Download or read book Global Dissemination and Evolution of Epidemic Multidrug Resistant Gram Negative Bacterial Pathogens Surveillance Diagnosis and Treatment written by Fang He and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-10-07 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Global Dissemination and Evolution of Epidemic Multidrug Resistant Gram Negative Bacterial Pathogens Surveillance Diagnosis and Treatment Volume II written by Fang He and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-08-02 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The inappropriate use of antibiotics and a lack of newly developed ones are the main contributors to the current antibiotic resistance crisis. The World Health Organization (WHO) has acknowledged that bacterial antibiotic resistance represents one of the biggest threats to global public health, increasing therapy costs and mortality rates in severe infections. The leading cause of nosocomial infections globally is primarily due to a league of gram-negative bacteria that readily develop antimicrobial resistance. They frequently cause severe disease and easily ‘escape’ the activity of antibiotics. However, many unanswered questions concerning the mechanisms of global dissemination and evolution patterns of these notorious epidemic multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacterial pathogens. Thus, the time is right now to arrange a Research Topic to present and highlight novel findings in this research field. This Research Topic highlights advances in understanding antimicrobial resistance mechanisms at the molecular level and the transmission dynamics and developing new treatments for multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria. This Research Topic welcomes genomic epidemiological studies to explore the molecular basis of antimicrobial resistance and to discover the new channels of resistance transmission between humans, animals, and the environment to encapsulate the ‘One Health’ concept. Also, surveillance on both global and local scales focuses on both the transmission of bacteria and the genes and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that confer antimicrobial resistance to the ‘last-resort antimicrobial agents’ heightened virulence are more than welcome. Finally, studies that attempt to identify new resistance mechanisms, explore newly discovered antimicrobial agents, and introduce new techniques and methods for rapid detection, characterization, and elimination of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria would be particularly welcome.
Download or read book Molecular Detection Characterization Antimicrobial Resistance and Genomic Epidemiology of Pathogenic Bacteria written by Andrey Shelenkov and published by . This book was released on 2024-07-26 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recently, growing attention has been directed worldwide toward antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacterial pathogens. The infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria were declared a 'silent pandemic' due to increased patient morbidity and mortality. To combat such infections, specialists in various fields need to work together, which will ensure a better understanding of the mechanisms driving resistance dissemination.The resistance spreading in bacteria is driven by several lineages called 'global clones', the surveillance of which is an important task. Monitoring of AMR gene presence within samples of various origins is essential for tracking resistance acquisition and developing control measures within the scope of the One Health paradigm. Currently, molecular and whole-genome sequencing (WGS)-based methods are the gold standard for global clone detection and investigation of the pathogenicity factors in bacteria. This collection describes various applications of molecular biology, WGS, and genomic epidemiology methods for investigating bacterial pathogens, with a focus on population structure and AMR gene detection, and highlights the importance of genomic epidemiology methods for studying the clonal structure and AMR gene content of bacteria from various sources. The data provided will be useful for researchers in various fields involving bacterial pathogen surveillance, detection, and treatment, especially in the emerging field of genomic epidemiology.
Download or read book Global Infectious Disease Surveillance and Detection written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2007-11-11 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Early detection is essential to the control of emerging, reemerging, and novel infectious diseases, whether naturally occurring or intentionally introduced. Containing the spread of such diseases in a profoundly interconnected world requires active vigilance for signs of an outbreak, rapid recognition of its presence, and diagnosis of its microbial cause, in addition to strategies and resources for an appropriate and efficient response. Although these actions are often viewed in terms of human public health, they also challenge the plant and animal health communities. Surveillance, defined as "the continual scrutiny of all aspects of occurrence and spread of a disease that are pertinent to effective control", involves the "systematic collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health data." Disease detection and diagnosis is the act of discovering a novel, emerging, or reemerging disease or disease event and identifying its cause. Diagnosis is "the cornerstone of effective disease control and prevention efforts, including surveillance." Disease surveillance and detection relies heavily on the astute individual: the clinician, veterinarian, plant pathologist, farmer, livestock manager, or agricultural extension agent who notices something unusual, atypical, or suspicious and brings this discovery in a timely way to the attention of an appropriate representative of human public health, veterinary medicine, or agriculture. Most developed countries have the ability to detect and diagnose human, animal, and plant diseases. Global Infectious Disease Surveillance and Detection: Assessing the Challenges-Finding Solutions, Workshop Summary is part of a 10 book series and summarizes the recommendations and presentations of the workshop.
