Download or read book Government Risk Bearing written by Mark S. Sniderman and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 197 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The u.s. government bulks large in the nation's financial markets. The huge volume of government-issued and -sponsored debt affects the pricing and volume ofprivate debt and, consequently, resource allocation between competing alternatives. What is often not fully appreciated is the substantial influence the federal government wields overresource allocation through its provisionofcreditandrisk-bearing services to the private economy. Because peopleand firms generally seekto avoid risk, atsomeprice they are willing to pay another party to assume the risk they would otherwise face. Insurance companies are a class of private-sector firms one commonly thinks of as providing these services. As the federal government has expanded its presence in the U.S. economy during this century, it has increasingly developed programs aimed at bearing risks that the private sector either would not take on at any price, or would take on but atapricethoughtto besogreatthatmostpotentialbeneficiarieswouldnotpurchase the coverage. Today, roughly three-fifths of all nonfederal credit outstanding is 1 assisted by some form of federal program. The federal government provides insurance of many private pension plans through the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation, subsidizesand implicitly guarantees the liabilitiesofseveral agencies dominating secondary loan markets (for example, the Federal National Mortgage Association, Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, and Student Loan Mar ketingAssociation),andeithermakesdirectloansorguaranteesprivatelygenerated loans through a varietyofcreditprograms to farmers, exporters, home purchasers, and others.
Download or read book Dealing with Public Risk in Private Infrastructure written by Timothy Irwin and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1997 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many infrastructure privatizations still leave governmentsand thus taxpayersexposed to significant financial risks. This book examines these risks and considers how governments should respond to investors' requests for guarantees and other forms of government support. The report examines how governments can decide which risks to bear and which to avoid, how they can reduce the risks that private investors face without giving guarantees, and how they can measure, budget, and account for the risks they do take on.
Download or read book Government Guarantees written by Timothy Irwin and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2007 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book considers when governments should give guarantees to private investors. After describing the history of guarantees, and the challenges the politics and psychology create for good decisions, the book sets out a principles for allocating risk (and therefore guarantees), techniques for valuing guarantees, and rules to encourage good decisions.
Download or read book Government at Risk written by Hana Polackova Brixi and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2002 with total page 492 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many governments have faced serious instability as a result of their contingent liabilities. But conventional public finance analysis and institutions fail to address such fiscal risks. This book aims to provide motivation and practical guidance to governments seeking to improve their management of fiscal risks. The book addresses some of the difficult analytical and institutional challenges that face reformers tooling up to manage government fiscal risks. It discusses the inadequacies of conventional practices as well as recent advances in dealing with fiscal risk.
Download or read book Health Care Administration written by Lawrence F. Wolper and published by Jones & Bartlett Learning. This book was released on 2004 with total page 994 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Health Care Administration continues to be the definitive guide to contemporary health administration and is a must-have reference for students and professionals. This classic text provides comprehensive coverage of detailed functional, technical, and organizational matters.
Download or read book The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity written by National Bureau of Economic Research and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2015-12-08 with total page 647 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The papers here range from description and analysis of how our political economy allocates its inventive effort, to studies of the decision making process in specific industrial laboratories. Originally published in 1962. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.
Download or read book Standards for Internal Control in the Federal Government written by United States Government Accountability Office and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on 2019-03-24 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Policymakers and program managers are continually seeking ways to improve accountability in achieving an entity's mission. A key factor in improving accountability in achieving an entity's mission is to implement an effective internal control system. An effective internal control system helps an entity adapt to shifting environments, evolving demands, changing risks, and new priorities. As programs change and entities strive to improve operational processes and implement new technology, management continually evaluates its internal control system so that it is effective and updated when necessary. Section 3512 (c) and (d) of Title 31 of the United States Code (commonly known as the Federal Managers' Financial Integrity Act (FMFIA)) requires the Comptroller General to issue standards for internal control in the federal government.
Download or read book International Convergence of Capital Measurement and Capital Standards written by and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on 2004 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Public Sector Leadership in Assessing and Addressing Risk written by Peter C. Young and published by Emerald Group Publishing. This book was released on 2022-04-04 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Public Sector Leadership in Assessing and Addressing Risk explores risk management in practice, focusing on the identification of risks in the European public sector while contextualising its Eurocentric analysis within a global setting; it lays the groundwork for understanding the main philosophical premises of risk management.
Download or read book Proceedings of the 2023 8th International Conference on Engineering Management ICEM 2023 written by Bijay Kumar Kandel and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2024-01-10 with total page 451 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is an open access book.ICEM started in 2016, ICEM 2016-2022 is to bring together innovative academics and industrial experts in the field of Engineering Management to a common forum. And we achieved the primary goal which is to promote research and developmental activities in Engineering Management, and another goal is to promote scientific information interchange between researchers, developers, engineers, students, and practitioners working all around the world. 2023 8th International Conference on Engineering Management (ICEM 2023) will be held on September 8-10, 2023 in Wuhan, China. Except that, ICEM 2023 is to bring together innovative academics and industrial experts in the field of Engineering Management to a common forum. We will discuss and study about Project & Engineering Management , Visual analysis of big data, Supply Chain Management and Modeling, Disaster Modeling and Simulation and other fields. ICEM 2023 also aims to provide a platform for experts, scholars, engineers, technicians and technical R & D personnel to share scientific research achievements and cutting-edge technologies, understand academic development trends, expand research ideas, strengthen academic research and discussion, and promote the industrialization cooperation of academic achievements. The conference sincerely invites experts, scholars, business people and other relevant personnel from universities, scientific research institutions at home and abroad to attend and exchange! The conference will be held every year to make it an ideal platform for people to share views and experiences in Engineering Management and related areas. Engineering management refers to the decision-making, planning, organization, command, coordination, and control of engineering to achieve expected goals and effectively utilize resources. The Engineering Management major cultivates students with theoretical foundations in construction engineering technology, economics, management, law, ecology, humanities, and other fields required by the new engineering discipline. They receive basic training as engineers and consultants, and possess independent thinking ability, engineering practice ability, organizational management ability, and international perspective as composite senior engineering management talents. We sincerely welcome our colleagues worldwide to join us for this conference. We look forward to seeing you in Wuhan, China for this exciting event!
Download or read book Government and Markets written by Edward J. Balleisen and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2010 with total page 579 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: After two generations of emphasis on governmental inefficiency and the need for deregulation, we now see growing interest in the possibility of constructive governance, alongside public calls for new, smarter regulation. Yet there is a real danger that regulatory reforms will be rooted in outdated ideas. As the financial crisis has shown, neither traditional market failure models nor public choice theory, by themselves, sufficiently inform or explain our current regulatory challenges. Regulatory studies, long neglected in an atmosphere focused on deregulatory work, is in critical need of new models and theories that can guide effective policy-making. This interdisciplinary volume points the way toward the modernization of regulatory theory. Its essays by leading scholars move past predominant approaches, integrating the latest research about the interplay between human behavior, societal needs, and regulatory institutions. The book concludes by setting out a potential research agenda for the social sciences.
Download or read book Risk Taxpayers and the Role of Government in Project Finance written by Michael W. Klein and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1999 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: December 1996 A perennial question has been the relative cost of public and private finance for investment projects in infrastructure. Klein argues that the apparent cheapness of sovereign funds stems from taxpayers' not being remunerated for the contingent liability they effectively assume. So the proper role for government is to reduce the cost of risk-bearing for all projects by providing a stable and efficient policy framework. Klein concludes that government, through the tax system, cannot really do better than private financial markets at funding infrastructure projects. All the financial advantages of sovereign finance are due purely to coercive powers and are of no social value. Under government finance the taxpayers would bear a contingent liability that, if properly remunerated, would wipe out any cost advantage of sovereign borrowing. Governments should then refrain from investing in projects or firms, whether with equity or with debt. They should not cover commercial risks. In particular, one cannot argue that there is a tradeoff between the low cost of government finance and private efficiency. Private markets will do the best they can to tap low-cost funds while maintaining project discipline. They solve whatever tradeoff there is. The government cannot do better by raising funds. As a corollary, discount rates for private and public sector projects would not be expected to differ (contrary to standard practice). Arguing that the government cannot be expected to improve on the outcome of free financial markets is not to argue that all is the best in the best of all possible worlds and that there is no role for government. Private markets may not always find the best solutions. Market participants constantly search for better ways of trading risks. On average we could not expect governments to do better. More important, governments can significantly reduce the cost of risk-bearing by following prudent macroeconomic policies, supporting secure property rights, and deregulating and liberalizing financial markets so that private players can take the best advantage of low-cost funding opportunities. But it is inefficient to offset the risks created through bad policy by taxpayer-supported funding (which would amount to stealing from investors and compensating them by taking from taxpayers). Multilateral finance institutions should apply their financial instruments to support the development of better government policies - for example, by granting guarantees against policy failures where new policy regimes are not yet credible - and not simply invest in projects or guarantee the full credit risk of loans. This paper - a product of the Private Participation in Infrastructure Group, Private Sector Development Department - is part of a larger effort in the department to analyze issues relating to private participation in infrastructure.
Download or read book When All Else Fails written by David A. Moss and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2004-10-25 with total page 472 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the most important functions of government—risk management—is one of the least well understood. Moving beyond familiar public functions—spending, taxation, and regulation—Moss spotlights government's pivotal role as a risk manager, revealing the nature and extent of this function, which touches almost every aspect of economic life.
Download or read book Disaster Risk Financing A global survey of practices and challenges written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2015-11-04 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides an overview of the disaster risk assessment and financing practices of a broad range of economies. It draws on the G20/OECD Framework for Disaster Risk Assessment and Risk Financing and is based on a survey covering 29 economies.
Download or read book Evaluating the Costs of Government Credit Support Programs During COVID 19 International Evidence written by Mr. Gee Hee Hong and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2023-01-27 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advanced economies made available more than 5 trillion USD through government-supported credit guarantee and direct loan programs to provide lifelines to firms in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic. Notwithstanding the unprecedented scale of credit made available, an in-depth analysis of the fiscal consequences is missing, and the costs of these programs are not recognized in a transparent way. In this paper, we fill in an important aspect of the fiscal picture by estimating the subsidies that were provided by the largest credit guarantee programs introduced in 2020 in seven advanced economies. We estimate the subsidies on a fair value basis that provides a consistent and comprehensive upfront measure of cost. We explain the logic behind applying a fair value framework in a government context and compare it to alternative approaches. For the programs that we examine, total credit extended totaled 1.7 trillion USD. The subsidy element (cash-equivalent subsidy) is estimated to be 67 percent of loan principal on average (37 percent, excluding the US PPP), with a wide range across programs, from 12 to 100 percent. The variation is explained by differences across programs including eligibility criteria, loan terms, compensation to lenders, and other program design choices.
Download or read book Risk Assessment and Management of Water Conservancy Projects written by Wei Ge and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-12-27 with total page 189 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Financing of Catastrophe Risk written by Kenneth A. Froot and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2007-12-01 with total page 490 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Is it possible that the insurance and reinsurance industries cannot handle a major catastrophe? Ten years ago, the notion that the overall cost of a single catastrophic event might exceed $10 billion was unthinkable. With ever increasing property-casualty risks and unabated growth in hazard-prone areas, insurers and reinsurers now envision the possibility of disaster losses of $50 to $100 billion in the United States. Against this backdrop, the capitalization of the insurance and reinsurance industries has become a crucial concern. While it remains unlikely that a single event might entirely bankrupt these industries, a big catastrophe could place firms under severe stress, jeopardizing both policy holders and investors and causing profound ripple effects throughout the U.S. economy. The Financing of Catastrophe Risk assembles an impressive roster of experts from academia and industry to explore the disturbing yet realistic assumption that a large catastrophic event is inevitable. The essays offer tangible means of both reassessing and raising the level of preparedness throughout the insurance and reinsurance industries.
