a two-way street and the driving force that governs these interactions are the neuroendocrine products of both the host and the microbiota. Chapters include neuroendocrine hormone-induced changes in gene expression and microbial endocrinology and probiotics. This is the first in a series of books dedicated to understanding how bi-directional communication between host and bacteria represents the cutting edge of translational medical research, and hopefully identifies new ways to understand the mechanisms that determine health and disease.
Download or read book The Lung Microbiome written by Michael J. Cox and published by European Respiratory Society. This book was released on 2019-03-01 with total page 261 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Studying the lung microbiome requires a specialist approach to sampling, laboratory techniques and statistical analysis. This Monograph introduces the techniques used and discusses how respiratory sampling, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, metagenomics and the application of ecological theory can be used to examine the respiratory microbiome. It examines the different components of the respiratory microbiome: viruses and fungi in addition to the more frequently studied bacteria. It also considers a range of contexts from the paediatric microbiome and how this develops to disease of all ages including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic suppurative lung diseases, interstitial lung diseases, acquired pneumonias, transplantation, cancer and HIV, and the interaction of the respiratory microbiome and the environment.
Download or read book Pathogenesis of Neurodegenerative Disorders written by Mark P. Mattson and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2001 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the past decade many advances in our understanding of the molecular genetics and environmental factors that either cause or increase risk for age-related neurodegenerative disorders have been made. This book elucidates the fundamental mechanisms involved in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases. In addition mechanisms that may prevent age-related neurodegenerative disorders are also provided. Pathogenesis of Neurodegenerative disorders will provide a valuable reference to graduate students and post docs as well as to senior scientists by allowing them to integrate information on cellular and molecular mechanisms across the wide field of neurodegenerative disorders.
Download or read book Assertion Reason Question Bank in Biology for AIIMS written by Disha Experts and published by Disha Publications. This book was released on with total page 293 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Assertion-Reason Questions are the most tedious part in the AIIMS examination. They require not only understanding the statements but also the correct and accurate conceptual reasoning. Assertion-Reason Question Bank in Biology for AIIMS provides a comprehensive set of questionnaires to supplement learning from the NCERT textbooks. The book contains, in all, 2000+ questions with 95% + explanations. This book is devised for students to overcome the difficulty faced by them in attempting Assertion and Reason questions. It will help them to refine their concepts and emerge out successful in various competitive medical entrance examinations. This entire book comprises of chapter-wise questions according to the NCERT curriculum. At the end of every chapter, detailed solutions have been provided to help students with self-assessment. The uniqueness of this book lies in the new set of questions providing coverage of the entire NCERT syllabus.
Download or read book The Microbiota in Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology written by Martin H. Floch and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2016-11-16 with total page 444 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Microbiota in Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology: Implications for Human Health, Prebiotics, Probiotics and Dysbiosis is a one-stop reference on the state-of-the-art research on gut microbial ecology in relation to human disease. This important resource starts with an overview of the normal microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract, including the esophagus, stomach, Ileum, and colon. The book then identifies what a healthy vs. unhealthy microbial community looks like, including methods of identification. Also included is insight into which features and contributions the microbiota make that are essential and useful to host physiology, as is information on how to promote appropriate mutualisms and prevent undesirable dysbioses. Through the power of synthesizing what is known by experienced researchers in the field, current gaps are closed, raising understanding of the role of the microbiome and allowing for further research. Explains how to modify the gut microbiota and how the current strategies used to do this produce their effects Explores the gut microbiota as a therapeutic target Provides the synthesis of existing data from both mainstream and non-mainstream sources through experienced researchers in the field Serves as a ‘one-stop’ shop for a topic that’s currently spread across a number of various journals
Download or read book The Human Microbiota written by David N. Fredricks and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-02-22 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Human Microbiota offers a comprehensive review of all human-associated microbial niches in a single volume, focusing on what modern tools in molecular microbiology are revealing about human microbiota, and how specific microbial communities can be associated with either beneficial effects or diseases. An excellent resource for microbiologists, physicians, infectious disease specialists, and others in the field, the book describes the latest research findings and evaluates the most innovative research approaches and technologies. Perspectives from pioneers in human microbial ecology are provided throughout.