Download or read book Disease Control Priorities Third Edition Volume 6 written by King K. Holmes and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2017-11-06 with total page 1027 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Infectious diseases are the leading cause of death globally, particularly among children and young adults. The spread of new pathogens and the threat of antimicrobial resistance pose particular challenges in combating these diseases. Major Infectious Diseases identifies feasible, cost-effective packages of interventions and strategies across delivery platforms to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS, other sexually transmitted infections, tuberculosis, malaria, adult febrile illness, viral hepatitis, and neglected tropical diseases. The volume emphasizes the need to effectively address emerging antimicrobial resistance, strengthen health systems, and increase access to care. The attainable goals are to reduce incidence, develop innovative approaches, and optimize existing tools in resource-constrained settings.
Download or read book Antimicrobial Resistance written by World Health Organization and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Summary report published as technical document with reference number: WHO/HSE/PED/AIP/2014.2.
Download or read book Dissemination Suppression and Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance in Human Pathogens written by Patrick Rolland Gonzales and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Multidrug-resistant (MDR) human pathogens represent a growing threat to human health. This threat is compounded by dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes from diverse microbial reservoirs. The selection of current antibiotic drugs that can clear bacterial infections with minimal human side effects is limited, and bacteria can rapidly evolve or acquire new resistance to these drugs on the order of weeks. Compounding this issue is the existence of an "innovation gap", where drug-discovery efforts of pharmaceutical companies to screen massive libraries of natural and synthetic compounds have reached practical limits. Concurrently with drug-discovery, synthetic tailoring methods with existing drug scaffolds, cycling of existing drugs to exploit collateral sensitivity, and lower-order combination therapies have slowed, but not stopped this rise. These strategies have, in the past, been successfully employed against the major MDR Gram-negative and Gram-positive human isolates, also known as ESKAPE pathogens, comprised of Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae species. These six ESKAPE strains are collectively responsible for a substantial percentage of nosocomial infections in the modern hospital and represent the vast majority of isolates whose increasing resistance to antibiotic agents presents serious therapeutic dilemmas for physicians, not to mention the considerable economic and social burdens placed. Attenuating this increase in multidrug resistance is crucial, as the pipeline of novel antibiotic compounds is rapidly drying up. In this work, I explore three aspects of antibiotic resistance, with particular focus on multidrug-resistant (MDR) human pathogens: 1) how antibiotic resistance genes have been disseminated in the clinic and the environment by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a bacterial strain that can serve as a reservoir and vector of antibiotic resistance; 2) how existing antibiotic drugs can be combined to generate increased potency through synergy, and can also suppress the emergence of higher resistance in MRSA through collateral sensitivities of the components; and 3) how a novel bifunctional antibiotic resistance enzyme, AAC(6')-Ib-cr, can overcome fitness costs incurred by its acquired resistance function against ciprofloxacin, through mutational analysis of its variants in a diverse genomic library. We determined that the pseudomonads isolated from the clinical niche library were significantly enriched for all resistance gene functions in general, and all beta-lactamases in particular. Strikingly, these resistance genes were found on contigs with collinear resistance genes conferring resistance to multiple drug classes, and adjacent to mobilizable genomic elements like transposons and integrons. Also notable, many of the resistance genes have highest nucleotide and amino-acid identity to non-Pseudomonas species, indicating signatures of recent horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Collectively, these findings strongly suggest Pseudomonas aeruginosa to be a reservoir species and possible vector for the further dissemination of mobilizable antibiotic resistance genes. We identified multiple triple combinations of antibiotics with high synergy against P. aeruginosa DK2. This was not unexpected in this case, as prior work suggested that drugs targeting maximally orthogonal systems in bacteria would increase the likelihood of inducing a fragile state, where the