Download or read book Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Ecotechnologies for Wastewater Treatment written by Juan Pablo Silva Vinasco and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-02-25 with total page 195 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ecotechnologies for wastewater treatment (EWWT) have been used as a cost-effective alternative to conventional wastewater treatment methods for improving the removal of organic carbon, nutrients and pathogenic microorganisms from wastewater. However, due to biochemical transformations of organic matter and nutrients EWWT are net sources of CO2, CH4 and N2O greenhouse gases (GHGs), which may be transferred into the atmosphere contributing to global warming. Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Ecotechnologies for Wastewater Treatment provides scientific information about greenhouse gas, such as CO2, CH4 and N2O, generation and emissions from different municipal EWWT. The main EWWT considered in this book are anaerobic ponds, facultative ponds, duckweed-based ponds, and a freshwater natural wetland perturbed by anthropogenic activities such as wastewater discharge and nutrients from agricultural run-off. The book includes a full literature review of recent publications about GHGs emissions from EWWT. It also introduces the calculation of GHGs flux using a static chamber technique. Besides, the book presents information on the influence of environmental factors such as temperature, pH, DO, and nutrients on GHG emissions produced in EWWT under tropical conditions. This book will be a useful reference for researches and students interested in the broader area of water and climate change subjects. The publication may also be of interest to policy makers concerned with climate change, water sector planning, and wastewater treatment.

Download or read book Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Ecotechnologies for Wastewater Treatment written by and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Greenhouse Gas Emission and Mitigation in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants written by Xinmin Zhan and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2018-01-15 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The wide adoption of wastewater treatment processes and use of novel technologies for improvement of nitrogen and phosphorus removals from wastewater have been introduced to meet stringent discharge standards. Municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWWTPs) are one of major contributors to the increase in the global GHG emissions and therefore it is necessary to carry out intensive studies on quantification, assessment and characterization of GHG emissions in wastewater treatment plants, on the life cycle assessment from GHG emission prospective, and on the GHG mitigation strategies. Greenhouse Gas Emission and Mitigation in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants summarizes the recent development in studies of greenhouse gas emissions (N2O, CH4 and CO2) in MWWTPs. It also summarizes the development in life cycle assessment on GHG emissions in consideration of the energy usage in MWWTPs. The strategies in mitigating GHG emissions are discussed and the book provides an overview for researchers, students, water professionals and policy makers on GHG emission and mitigation in MWWTPS and industrial wastewater treatment processes. The book is a valuable resource for undergraduate and postgraduate students in the water, climate, and energy areas of research. It is also a useful reference source for water professionals, government policy makers, and research institutes.

Download or read book Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Eco technological Wastewater Treatment Systems written by R. P. Devkota and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Quantification and Modelling of Fugitive Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Urban Water Systems written by Liu Ye and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2022-04-15 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With increased commitment from the international community to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from all sectors in accordance with the Paris Agreement, the water sector has never felt the pressure it is now under to transition to a low-carbon water management model. This requires reducing GHG emissions from grid-energy consumption (Scope 2 emissions), which is straightforward; however, it also requires reducing Scope 1 emissions, which include nitrous oxide and methane emissions, predominantly from wastewater handling and treatment. The pathways and factors leading to biological nitrous oxide and methane formation and emissions from wastewater are highly complex and site-specific. Good emission factors for estimating the Scope 1 emissions are lacking, water utilities have little experience in directly measuring these emissions, and the mathematical modelling of these emissions is challenging. Therefore, this book aims to help the water sector address the Scope 1 emissions by breaking down their pathways and influencing factors, and providing guidance on both the use of emission factors, and performing direct measurements of nitrous oxide and methane emissions from sewers and wastewater treatment plants. The book also dives into the mathematical modelling for predicting these emissions and provides guidance on the use of different mathematical models based upon your conditions, as well as an introduction to alternative modelling methods, including metabolic, data-driven, and AI methods. Finally, the book includes guidance on using the modelling tools for assessing different operating strategies and identifying promising mitigation actions. A must have book for anyone needing to understand, account for, and reduce water utility Scope 1 emissions.

Download or read book Sustainable eco technologies for water and wastewater treatment written by Eldon Rene and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2020-03-15 with total page 233 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the major challenges in the world is to provide clean water and sanitation for all. With 3% fresh water reserves in the earth, there are more than 1 billion people who still lack access to clean drinking water. The declining water quality has not only reduced the life expectancy of humans, but it has also contributed to the deleterious negative impacts on aquatic/marine life, flora, fauna and the ecosystem. However, with rapid technological advancements and the availability of advanced scientific instruments, there has been substantial improvement in the design and operation of water and wastewater treatment systems. Recently, these sustainable eco-technologies have been designed and operated to offer the following advantages: (i) a smaller footprint, (ii) less maintenance, (iii) >99% removal of contaminants, (iv) provides the option for resource recovery, (v) less energy consumption, (vi) minimal use of chemicals, and (vii) less investment and operational costs. This book highlights the technologies used for the removal of pollutants such as dyes, uranium, cyanotoxins, faecal contamination and P/N compounds from water environments, and shows that ecotechnologies are becoming more and more important and playing critical role in removing a wide variety of organic and inorganic pollutants from water. In Focus – a book series that showcases the latest accomplishments in water research. Each book focuses on a specialist area with papers from top experts in the field. It aims to be a vehicle for in-depth understanding and inspire further conversations in the sector.

