Download or read book Girth Welding of Internally Clad API 5L Grade X65 Pipes Using Low Alloy Steel Filler Metal written by Alejandro Alvarez and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study focuses on the development of low alloy steel (LAS) girth welds on internally clad API 5L Grade X65 steel by investigating the metallurgical phenomena of welds made using a high melting temperature consumable over a low melting temperature substrate. The metallurgical phenomena of welds made using a low melting temperature consumable over a high melting temperature substrate have been widely reported in literature. The solidification behavior of alloy 625 overlays on high-strength steel (HSS) has been reported in works pertaining to the oil and gas, petrochemical, and power generation industries. Extensive investigations have been conducted analyzing microstructural and compositional gradients along the fusion boundary and transition zone that degrade the mechanical properties of such welds. Alloy 625 girth welds on internally clad HSS have also become a topic of continued discussion as premature failures have been associated to the fusion boundary between the Ni-based alloy weld metal and HSS pipe. The oil and gas industry is investigating the potential replacement of alloy 625 girth welds with LAS girth welds. LAS girth welds could possibly reduce susceptibility to premature failures while also reducing pipeline manufacturing and installation expenses. Reel pipelay is a method of installing pipelines to the ocean floor from giant reels mounted on an offshore vessel. Reel pipelay is known to increase installation rates and reduce manufacturing expenses since welding and inspection is performed onshore. DNV-OS-F101, however, states that girth welds intended for reel pipelay applications shall overmatch the base metal yield strength by 100 MPa. Careful consideration is also required during girth welding to ensure that the corrosion resistant properties of the internally clad layers remain intact. Such girth welds have been challenging to develop due to poor weldability. Dilution from the low melting temperature substrate into the high melting temperature girth weld metal increases susceptibility to solidification cracking, liquation cracking and shrinkage porosity. Industry has not yet developed single U-groove LAS girth welds on internally clad HSS pipes due to a lack of understanding of the metallurgical phenomena in such welds. This study presents a methodology used for determining material compatibility to alleviate weldability concerns. Thermodynamic computational modeling is used to analyze the solidification behavior, partitioning characteristics, and phase transformations. Button melting, SS-DTA, and dilatometry is used to analyze the microstructural evolution in ER80S-G as a function of dilution from FM-686. Such testing methods help identify critical transformation temperatures such as AC1, AC3, Ms and Mf and, mechanisms that could be used to alleviate cracking susceptibility. Upon identifying the material compatibility between ER80S-G and FM-686, this study presents a procedure optimization approach to develop defect-free LAS girth welds. LAS girth welds are developed utilizing a combination of arc welding processes (i.e., CMT and GMAW-P) to minimize dilution from the Ni-based alloy substrate. A controlled sequence for depositing weld passes is also applied to further decrease dilution and create a temper bead welding effect to help reduce hardness. Lastly, this study subjects the newly developed LAS girth welds to metallurgical characterization and mechanical testing to develop a correlation between microstructure and mechanical properties. Testing is first conducted in accordance with DNV-OS-F101 to determine strength properties. Afterwards, hardness mapping and customized tensile testing utilizing Digital Image Correlation (DIC) is performed to determine the local mechanical properties of regions that contain both compositional and microstructural gradients. This study presents the successful development of LAS girth welds on internally clad API 5L Grade X65 steel. Girth welds exhibit a 200 MPa overmatching strength but failed to meet bend and hardness requirements stated by DNV. 1 of 3 bend specimens contained a crack longer than 3-mm that propagated from a pore. Per DNV, re-testing is required. Hardness is also above the 250 HV10 maximum requirement. Further testing is required to determine if PWHT could reduce hardness below the desired requirement.
Download or read book Welding with Low Alloy Steel Filler Metal of X65 Pipes Internally Clad with Alloy 625 written by Evan Daniel O'Brien and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the oil & gas industry, extraction of oil reserves from pre-salt subsea oil fields requires pipelines and risers to be joined with welds that overmatch the X65 pipe yield strength by 100 MPa, have high toughness, and do not utilize a PWHT. In typical oil extraction, these internally clad pipes are welded with fill passes of Alloy 625 that match the internal clad, however, the strength requirement for reeling is not met with this alloy. To meet the strength requirement, low alloy steel consumables were studied as fill passes to join X65 pipes that are internally clad with Alloy 625 with root passes welded using 625 filler metal. The problem with this metallurgical combination is that solidification cracking can occur in the low alloy steel weld passes that have been diluted by Alloy 625. Computational modeling was performed to screen potential consumables and welding trails were completed for consumables that demonstrated compatibility. Upon establishing welding parameters, bead-on-plate design of experiments were performed with low alloy steel (ER100S-G) welded over two different nickel-based alloys (Alloy 625 and Alloy 686). Buffer layer solutions were also tested using two other Ni-based alloys, UTP A 80 Ni and Alloy 625 LNb, to isolate the root pass material from the fill pass material. Solidification cracking was eliminated in bead-on-plate welds of ER100S-G over Alloy 625 using small weave amplitudes, however, Alloy 686 was determined to have better compatibility with the low alloy steel filler metal to avoid solidification cracking. Welding experiments in a narrow groove were performed for the compatible combination, ER100S-G fill passes over a root pass of Alloy 686, and solidification cracking was eliminated from the fill pass welds. During this study, a defect previously thought to occur only in castings has been identified in welds of low alloy steel filler metals over Ni-based alloy substrates. Referred to in this study as “shrinkage porosity”, these defects were encountered in the compositional transition zone of these welds and were related to the large difference in solidification temperature ranges between the low alloy steel filler metal and the Ni-base alloy substrate.