bacterium is no longer capable of performing basic metabolic functions and is killed. In contrast to orthogonal drug components composing maximally synergistic combinations in Pseudomonas, we identified a new potential therapy against MRSA N315 consisting of a combination of clinically approved drugs from three distinct generations and subclasses of [beta]-lactam antibiotics, all targeting cell-wall synthesis: meropenem, piperacillin, and tazobactam (ME/PI/TZ). Because MRSA strains are highly resistant to most beta-lactam drugs, the remarkable synergy present in this triple combination was unexpected, and we found the synergy to derive from the differential targeting of multiple constituents of the cell wall synthesis system in MRSA, especially the allosteric triggering of the PBP2a enzyme by meropenem to open the active site for inhibition by the beta-lactams in the combination. The efficacy of the ME/PI/TZ combination in completely clearing aggressive MRSA infection in mice was also unexpected, as use of beta-lactams is not currently suggested for treating MRSA in the clinic because of the resistance conferred against beta-lactams given singly by the PBP2a enzyme. After generating libraries of barcoded, wild-type and mutant variants of the aac(6')-Ib-cr gene in an E. coli host, and exposing the libraries to high concentrations of kanamycin and ciprofloxacin, we found several clones that displayed increases in fitness toward both kanamycin and ciprofloxacin, thus refuting our hypothesis of increases in fitness toward one drug being anti-correlated with fitness to the other. However, we successfully generated libraries of the aac(6')-Ib-cr gene with unique barcodes for each clone and with endogenous ribosome binding sites for proper expression of the gene variants under arabinose-inducible expression in plasmid pBAD24. Initial high-throughput sequencing runs of libraries with MiSeq were of low efficiency, likely due to the large size of the gene construct and necessary adapter sequences for hybridization to the Illumina flow cells. Our attempts to subclone the construct, in order to generate sub-libraries more amenable to high-throughput sequencing with MiSeq, were unsuccessful. But, we successfully generated circularized aac(6')-Ib-cr constructs, bringing the necessary F and R barcodes in close proximity for short, direct sequencing with MiSeq. In sum, we have surveyed the dissemination of antibiotic resistance across global ecological niches in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which we may consider a reservoir and vector of antibiotic resistance genes. We have sought out new ways to treat highly MDR human pathogens and discovered triple antibiotic drug combinations that are highly synergistic against Pseudomonas and MRSA strains, and especially an unexpected triple combination of beta-lactam drugs that strongly synergize to confer high potency against MRSA infections in vitro and in vivo, and also suppress emergence of higher antibiotic resistance through reciprocal collateral sensitivities of the components. Finally, we have focused on the potential of one novel gene conferring bifunctional resistance against aminoglycoside and fluoroquinolone antibiotics, aac(6')-Ib-cr, to assess whether this gene can acquire more mutations to become even more robust at resisting these drug classes in the clinic.
Download or read book Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance written by Jun Lin and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2015-06-01 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Antibiotics represent one of the most successful forms of therapy in medicine. But the efficiency of antibiotics is compromised by the growing number of antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Antibiotic resistance, which is implicated in elevated morbidity and mortality rates as well as in the increased treatment costs, is considered to be one of the major global public health threats (www.who.int/drugresistance/en/) and the magnitude of the problem recently prompted a number of international and national bodies to take actions to protect the public (http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/health_consumer/docs/road-map-amr_en.pdf: http://www.who.int/drugresistance/amr_global_action_plan/en/; http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/docs/carb_national_strategy.pdf). Understanding the mechanisms by which bacteria successfully defend themselves against the antibiotic assault represent the main theme of this eBook published as a Research Topic in Frontiers in Microbiology, section of Antimicrobials, Resistance, and Chemotherapy. The articles in the eBook update the reader on various aspects and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. A better understanding of these mechanisms should facilitate the development of means to potentiate the efficacy and increase the lifespan of antibiotics while minimizing the emergence of antibiotic resistance among pathogens.
