Download or read book Growing more rice with less water Increasing water productivity in rice based cropping systems written by International Water Management Institute (IWMI) and published by IWMI. This book was released on 2004 with total page 65 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Work continues at two sites in China, the Zhanghe irrigation system (ZIS) in Hubei and the Liuyuankuo irrigation system (LIS) in Henan, and at the Murrumbidgee irrigation area (MIA) in Australia. Progress this year is reported by subproject. However, as we move into the modeling phase of the study, a major focus this coming year will be on integrating activities between subprojects.
Download or read book Growing more rice with less water Increasing water productivity in rice based cropping systems Progress of research 1 July 2001 to 30 June 2002 written by International Water Management Institute (IWMI) and published by IWMI. This book was released on 2003 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The project is a follow-on to Impact of Water Saving Techniques in China (LWRl/98/66) that focused on the Zhanghe Irrigation System (ZIS) in Hubei Province and it has been expanded to include a second site in the drier Yellow river basin, the Liuyuankou Irrigation System (LIS) in Henan Province, and the Lower Murrumbidgee Catchment in Australia. An Australian partner, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) was added to the team comprising the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Wuhan University (WHU) to strengthen our modeling and analytical capacity.
Download or read book Producing More Rice with Less Water from Irrigated Systems written by Luis Catasús Guerra and published by IWMI. This book was released on 1998 with total page 33 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past decade, we have witnessed a growing scarcity of and competition for water around the world. As the demand for water for domestic, municipal, industrial, and environmental purposes rises in the future, less water will be available for agriculture. But the potentials for new water resource development projects and expanding irrigated area are limited. We must therefore find ways to increase the productivity of water used for irrigation. This paper reviews the literature on irrigation efficiency and on the potential for increasing the productivity of water in rice-based systems. It stresses the continuing confusion over the concepts of irrigation efficiency and water productivity. It identifies the reasons for the wide gap between water requirement and actual water input (both irrigation diversions and rainfall) in irrigated rice production systems and discusses potential opportunities for increasing water productivity both on-farm and at the system level. Based on the reported low farm and system level irrigation efficiencies, the potentials for water savings in rice production appear to be very large. But we do not know the degree to which various farm and system interventions will lead to sustainable water savings in the water basin until we can quantify the downstream impact of the interventions. Studies on the economic benefits and costs, and environmental aspects of alternative interventions are also lacking. This paper emphasizes the need to measure the productivity of water at farm, system, and basin levels, and to understand how the productivity at one level relates to the productivity at another. Without water balance studies to measure productivity at these different scales, it is not possible to identify the potential economic benefits of alternative interventions and the most appropriate strategies for increasing irrigation water p productivity in rice-based systems.
Download or read book Water Management in Irrigated Rice written by B. A. M. Bouman and published by Int. Rice Res. Inst.. This book was released on 2007 with total page 59 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Rice Improvement written by Jauhar Ali and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-05-05 with total page 507 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is open access under a CC BY 4.0 license. By 2050, human population is expected to reach 9.7 billion. The demand for increased food production needs to be met from ever reducing resources of land, water and other environmental constraints. Rice remains the staple food source for a majority of the global populations, but especially in Asia where ninety percent of rice is grown and consumed. Climate change continues to impose abiotic and biotic stresses that curtail rice quality and yields. Researchers have been challenged to provide innovative solutions to maintain, or even increase, rice production. Amongst them, the ‘green super rice’ breeding strategy has been successful for leading the development and release of multiple abiotic and biotic stress tolerant rice varieties. Recent advances in plant molecular biology and biotechnologies have led to the identification of stress responsive genes and signaling pathways, which open up new paradigms to augment rice productivity. Accordingly, transcription factors, protein kinases and enzymes for generating protective metabolites and proteins all contribute to an intricate network of events that guard and maintain cellular integrity. In addition, various quantitative trait loci associated with elevated stress tolerance have been cloned, resulting in the detection of novel genes for biotic and abiotic stress resistance. Mechanistic understanding of the genetic basis of traits, such as N and P use, is allowing rice researchers to engineer nutrient-efficient rice varieties, which would result in higher yields with lower inputs. Likewise, the research in micronutrients biosynthesis opens doors to genetic engineering of metabolic pathways to enhance micronutrients production. With third generation sequencing techniques on the horizon, exciting progress can be expected to vastly improve molecular markers for gene-trait associations forecast with increasing accuracy. This book emphasizes on the areas of rice science that attempt to overcome the foremost limitations in rice production. Our intention is to highlight research advances in the fields of physiology, molecular breeding and genetics, with a special focus on increasing productivity, improving biotic and abiotic stress tolerance and nutritional quality of rice.