Download or read book The Energy Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Cost Implications of Municipal Water Supply Wastewater Treatment written by Rodriguez-Winter Thelma and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 110 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Most of our drinking water and wastewater infrastructure are at the end of their useful life facing significant deterioration, causing leaks and water losses. These losses are a waste of both energy and water, considering both water and wastewater treatment systems are very energy intensive. In order to deal with the urban water infrastructure issues, EPA has listed out the following goals: asset management, water and energy efficiency, infrastructure financing, price of water services and alternative technologies assessment. This dissertation addresses two of EPA's goals, water and energy efficiency and alternative technologies assessment. Three approaches were taken to address these goals. In the first approach, the life cycle energy demand for water and wastewater studies were reviewed from literature to understand the energy requirements of these systems and propose a benchmark energy demand. System boundaries, data collection and reporting, type of LCA used, were identified as the factors that influence the total energy use and energy use reporting. Energy use data of water and wastewater treatment systems have been compiled to obtain ranges of 2.8 x 10-06 - 4.8 x 10-03 kWh per L and 2.8 x 10-09 to 1.32 x 10-02 kWh per L respectively. From the details obtained from literature, energy use ranges for specific processes related to water and wastewater could not be obtained due to lack of appropriate data reporting. Development of an appropriate data reporting procedure for water and wastewater treatment life cycle assessments is required to be able to collect, use and analyze this data. In the second approach, alternative technologies were assessed to reduce the energy requirements of the water and wastewater treatment systems. The quality of drinking water cannot be compromised; however, the use of potable water flushing toilets can be avoided to conserve energy and resources. In approach 2A Standard sanitation technology (Scenario 1) was compared with the following alternative technologies high efficiency toilets flushed with potable water (Scenario 2), standard toilets flushed with rainwater (Scenario 3), high efficiency toilets flushed with rainwater (Scenario 4), and composting toilets (Scenario 5). These technologies were compared on two University Buildings, based on cost, energy and carbon emissions using Economic Input Output Life Cycle Assessment (EIO-LCA). Based on all the three indicators, scenarios 4 and 5 were the most preferable scenarios. Life cycle assessments (LCAs) are done largely either using the economic input-output approach or process based approach. While both methods are commonly used, it is not well known how much the LCA results might change when one method is used instead of the other. In approach 2B the technologies from 2A were compared with the conventional sanitation technology using EIO-LCA and process based LCA. The results were overall higher from EIO-LCA except for potable water treatment. EIO-LCA was found better for modeling. The difference in magnitude for all products and processes involved is reported. More detailed documentation from both models is required for an explanation of the difference in magnitudes. There was no difference in the suggested ranking of scenarios from both the models. In approach three, composting toilets were studied in more depth. The composting toilets technology demonstrated potential for the most sustainable sanitation technology among all the five technologies compared. In approach 3A, the composting results however, were preliminary. A review of the available composting toilet technologies and the composting process was conducted to better understand the technology. The review, categorized the different types of composting toilets. Factors reported as affecting the composting process and their optimum values were identified as; aeration, moisture content (50-60 %), temperature (40-65oC), carbon to nitrogen ratio (25-35), pH (5.5-8.0) and porosity (35-50%). Barriers in implementing this technology were also identified. In approach 3B, Composting is an old technology and more popular only in rural areas that are disconnected from the urban water and wastewater infrastructure. The impact of using these technologies in urban areas on a large scale has not been evaluated before. In approach 3B, use of composting toilets with land application and back yard application of compost were modeled in GaBi for a tenth of the city and compared to the conventional sanitation system for the city of Toledo. Results show that composting toilets are beneficial if a tenth of the city shifts from conventional to composting technology.