Download or read book Antimicrobial Resistance in Developing Countries written by Aníbal de J. Sosa and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-10-08 with total page 553 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Avoiding infection has always been expensive. Some human populations escaped tropical infections by migrating into cold climates but then had to procure fuel, warm clothing, durable housing, and crops from a short growing season. Waterborne infections were averted by owning your own well or supporting a community reservoir. Everyone got vaccines in rich countries, while people in others got them later if at all. Antimicrobial agents seemed at first to be an exception. They did not need to be delivered through a cold chain and to everyone, as vaccines did. They had to be given only to infected patients and often then as relatively cheap injectables or pills off a shelf for only a few days to get astonishing cures. Antimicrobials not only were better than most other innovations but also reached more of the world’s people sooner. The problem appeared later. After each new antimicrobial became widely used, genes expressing resistance to it began to emerge and spread through bacterial populations. Patients infected with bacteria expressing such resistance genes then failed treatment and remained infected or died. Growing resistance to antimicrobial agents began to take away more and more of the cures that the agents had brought.
Download or read book Emerging Infectious Diseases from the Global to the Local Perspective written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2001-04-29 with total page 106 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In October 1999, the Forum on Emerging Infections of the Institute of Medicine convened a two-day workshop titled "International Aspects of Emerging Infections." Key representatives from the international community explored the forces that drive emerging infectious diseases to prominence. Representatives from the Americas, Africa, Asia and the Pacific, and Europe made formal presentations and engaged in panel discussions. Emerging Infectious Diseases from the Global to the Local Perspective includes summaries of the formal presentations and suggests an agenda for future action. The topics addressed cover a wide range of issues, including trends in the incidence of infectious diseases around the world, descriptions of the wide variety of factors that contribute to the emergence and reemergence of these diseases, efforts to coordinate surveillance activities and responses within and across borders, and the resource, research, and international needs that remain to be addressed.
Download or read book Antimicrobial Resistance written by World Health Organization and published by . This book was released on 2014-04-09 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This WHO report, produced in collaboration with Member States and other partners, provides as accurate a picture as is presently possible of the magnitude of AMR and the current state of surveillance globally. The report focuses on antibacterial resistance (ABR) in common bacterial pathogens. Why? There is a major gap in knowledge about the magnitude of this problem and such information is needed to guide urgent public health actions. ABR is complex and multidimensional. It involves a range of resistance mechanisms affecting an ever-widening range of bacteria, most of which can cause a wide spectrum of diseases in humans and animals.One important finding of the report, which will serve as a baseline to measure future progress, is that there are many gaps in information on pathogens of major public health importance. In addition, surveillance of ABR generally is neither coordinated nor harmonized, compromising the quality and representativeness of many data.Nonetheless, the report makes a clear case that resistance to common bacteria has reached alarming levels in many parts of the world suggesting that many of the available treatment options for common infections in some settings are becoming ineffective. Furthermore, systematic reviews of the scientific evidence show that ABR has a negative impact on outcomes for patients and health-care expenditures. Generally, surveillance in TB, malaria and HIV to detect resistance, determine disease burden and monitor public health interventions is better established and experiences from these programs are described in the report, so that lessons learned can be applied to ABR and opportunities for collaboration identified.