Download or read book Water wise Rice Production written by B. A. M. Bouman and published by Int. Rice Res. Inst.. This book was released on 2002 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Water Productivity in Agriculture written by J. W. Kijne and published by CABI. This book was released on 2003 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First title in a major new seriesAddresses improving water productivity to relieve problems of scarcity and competition to provide for food and environmental securityDraws from scientists having a multitude of disciplines to approach this important problemIn a large number of developing countries, policy makers and researchers are increasingly aware of the conflicting demands on water, and look at agriculture to be more effective in its use of water. Focusing on both irrigated and rain-fed agriculture, this book gives a state of the art review of the limits and opportunities for improving water productivity in crop production. It demonstrates how efficiency of water use can be enhanced to maximize yields. The book represents the first in a new series of volumes resulting from the Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture, a research program conducted by the CGIAR's Future Harvest Centres, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and partners worldwide. It will be of significant interest to those working in areas of soil and crop science, water management, irrigation, and development studies.
Download or read book The System of Rice Intensification and Conventional Rice Farming written by Tejendra Chapagain and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) involves the adoption of certain changes in management practices for rice cultivation that create a better growing environment for rice crops. The use of intermittent irrigation with alternate wet and dry intervals (AWD) and single transplanting of the younger seedlings in wider spacing areas are regarded as the key factors in SRI for better crop growth and productivity. Field experiments were conducted in Chiba, Japan during the two consecutive rice growing seasons (May-September) of 2008-09 to observe the effects of SRI components on rice crop performance, field environment, water savings, and water-wise rice production. The effects of the irrigation method, age of seedlings and spacing were evaluated in the 2008 rice season with eight treatment combinations in a split-split plot design (S-SPD). AWDI at 10 day intervals and continuous flooding throughout the cropping season were the two main plot factors while the effects of seedling age (14 and 21 days) and plant spacing (30x30 cm2 and 30x18 cm2) were evaluated as sub and sub-sub plot factors, respectively. The experimental results revealed that the SRI management with the proposed AWDI can save a significant amount of irrigation water (29%) without reduced grain yield (7.41t/h compared with 7.37t/ha from normal planting with ordinary water management). Water productivity was also observed to be significantly higher in all combinations of practices in AWDI plots: 1.74 g/liter with SRI management and AWDI as compared to 1.23 g/liter in normal planting with ordinary water management. In addition, the research outcomes showed a role of AWDI in minimizing pest and disease incidence, shortening the rice crop cycle and also improving the plant stand until harvest. Synergistic effects of younger seedlings and wider spacing were seen in tillering ability, panicle length and a number of filled grains that ultimately led to higher productivity with better grain quality. Field experiments with the complete sets of SRI practices were carried out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) during the 2009 rice growing season in the same field. SRI (with 8 day old seedlings) and conventional (with 22 day old seedlings) practices were the first factor (cultivation method), while organic and inorganic managements were evaluated as the second factor (management method) in the field experiments. The highest yield was observed through the conventional method with inorganic management (6.84t/h) that was on par with the organic SRI (6.59t/h) followed by organic conventional (6.48t/h). It was recorded as 5.92t/h in inorganic SRI management. Overall, the effects of SRI components were positive and significant on a per plant basis; however, they did not differ significantly in terms of grain yield per unit area. The development of healthy and vigorous roots, increased stem diameter, greater productive leaf area, longer panicles, greater number of filled grains, development of plants tolerant to insect-pest and disease, and reduced plant lodging percentage were some notable achievements with SRI management. Water savings and water-wise rice production are other important issues that are likely to draw the attention of rice researchers and farm communities to adopt SRI under scarce water conditions. However, comparatively better grain yields with conventional management methods underscore a need for further investigations in defining an appropriate combination of practices for SRI management, considering local soil properties, prevailing climate and critical watering stages in rice crop management.
Download or read book Rice Production Worldwide written by Bhagirath S. Chauhan and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-02-16 with total page 561 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book addresses aspects of rice production in rice-growing areas of the world including origin, history, role in global food security, cropping systems, management practices, production systems, cultivars, as well as fertilizer and pest management. As one of the three most important grain crops that helps to fulfill food needs all across the globe, rice plays a key role in the current and future food security of the world. Currently, no book covers all aspects of rice production in the rice-growing areas of world. This book fills that gap by highlighting the diverse production and management practices as well as the various rice genotypes in the salient, rice-producing areas in Asia, Europe, Africa, the Americas, and Australia. Further, this text highlights harvesting, threshing, processing, yields and rice products and future research needs. Supplemented with illustrations and tables, this text is essential for students taking courses in agronomy and production systems as well as for agricultural advisers, county agents, extension specialists, and professionals throughout the industry.
Download or read book White Gold The Commercialisation of Rice Farming in the Lower Mekong Basin written by Rob Cramb and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-01-03 with total page 462 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book is about understanding the processes involved in the transformation of smallholder rice farming in the Lower Mekong Basin from a low-yielding subsistence activity to one producing the surpluses needed for national self-sufficiency and a high-value export industry. For centuries, farmers in the Basin have regarded rice as “white gold”, reflecting its centrality to their food security and well-being. In the past four decades, rice has also become a commercial crop of great importance to Mekong farmers, augmenting but not replacing its role in securing their subsistence. This book is based on collaborative research to (a) compare the current situation and trajectories of rice farmers within and between different regions of the Lower Mekong, (b) explore the value chains linking rice farmers with new technologies and input and output markets within and across national borders, and (c) understand the changing role of government policies in facilitating the on-going evolution of commercial rice farming. An introductory section places the research in geographical and historical context. Four major sections deal in turn with studies of rice farming, value chains, and policies in Northeast Thailand, Central Laos, Southeastern Cambodia, and the Mekong Delta. The final section examines the implications for rice policy in the region as a whole.
Download or read book More Crop Per Drop written by Meredith Giordano and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2007-01-01 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume is an analytical summary and a critical synthesis of research at the International Water Management Institute over the past decade under its evolving research paradigm known popularly as 'more crop per drop'. The research synthesized here covers the full range of issues falling in the larger canvas of water-food-health-environment interface. Besides its immediate role in sharing knowledge with the research, donor, and policy communities, this volume also has a larger purpose of promoting a new way of looking at the water issues within the broader development context of food, livelihood, health and environmental challenges. More crop per drop: Revisiting a research paradigm contrasts the acquired wisdom and fresh thinking on some of the most challenging water issues of our times. It describes new tools, approaches, and methodologies and also illustrates them with practical application both from a global perspective and within the local and regional contexts of Asia and Africa. Since this volume brings together all major research works of IWMI, including an almost exhaustive list of citations, in one single set of pages, it is very valuable not only as a reference material for researchers and students but also as a policy tool for decision-makers and development agencies.
Download or read book Fundamentals of Rice Crop Science written by Shouichi Yoshida and published by Int. Rice Res. Inst.. This book was released on 1981 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Growth and development of the rice plant. Climatic environments and its influence. Mineral nutrition of rice. Nutritional disorders. Photosynthesis and respiration. Rice plant characters in relation to yielding ability. Physiological analysis of rice yield.
Download or read book The System of Rice Intensification written by Norman Uphoff and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2015-12-12 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The System of Rice Intensification, known as SRI, is a management strategy for crop improvement. Its ideas, insights and practices are based on scientifically validated knowledge for increasing the production of not only irrigated rice but of other crops as well. SRI represents a paradigm shift in agricultural thinking and practice toward agroecological farming that can be used by even the poorest smallholding farmers in ecologically fragile regions of the world to achieve food security in the face of the climate-change challenges ahead. When the author Norman Uphoff first learned about SRI in Madagascar in 1993, this production system which offered higher yields with reduced inputs seemed implausible to him. But the professor put aside his skepticism after seeing farmers who had been getting rice yields of just two tons per hectare produce four times more rice-for three years in a row-on their very poor soils, not changing their varieties or relying on agrochemical inputs, and using less water. Now, he's helping to disseminate this dramatically effective methodology with this accessible, easy-to-use sourcebook. It offers explanations, research references, vivid pictures, and concrete examples of the award-winning SRI methodology to anyone interested in the development of practicable sustainable food systems. Now, he's helping to disseminate this revolutionary methodology with this accessible, easy-to-use primer. It offers explanations, resources, and concrete examples of the award-winning SRI to anyone interested in the development of practicable sustainable food systems.
Download or read book Principles of Agronomy for Sustainable Agriculture written by Francisco J. Villalobos and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-01-25 with total page 543 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This textbook explains the various aspects of sustainable agricultures to undergraduate and graduate students. The book first quantifies the components of the crop energy balance, i.e. the partitioning of net radiation, and their effect on the thermal environment of the canopy. The soil water balance and the quantification of its main component (evapotranspiration) are studied to determine the availability of water to rain fed crops and to calculate crop water requirements. Then it sets the limitations of crop production in relation to crop phenology, radiation interception and resource availability (e.g. nutrients). With that in mind the different agricultural techniques (sowing, tillage, irrigation, fertilization, harvest, application of pesticides, etc.) are analyzed with special emphasis in quantifying the inputs (sowing rates, fertilizer amounts, irrigation schedules, tillage plans) required for a given target yield under specific environmental conditions (soil & climate). For all techniques strategies are provided for improving the ratio productivity/resource use while ensuring sustainability. The book comes with online practical focusing on the key aspects of management in a crop rotation (collecting weather data, calculating productivity, sowing rates, irrigation programs, fertilizers rates etc).
Download or read book The Future Rice Strategy for India written by Samarendu Mohanty and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2017-06-07 with total page 532 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Future Rice Strategy for India presents forward-looking insights toward achieving sustainable development of the rice sector, ensuring future food and nutritional security. As a staple food for many in India, including the economically disadvantaged, there are many concerns that affect the development of rice sector. Facing issues from environmental demands to economic stagnation, access to food, food inflation, and the Food Security Act (demand – supply – distribution of rice) achieving sustainability in production and exports is an important and urgent challenge. Using case studies to illustrate existing and potential issues, challenges and solutions, The Future Rice Strategy for India presents key strategic options while considering the implicit consequences. In addition, the findings enrich the strategy and policy formulation considerations for the role of rice in the country. This multidisciplinary approach features the expertise of rice scientists covering different aspects of rice sector; from breeding to consumer preferences and markets and trade. Uses analysis based on agro ecological zones (AEZ) patterns providing understanding of future growth patterns based on rice ecologies Includes case studies with proposed solutions taking into consideration pros and cons of each, allowing readers facing similar concerns and issues to identify an appropriate solution more efficiently and effectively
Download or read book Greenhouse Gas Footprint of Organic Amendments and Water Management in Rice Cropping Systems in Southeast Asia written by Baldur Janz and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: Rice is the staple food for half the world's population. To keep up with global population growth and growing food demand, rice production will inevitably increase. Increasing water scarcity and South-east Asia's rapid economic and social development, specifically the growing demand for animal products and biofuels challenge the traditional lowland double-rice (rice-rice; [R-R]) cropping systems and has already resulted in a partial transformation to mixed lowland-upland systems. Owing to water scarcity, upland crops such as aerobic rice [R-A] or maize [R-M] are grown instead of paddy rice during the dry season (DS). Other water-saving strategies, which allow for intermitted irrigation or 'alternate-wetting and drying' (AWD) are also emerging. Such changes in water management affect C and N cycling in the soil-plant system. For instance, methane (CH4: global warming potential (GWP) of 28) emissions from paddy fields will be replaced by emissions of the more potent greenhouse gas (GHG) nitrous oxide (N2O: GWP of 265) since methane is only produced in large amounts under anaerobic conditions and N cycling and associated release of nitrous oxide is stimulated in unsaturated soil conditions. Moreover, soil organic carbon stocks will decrease due to amplified soil respiration in presence of oxygen, thereby jeopardizing soil fertility. To counteract declining soil fertility, catch crops can be used as green manure (GM) during fallow period and rice residues can be returned with both approaches supplying and recharging organic matter, improving N retention and avoiding unproductive water losses in intensified crop rotations. Due to a lack of incentives, expensive labor and rigid cropping schedules, large amounts of rice residues are traditionally burnt after harvest and thereby adversely affect local air quality. Many Asian governments have banned open-field burning and thus are putting pressure on rice farmers to seek other ways for sustainable straw disposal. While GM and residue returns have been shown to have a positive effect in upland soils, this approach may promote CH4 emissions from submerged, anoxic paddy soils as it provides additional substrate for methanogenesis. The management of earthworms, in turn, could restrain microbial crop residue decomposition in non-flooded rice soils and thus mitigate GHG emissions triggered by straw incorporation. Consequently, conservation practices including the management of organic amendments might be a promising approach to retain soil fertility, and sustain the productivity of emerging diversified rice rotations. However, little is known about the actual effects of such practices on soil C and N cycling and GHG balance under contrasting water management. Therefore, the major goal of my work was to i) quantify the effect of crop residue return, specifically rice straw application and legume cover crop cultivation on CH4 and N2O emissions of diversifying rice cropping systems and ii) provide a mid to long-term assessment of the annual GHG balance of diversified rice systems based on area and productivity. For this, I calculate annual GWPs and yield-scaled GWPs of three different rice systems (R-R: rice-rice, R-A: rice-aerobic rice, R-M: rice-maize) without (control) or with additions of straw (+ 6 Mg C ha-1 [S]) or + straw + mungbean as catch crop ([M+S]) on the basis of GHG (CH4 and N2O) flux measurements in high temporal resolution, and measurements of yield parameters. The field trials were carried out at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Philippines, with year-round automated chamber measurements, covering the growing season as well as off-season emissions. My investigations further explored the potential of the AWD irrigation practice and earthworm management as GHG mitigation strategies. Results from five years of continuous measurements show that maize in rotation with paddy rice has a significantly lower GWP than aerobic rice or a traditional double paddy rotation. Although dry season N2O emissions increased two- to threefold in the diversified systems (R-A, R-M), the strong reduction of CH4 emissions during this period resulted in significantly lower annual GWP as compared to the traditional double rice system (R-R). Direct CH4 reductions during DS were complemented by overall lower CH4 emission during wet season paddy rice cultivation, which is explained by increased availability of oxidants and a delayed growth of soil methanogens. With an equivalent of 0.6 ± 0.1 Mg CO2 per ton of grain produced, the R-M system had a significantly lower annual GHG footprint than R-R with 1.4 ± 0.3 Mg CO2-eq. GY . From both a GHG perspective and productivity perspective, the performance of aerobic rice was not significantly better than paddy rice (1.2 ± 0.2 Mg CO2-eq. GY-1), mostly due to yield penalties from less intensive irrigation management during DS. This ranking persists even with the application and incorporation of rice straw and mungbean GM, however, the additional organic matter led to higher substrate availability for methanogens during the following season. Rice straw incorporation strongly stimulated CH4 emissions, but the magnitude of CH4 emissions was significantly lower under aerated soil conditions and negligible for the annual GHG balance. Likewise, the effect of GM application to CH4 emissions during wet season paddy rice cultivation was less pronounced with maize as a preceding upland crop. However, GM application to flooded rice paddies is disqualified as sustainable management practice with CH4 emission being approximately doubled. Contrary to expectations, N2O emissions were not reduced due to N immobilization after straw or GM incorporation. Reasons might be a higher O2 content in straw mulch top layer on upland soils which enhanced nitrification and inhibited the further reduction of N2O to N2, as well as excess N supply after not adjusting mineral fertilizer N rates to the N input from leguminous mungbean GM. Therefore, the annual GWP was 9-39% higher after straw incorporation during DS, as compared to straw removal. Additional incorporation of mungbean GM further increased the GWP, with the highest increment in R-R rotation (88%), followed by R-A (73%), and lowest in R-M rotation (55%), and annual GHG footprint of 11.8, 9.4, and 5.6 Mg CO2 eq. ha-1, respectively. My findings further demonstrate that the presence of earthworms in non-flooded rice soils can reduce adverse effects of straw incorporation on CH4 release, without boosting N2O emissions or impairing yields. Straw organic carbon might be preserved in earthworm cast aggregates and thereby limit C availability for methanogenic CH4 production while methanotrophic CH4 consumption is increase due to improved soil aeration. My work also calls for a refinement of IPCC Tier 1 and 2 emission factor approach as it does not accurately represent emerging upland crop - paddy rice rotations. IPCC guidelines also do not consider a short pre-season flooding period (i.e. land- preparation). As observed in this long-term study, this period is contributing up to 13% to seasonal CH4 budget. Addressing this with a daily flux rate of 0.38 kg CH4-C day-1 for the days of land-preparation, analogous to the IPCC baseline emission factor, would take this period into account. My field GHG measurements of AWD water regime were used to validate and subsequently apply the biogeochemical model LandscapeDNDC at national scale, similar to IPCC Tier 3 approach for the UNFCC GHG reporting. Replacing CF field management by the water-saving technique AWD, most likely can decrease GHG emissions from rice cultivation in the Philippines by one third. Compared to traditional double paddy system, rice - maize cropping has a significantly lower irrigation water demand and GHG footprint. Due to prolonged aerated soil conditions, upland - lowland rotation systems also allow for a more flexible residue management, a requirement for farmers as the ban of open-field burning is increasingly enforced. However, socio-economic concerns emerge when maize is cultivated to satisfy the growing demand for poultry feed and biofuel production and enters into direct competition to food security and the required land resources. Therefore, further research is needed to increase yields particularly of aerobic rice varieties and to further explore mitigation potentials e.g. of low-CH4 emitting rice cultivars. Further investigations should extend the process understanding of plant- and water-mediated CH4 release pathways with the help of stable isotope fractionation