Download or read book Induction Bending of Internally Clad Steel Pipes written by Rex Thomas Alexandre and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cracking in corrosion resistant clad overlays on low alloy carbon steel pipes made with Alloy 825 has been experienced in the industry in an effort to reduce production costs by changing the cladding material from the more costly Alloy 625. A detailed metallurgical investigation was carried out to understand the root cause of the cracking phenomenon. Analysis consisting of optical and scanning electron microscopy along with hardness traverses and mapping revealed weld metal heat-affected zone liquation cracks in the second overlay after welding, as well as a region of high hardness in the planar growth region of the weld metal directly adjacent to the dissimilar metal weld interface. Serial sectioning shows that ductility-dip cracks form between the pre-existing weld metal liquation cracks and microcracks forming in the embrittled planar growth region, ultimately leading to through-thickness cracks of the overlay during induction bending. The strain-to-fracture test was modified to replicate the bending procedure, and an optimal parameter window consisting of bending temperature, total strain, and strain rate was identified based on test results. ThermoCalc pseudo-binary phase diagrams were created using both the equilibrium and Scheil models. Neither diagram predicts the formation of any low melting eutectic constituents that could lead to liquation during welding. EDS results show spikes of titanium in the bulk weld metal, presumably due to the presence of titanium carbide particles. A plot of solidus temperature versus weight percent titanium created in Thermocalc reveals severe melting point depression in the Alloy 825 matrix as the titanium content increases. It is hypothesized that the weld metal heat-affected zone liquation cracking occurs via constitutional liquation of titanium carbide particles in close proximity to the fusion zone during welding of the second overlay. The region of high hardness at the DMW interface was observed to correlate with microcracks forming in that region as initial straining began during induction bending. Gleeble testing showed that avoidance of microcrack formation by manipulation of bending parameters is not possible. A study on hardness at the interface during processes steps was performed, revealing that the hardness increase occurs during the normalizing post-weld heat treatment before bending. A DICTRA diffusion model was carried out to further understand the mechanism behind the increased hardness in the planar growth region. Results show a pile-up of carbon extending approximately 100-150 microns into the weld metal at the DMW interface. It is theorized that avoidance of microcracks at the DMW interface is best achieved by elimination of the PWHT. Replication of the induction bending process in the Gleeble thermo-mechanical simulator was achieved by modification of the strain-to-fracture test. Results show that reducing the strain rate opens the safe bending parameter window in terms of temperature and total strain. A bending temperature of 975 ± 25 °C is suggested to successfully induction bend pipes without causing ductility-dip cracking.
Download or read book Pipe Welding Procedures written by Hoobasar Rampaul and published by Industrial Press Inc.. This book was released on 2003 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A standard reference for decades, this new edition of Pipe Welding Procedures continues to reinforce the welder's understanding of procedures. Drawing on his extensive practical and teaching experience in the field, the author describes in detail the manipulating procedures used to weld pipe joints. You will find useful information on heat input and distribution, essentials of shielded metal-arc technology, distortion, pipe welding defects, welding safety, essentials of welding metallurgy, and qualification of the welding procedure and the welder. Look for new or expanded coverage of: Features Root Bead--Pulse Current--Gas Tungsten Arc Welding Shielded Metal Arc Welding--Electrode Welding Steel for Low Temperature (Cryogenic) Service Down Hill Welding--Heavywall and Large Diameter Welding Metallurgy Weld Repair
Download or read book Girth Welding Line Pipe Made from Stainless Steel written by A. J. Baker and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Welding of Chromium molybdenum Steel Piping written by American Welding Society. Committee on Piping and Tubing and published by . This book was released on 1961 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Welding Engineering written by David H. Phillips and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-02-16 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides an introduction to all of the important topics in welding engineering. It covers a broad range of subjects and presents each topic in a relatively simple, easy to understand manner, with emphasis on the fundamental engineering principles. • Comprehensive coverage of all welding engineering topics • Presented in a simple, easy to understand format • Emphasises concepts and fundamental principles
Download or read book Design and Installation of Marine Pipelines written by Mikael Braestrup and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2009-02-12 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive handbook on submarine pipeline systems covers a broad spectrum of topics from planning and site investigations, procurement and design, to installation and commissioning. It considers guidelines for the choice of design parameters, calculation methods and construction procedures. It is based on limit state design with partial safety coefficients.
Download or read book Explosive Bonding written by V. D. Linse and published by . This book was released on 1967 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Describes basic mechanics of the process, practices of those in the field, metal combinations and configurations that have been bonded, and applications.
Download or read book Corrosion of Weldments written by Joseph R. Davis and published by ASM International. This book was released on 2006-01-01 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Corrosion failures of industrial components are commonly associated with welding. The reasons are many and varied. For example, welding may reduce the resistance to corrosion and environmentally assisted cracking by altering composition and microstructure, modifying mechanical properties, introducing residual stress, and creating physical defects. This book details the many forms of weld corrosion and the methods used to minimize weld corrosion. Chapters on specific alloys groups--carbon and alloy steels, stainless steels, high-nickel alloys, and nonferrous alloys--describe both general welding characteristics and the metallurgical factors that influence corrosion behavior. Corrosion problems associated with dissimilar metal weldments are also examined. Case histories document corrosion problems unique to specific industries including oil and gas, chemical processing, pulp and paper, and electric power. Special challenges caused by high-temperature environments are discussed. Commonly used methods to monitor weld corrosion and test methods for evaluation of intergranular, pitting, crevice, stress-corrosion cracking, and other forms of corrosion are also reviewed.
Download or read book Piping and Pipelines Assessment Guide written by Keith Escoe and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2006-04-10 with total page 573 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Whether it's called "fixed equipment (at ExxonMobil), "stationary equipment (at Shell), or "static equipment (in Europe), this type of equipment is the bread and butter of any process plant. Used in the petrochemical industry, pharmaceutical industry, food processing industry, paper industry, and the manufacturing process industries, stationary equipment must be kept operational and reliable for companies to maintain production and for employees to be safe from accidents. This series, the most comprehensive of its kind, uses real-life examples and time-tested rules of thumb to guide the mechanical engineer through issues of reliability and fitness-for-service. This volume on piping and pipeline assessment is the only handbook that the mechanical or pipeline engineer needs to assess pipes and pipelines for reliability and fitness-for-service.* Provides essential insight to make informed decisions on when to run, alter, repair, monitor, or replace equipment* How to perform these type of assessments and calculations on pipelines is a 'hot' issue in the petrochemical industry at this time* There is very little information on the market right now for pipers and pipeliners with regard to pipe and pipeline fitness-for-service
Download or read book Pipeline Rules of Thumb Handbook written by E.W. McAllister and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2015-08-03 with total page 705 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Now in its sixth edition, Pipeline Rules of Thumb Handbook has been and continues to be the standard resource for any professional in the pipeline industry. A practical and convenient reference, it provides quick solutions to the everyday pipeline problems that the pipeline engineer, contractor, or designer faces. Pipeline Rules of Thumb Handbook assembles hundreds of shortcuts for pipeline construction, design, and engineering. Workable "how-to" methods, handy formulas, correlations, and curves all come together in this one convenient volume. - Save valuable time and effort using the thousands of illustrations, photographs, tables, calculations, and formulas available in an easy to use format - Updated and revised with new material on project scoping, plastic pipe data, HDPE pipe data, fiberglass pipe, NEC tables, trenching, and much more - A book you will use day to day guiding every step of pipeline design and maintenance
Download or read book Advanced Materials Forum V written by Luís Guerra Rosa and published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd. This book was released on 2010-01-12 with total page 1600 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This collection comprises 232 peer-reviewed papers, grouped into chapters according to materials-type, applications, characterization or simulation: Chapter 1: biomaterials and integration of materials into biological systems (14 papers); Chapter 2: ceramics (12 papers); Chapter 3: composite materials (18 papers); Chapter 4: electronic, magnetic and photonic materials (25 papers); Chapter 5: metals and alloys (31 papers); Chapter 6: nanoscaled materials (11 papers); Chapter 7: polymers (17 papers); Chapter 8: materials for energy production, transport and storage (9 papers); Chapter 9: powder materials and powder technology processes (7 papers); Chapter 10: surface modification, thin films, coatings, and corrosion (22 papers); Chapter 11: simulation and modelling of materials and structures (16 papers); Chapter 12: aggregate, petrous and cementitious materials (22 papers); Chapter 13: recycling, eco-friendly materials and processes (12 papers); Chapter 14: fracture, fatigue, creep and wear (12 papers); Chapter 15: sensors and inspection techniques (4 papers).
Download or read book Handbook of Engineering Practice of Materials and Corrosion written by Jung-Chul (Thomas) Eun and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-09-04 with total page 885 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This handbook is an in-depth guide to the practical aspects of materials and corrosion engineering in the energy and chemical industries. The book covers materials, corrosion, welding, heat treatment, coating, test and inspection, and mechanical design and integrity. A central focus is placed on industrial requirements, including codes, standards, regulations, and specifications that practicing material and corrosion engineers and technicians face in all roles and in all areas of responsibility. The comprehensive resource provides expert guidance on general corrosion mechanisms and recommends materials for the control and prevention of corrosion damage, and offers readers industry-tested best practices, rationales, and case studies.
Download or read book Friction Stir Welding and Processing VIII written by Rajiv Mishra and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-12-01 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This collection focuses on all aspects of science and technology related to friction stir welding and processing.
Download or read book Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems written by and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