Download or read book WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2009 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care provide health-care workers (HCWs), hospital administrators and health authorities with a thorough review of evidence on hand hygiene in health care and specific recommendations to improve practices and reduce transmission of pathogenic microorganisms to patients and HCWs. The present Guidelines are intended to be implemented in any situation in which health care is delivered either to a patient or to a specific group in a population. Therefore, this concept applies to all settings where health care is permanently or occasionally performed, such as home care by birth attendants. Definitions of health-care settings are proposed in Appendix 1. These Guidelines and the associated WHO Multimodal Hand Hygiene Improvement Strategy and an Implementation Toolkit (http://www.who.int/gpsc/en/) are designed to offer health-care facilities in Member States a conceptual framework and practical tools for the application of recommendations in practice at the bedside. While ensuring consistency with the Guidelines recommendations, individual adaptation according to local regulations, settings, needs, and resources is desirable. This extensive review includes in one document sufficient technical information to support training materials and help plan implementation strategies. The document comprises six parts.
Download or read book Challenges to Tackling Antimicrobial Resistance written by Michael Anderson and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2020-04-23 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An accessible overview of the challenges in tackling AMR, and the economic and policy responses of the 'One Health' approach. It will appeal to policy-makers seeking to strengthen national and local polices tackling AMR, as well as students and academics who want an overview of the latest scientific evidence regarding effective AMR policies.
Download or read book The Evolving Threat of Antimicrobial Resistance written by World Health Organization and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Antibiotic resistance development is a natural process of adaption leading to a limited lifespan of antibiotics. Unnecessary and inappropriate use of antibiotics favours the emergence and spread of resistant bacteria. A crisis has been building up over decades, so that today common and life-threatening infections are becoming difficult or even impossible to treat. It is time to take much stronger action worldwide to avert an ever increasing health and economic burden. A new WHO publication "The evolving threat of antimicrobial resistance--Options for action" describes examples of policy activities that have addressed AMR in different parts of the world. The aim is to raise awareness and to stimulate further coordinated efforts.
Download or read book Communicable Disease Control in Emergencies written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2005 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This field manual is intended to help health professionals and public health coordinators working in emergency situations prevent, detect and control the major communicable diseases encountered by affected populations. The manual is the result of collaboration among a number of WHO departments and several external partner agencies in reviewing existing guidelines on communicable disease control and adapting them to emergency situations. The manual deals with the fundamental principles of communicable disease control in emergencies, which are: Rapid assessment to identify the communicable disease threats faced by the emergency-affected population, including those with epidemic potential, and define the health status of the population by conducting a rapid assessment; Prevention to prevent communicable disease by maintaining a healthy physical environment and good general living conditions; Surveillance to set up or strengthen disease surveillance system with an early warning mechanism to ensure the early reporting of cases to monitor disease trends, and to facilitate prompt detection and response to outbreaks; outbreak control to ensure outbreaks are rapidly detected and controlled through adequate preparedness (i.e. stockpiles, standard treatment protocols and staff training) and rapid response (i.e.confirmation, investigation and implementation of control measures); and disease management to diagnose and treat cases promptly with trained staff using effective treatment and standard protocols at all health facilities.
Download or read book Antimicrobial Resistance written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1998-06-13 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Antibiotic resistance is neither a surprising nor a new phenomenon. It is an increasingly worrisome situation, however, because resistance is growing and accelerating while the world's tools for combating it decrease in power and number. In addition, the cost of the problemâ€"especially of multidrug resistanceâ€"in terms of money, mortality, and disability are also rising. This book summarizes a workshop on antimicrobial resistance held by the Forum on Emerging Infections. The goal of the Forum on Emerging Infections is to provide an opportunity for representatives of academia, industry, government, and professional and interest groups to examine and discuss scientific and policy dilemmas of common interest that are specifically related to research on and the prevention, detection, and management of emerging infections. Organized as a topic-by-topic synthesis of presentations and exchanges during the workshop, the book highlights lessons learned, delineates a range of pivotal issues and the problems they raise, and proposes some simplified ideas about possible responses.
Download or read book Resistance of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa written by Michael Robert Withington Brown and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 1975 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