Download or read book Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Wastewater Treatment Processes written by Anna Ribera Guàrdia and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis focuses on the study of the global green house gas (GHG) emissions from wastewater systems. Nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) are the main GHG directly emitted from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). In this thesis, different studies were performed in order to determine the N2O production when using different combination of electron acceptors during denitrification. Firstly, three different external carbon sources where used in a mixed denitrifying culture. Secondly, a denitrifying polyphosphate accumulating organism (dPAO) and a denitrifying glycogen accumulating organism (dGAO) enriched cultures were used to assess the effect of using an internal carbon source (polyhydroxyalkanoates, PHA) for denitrification on the N2O production. Results indicated that electron competition during the reduction of different nitrogen oxides is a significant factor in ordinary heterotrophic denitrification processes using external carbon sources as the electron donor, but not in PHA-driven denitrification processes conducted by dPAO or dGAO. Results also showed that generally, higher N2O accumulation was detected in the tests conducted with dGAO than those conducted with dPAO, especially when nitrite was used as electron acceptor. Later, the effect of DO at a constant pH level and the effect of pH at a constant DO level on N2O and NO production in a partial nitrification sequencing batch reactor (SBR) were explored. Also, the relationship between NO production and the ammonia oxidation rate (AOR) as well as the N2O production rate and the AOR were studied. Results showed that these relationships were linear and exponential, respectively. This investigation highlighted the importance of also monitoring NO emissions since they may lead to N2O emissions. The last investigation of this thesis was a long-term full-scale study in the WWTP of Girona in order to assess the N2O and CH4 emission dynamics of the plug-flow reactors. Results showed seasonal and spatial variations on N2O emissions but only spatial variations on CH4 emissions. Finally, the overall carbon footprint of the plug-flow reactor was assessed.

Download or read book Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Wastewater Treatment written by Chaim Kolominskas and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Greenhouse Gas Emissions from and Storm Impacts on Wastewater Treatment Plants written by Li Sha Guo and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This PhD thesis studied the interaction between wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and climate change, i.e. the production and emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs), especially nitrous oxide (N2O), from WWTPs and the effect of the climate change induced more intense rain events on WWTPs. Both field measurements and full-scale modelling were pursued in this research. A one-month measurement campaign was performed by installing on-line sensors at the aeration zone of the bioreactor of a 750,000 person equivalents WWTP, i.e. the Eindhoven WWTP in the Netherlands. The models of a full-scale virtual plant, i.e. the Benchmark Simulation Model No.2 (BSM2), and a full-scale real plant, i.e. the Eindhoven WWTP in the Netherlands, were extended with respect to GHG emissions, especially the pathways involving N2O. Two types of extended Activated Sludge Models (ASM) were developed, i.e. ASMG1 for COD/N removal and ASMG2d for COD/N/P removal. Besides heterotrophic N2O production, both proposed models include N2O production by nitrite denitrification by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and describe the DO effect on AOB N2O production by a modified Haldane kinetics term. Results showed that AOB are the major producer of N2O while the heterotrophs consume N2O considerably. The high N2O emissions occurred under high NH4+ and intermediate DO concentrations (up to 2.5 mg O2/l in this work). Such conditions can be created by NH4+-DO cascade control which aims at reducing energy consumption by lowering the DO concentrations when the NH4+ concentration is sufficiently low. Moreover, this cascade controller is a low-gain feedback control strategy, i.e. a significant delay will occur between the detection of a NH4+ increase and the increase in aeration. All these properties lead to conditions favourable to N2O production by AOB. Different alternative scenarios and control strategies were compared in terms of effluent quality, operational cost and GHG emissions. In the framework of BSM2, a good balance among effluent quality, operational cost and GHG emissions was realized by implementing a pure DO feedback controller in the first aeration zone and a NH4+-DO cascade controller in the following two aeration zones and using either step feed or sludge recycling control to deal with hydraulic shocks. Keywords: Activated sludge, wastewater treatment, process control, field measurements, full-scale mathematical modelling, greenhouse gases, nitrous oxide, wet weather conditions.

Download or read book The Carbon Footprint Analysis of Wastewater Treatment Plants and Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Full scale Biological Nitrogen Removal Processes in Spain written by Xin Xu (S.M.) and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 147 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis presents a general model for the carbon footprint analysis of advanced wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) with biological nitrogen removal processes, using a life cycle assessment (LCA) approach. Literature on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and LCA are reviewed and the methodology employed in the analysis is discussed. Two selected WWTPs in Madrid, Spain, i.e. La Gavia and Boadilla, are analyzed and the carbon footprints are calculated, using GaBi software by PE-international. In quantifying the N2O emissions from the biological nitrogen removal processes in the WWTPs, huge uncertainty on N2O emission factor is identified and thus a comprehensive study on N2O generation and emission is conducted. Different measurement strategies are investigated and an on-site aqueous N2O measurement is carried out at Boadilla WWTP. Estimation of N2O emission from the plant is given and compared with other calculation results. Recommendations on future measurement campaign are provided at last. The final results have shown that a big portion of the carbon footprints from the WWTPs is from the indirect emissions of CO2, which is caused by the intensive energy consumption. However, the emissions resulting from the N20 in biological nitrogen removal processes cannot be ignored. Depending on different estimation methodologies, and the operational conditions that affect the N2O production, the N2O emission can range from 17% to 38% of the total carbon footprint of the WWTP.

Download or read book Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Biological Nutrient Removal During Wastewater Treatment written by Elizabeth Quinn Brannon and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Air Emissions from Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant Energy Supply Options written by Kathryn Kuber and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Selected greenhouse gas and air pollutant emissions from municipal wastewater treatment plant energy supply scenarios were quantified and compared. In all scenarios, anaerobic digester biogas-fuelled energy recovery systems were utilized to meet thermal energy and electricity demands. Any demands not met by energy recovery systems were supplied by natural gas-fuelled boilers and the regional power grid. Each of the four scenarios analyzed included one of four energy recovery systems: boilers (the most common scenario), cogeneration internal combustion engines, cogeneration microturbines, or cogeneration phosphoric acid fuel cells. All of the cogeneration scenarios when compared to the Boiler Scenario lowered facility greenhouse gas emissions by more than 40% and sulphur dioxide emissions by more than 50%. In addition, the Fuel Cell Scenario lowered nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide, and total particulate matter emissions by more than 50%. For the Internal Combustion Engine Scenario, nitrogen oxide emissions were 50% greater than the Boiler Scenario.

Download or read book A Comparative Study of Greenhouse Gases Produced by Membrane Bioreactors Submerged Membrane Electro Bioreactors and Lagoons During Wastewater Treatment Process written by Vahid Mohseni and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Climate change is without a doubt the most important environmental issues of our age. Numerous studies have indicated the climate change and its effects are attributed to anthropogenic activities emitting CO2, CH4, N2O and other greenhouse gases. Wastewater treatment plants and their discharge account for 7.6% of the total emissions. The main objective of this study was to investigate greenhouse gases generated by two advanced wastewater treatment methods: conventional membrane bioreactor (MBR) and novel submerged membrane electro bioreactor (SMEBR). Subsequently, outcomes from both systems in lab scale were compared to the most popular wastewater treatment method, the lagoon systems, which account for 80% in Canada. This study comprises four phases. In phase 1, the 7 L MBR system was set up and run based on synthetic wastewater, simulating discharge to lagoons in in a municipality in Quebec. Subsequently, gas emissions were collected and analyzed. In phase 2, a submerged membrane electro-bioreactor, with identical technological parameters as MBR in phase 1, was submitted to investigations, where its emitted gases were also analyzed. In phase 3, a larger MBR was exposed to biogas measurements. Then, it was transformed to SMEBR while gas measurements continued. In phase 4, gas emissions from lagoons were estimated and compared to the outcomes from phases 1, 2 and 3. Results showed that the MBR produced around 22 g of CO2 equivalent per litre of wastewater per day, while the SMEBR generated around 12 g CO2 eq/L per day. In phase 3, the MBR transformation to SMEBR permitted to decrease the gas production while improving the ammonia removal efficiency. Phase 4 showed that the SMEBR reactor generated less N2O when compared to other investigated systems. It was concluded that the SMEBR system produced the lowest amounts of N2O per litre of wastewater, while showing superiority in nutrient removal. It is an important information from the point of view of sustainability and climate change prevention.

Download or read book Reducing the greenhouse gas emissions of water and sanitation services Overview of emissions and their potential reduction illustrated by the know how of utilities written by Alexandre Alix and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2022-06-15 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The scientific evidence contained in the three volumes of the 6th IPCC report (AR6), published between August 2021 and April 2022, are another reminder of the urgent need to respect the 2015 Paris Agreement. 195 countries agreed to the goal of limiting long-term global temperature increase to “well below 2°C” compared to pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the increase to 1.5°C by massively reducing their emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases (GHGs). Water and climate questions are usually addressed from the perspective of adaptation to climate change. For urban water services the mitigation aspect has been less studied up till now. These considerations fit into the broader context of the interdependence of energy and water (Water-Energy Nexus). This report approaches the question from the angle of energy use in the water sector rather than the better-known water requirements for the energy sector. Reducing GHG emissions in urban water management requires reducing both fossil energy requirements and direct emissions of nitrous oxide and methane. Finally, it must be said that the need to reduce the GHG emissions of water and sanitation services goes with the growing demand for water. It should increase by 50% between now and 2030 worldwide due to the combined effects of population growth, economic development, and the shift in consumer patterns. This synthetic report aims to provide an overview of possible levers to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions of water and sanitation services and provides an analysis of how adaptation measures can embrace this low-carbon approach.

Download or read book Quantifying and Reducing Direct Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Waste and Water Treatment Processes Phase 1 written by Adriane Brotto and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Developing Strategies for the Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Wastewater Treatment written by Christine Gillian Sweetapple and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: