Download or read book Geological Aspects of Subsurface High level Radioactive Waste Disposal written by D. A. Gray and published by . This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Geology of High Level Nuclear Waste Disposal written by I.S. Roxburgh and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Radioactive Waste Disposal and Geology written by Konrad Krauskopf and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-07 with total page 157 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The perception of radioactive waste as a major problem for the industrial world has developed only recently. Four decades ago the disposal of such waste was regarded as a relatively minor matter. Those were the heady days when nuclear fission seemed the answer to the world's energy needs: the two wartime bombs had demonstrated its awesome power, and now it was to be harnessed for the production of electricity, the excavation of canals, even the running of cars and airplanes. In all applications of fission some waste containing radioactive elements would be generated of course, but it seemed only a trivial annoyance, a problem whose solution could be deferred until the more exciting challenges of constructing reactors and devising more efficient weapons had been mastered. So waste accumulated, some in tanks and some buried in shallow trenches. These were recognized as only temporary, makeshift measures, because it was known that the debris would be hazardous to its surroundings for many thousands of years and hence that more permanent disposal would someday be needed. The difficulty of accomplishing this more lasting disposal only gradually became apparent. The difficulty has been compounded by uncertainty about the physiological effects oflow-Ievel radiation, by the inadequacy of detailed knowledge about the behavior of engineered and geologic materials over long periods under unusual conditions, and by the sensitization of popular fears about radiation in all its forms following widely publicized reactor accidents and leaks from waste storage sites.
Download or read book Geologic Disposal of Low and Intermediate Level Radioactive Waste written by Roland Pusch and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-04-07 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book will address concepts and techniques for preparation and disposal of low- (LLW) and intermediate-level (ILW) radioactive waste from the nuclear industry, the weapons industry, university labs, research institutes, and from the commercial industry. It will aid decision-makers in finding optimal technical/economical solutions, including how site investigations, design, construction, identification and selection of construction materials (clay and concrete), and monitoring can be made. It will also examine techniques for isolating soil and rock contaminated by leaking nuclear plants and from damaged nuclear reactors such as those at the Fukushima and Chernobyl nuclear plants.
Download or read book Geochemical Aspects of Radioactive Waste Disposal written by D. G. Brookins and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 349 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There is an extremely voluminous literature on radioactive waste and its disposal, much in the form of government-sponsored research reports. To wade through this mountain of literature is indeed a tedious task, and it is safe to speculate that very few, if any, individuals have the time to examine each report that has been issued during the preceding ten years. This book attempts to summarize much of this literature. Further, many workers in the geosciences have not received training in the nuclear sciences, and many nuclear scientists could be better versed in geology. In this book an attempt is made to cover some background material on radioactive wastes and geotoxicity that may not be an integral part of a geologist's training, and background material on geology and geochemistry for the nuclear scientist. The geochemical material is designed for both the geoscientist and the nuclear scientist. There is no specific level for this book. Certainly, it should be useful to advanced undergraduates and graduates studying geology and nuclear science. It does not pretend to cover a tremendous amount of detail in all subjects, yet the references cited provide the necessary source materials for follow-up study. It is my intention that the reader of this book will have a better, broader understanding of the geochemical aspects of radioactive waste disposal than is otherwise available in anyone source.
Download or read book Geologic Disposal of High Level Radioactive Waste written by Roland Pusch and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-08-06 with total page 223 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Geologic Disposal of High-Level Radioactive Waste examines the fundamental knowledge and conditions to be considered and applied by planners and other professionals when establishing national repository concepts, and constructing repositories for the long-term isolation of highly radioactive waste from surrounding crystalline rock. It emphasizes the important roles of structural geology, hydrogeology, hydrochemistry, and construction techniques. It specifically examines the disposal of steel canisters with spent reactor fuel in mined repositories (MR) at medium-depth, and in very deep boreholes (VDH). While disposal in mined repositories has been widely tested, the option of placing high-level radioactive waste in deep boreholes has been considered in the US, UK, and elsewhere in Europe, but has not yet been tested on a broad scale. This book examines the possibility of safe disposal for very long periods, proposing that the high salt content and density of groundwater at large depths are such that potentially contaminated water would not rise high enough to affect the more shallow biosphere. Features: Presents the best practices for disposal of spent fuel from nuclear reactors. Assesses waste isolation capacities in short- and long-term perspectives, and the associated risks. Describes site selection principles and the economics of construction of different types of repositories. Includes an appendix which provides the latest international recommendations and guidelines concerning the disposal of highly radioactive waste.
Download or read book Geologic Disposal of High level Radioactive Wastes written by and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Geohydrologic Aspects for Siting and Design of Low level Radioactive waste Disposal written by M. S. Bedinger and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Disposition of High Level Waste and Spent Nuclear Fuel written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2001-07-05 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Focused attention by world leaders is needed to address the substantial challenges posed by disposal of spent nuclear fuel from reactors and high-level radioactive waste from processing such fuel. The biggest challenges in achieving safe and secure storage and permanent waste disposal are societal, although technical challenges remain. Disposition of radioactive wastes in a deep geological repository is a sound approach as long as it progresses through a stepwise decision-making process that takes advantage of technical advances, public participation, and international cooperation. Written for concerned citizens as well as policymakers, this book was sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, and waste management organizations in eight other countries.
Download or read book Geological Aspects of the Disposal of High level Radioactive Waste on Land written by J. D. Mather and published by . This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Deep Geological Disposal of Radioactive Waste written by W. R. Alexander and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2011-07-29 with total page 293 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Deep Geological Disposal of Radioactive Waste presents a critical review of designing, siting, constructing and demonstrating the safety and environmental impact of deep repositories for radioactive wastes. It is structured to provide a broad perspective of this multi-faceted, multi-disciplinary topic: providing enough detail for a non-specialist to understand the fundamental principles involved and with extensive references to sources of more detailed information. Emphasis is very much on “deep geological disposal – at least some tens of metres below land surface and, in many cases, many hundred of metres deep. Additionally, only radioactive wastes are considered directly – even though such wastes often contain also significant chemotoxic or otherwise hazardous components. Many of the principles involved are generally applicable to other repository options (e.g. near-surface or on-surface disposal) and, indeed, to other types of hazardous waste. Presents a current critical review in designing, siting, constructing and demonsrating the safety and environmental impact of deep repositories for radwaste Addresses the fundamental principles of radioactive waste with up-to-date examples and real-world case studies Written for a multi-disciplinary audience, with an appropriate level of detail to allow a non-specialist to understand
Download or read book Geological Disposal of Radioactive Waste written by Commission of the European Communities and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Joint U S Geological Survey U S Nuclear Regulatory Commission Workshop on Research Related to Low level Radioactive Waste Disposal May 4 6 1993 National Center Reston Virginia written by Peter Ryan Stevens and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Geology of High Level Nuclear Waste Disposal written by I. S. Roxburgh and published by . This book was released on 1987-11-30 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Hydrogeologic Factors in the Selection of Shallow Land Burial Sites for the Disposal of Low level Radioactive Waste written by John N. Fischer and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: See journals under US Geological survey. Circular 973.
Download or read book Selection and Investigation of Sites for the Disposal of Radioactive Wastes in Hydraulically Induced Subsurface Fractures written by Ren Jen Sun and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Injection of intermediate-level radioactive wastes (specific activity of less than 6 x 103γCi/mL, consisting mainly of radionuclides, such as strontium and cesium, having half-lives of less than 50 years) mixed with cement into a thick shale formation is a promising and feasible disposal method. Hydraulic fracturing provides openings in the shale to accommodate the wastes. Ion exchange and radionuclide-adsorption materials can be added to the grout during mixing to further increase the radionuclide-retaining capacity of the grout. After solidification of the grout, the injected wastes become an integral part of the shale formation, and therefore the wastes will remain at depth and in place as long as the injection zone is not subjected to erosion or dissolution. Problems concerning safety of the disposal method are (1) the potential for inducing vertical fractures, (2) phase separation during and after the injections, (3) the reliability of methods for determining the orientation of induced fractures, (4) the possibility of triggering earthquakes, and (5) radionuclides being leached and transported by ground water. In bedded shale, a difference between tensile strength normal to and that parallel to bedding planes favors the formation of fractures along bedding planes that are nearly horizontal. Even in areas where vertical stress is slightly greater than the horizontal stresses, nearly horizontal bedding-plane fractures can be hydraulically induced in shale at depths less than 1,000 meters. Test injections should be made during site evaluation to determine if horizontal bedding-plane fractures can be induced. The orientation of induced fractures can be indirectly monitored by recording injection pressures during injection time and by measuring the decay of water injections and the uplift of ground surface after the injections; however, it can be directly determined by gamma-ray logs made in observation wells before and after each injection, if the injected fluid or wastes contain enough gamma-ray emitting radionuclides. If waste grout is properly mixed, phase separation should be less than one percent of the total amount injected. The mobility of waste in the separated liquid is further decreased by the low permeability (less than 10−6 darcy) and the large ion-exchange and adsorption capacity of shale, which thus reduce the potential for contamination. Grout injections do not cause extensive increases in pore pressure within shale, and a disposal site should be located in a geologically stable and tectonically relaxed area, that is, an area lacking local active faults. Thus a disposal in shale in such areas can avoid the two necessary and essential conditions for triggering earthquakes by fluid injections, an increase in pore pressure and rock already stressed near its breaking strength. Waste injections are made in several stages at different levels through an injection well. After the first series of injections at the greatest depth, the well is plugged by cement at that depth. The second series of injections are made a suitable distance above the first. The repeated use of the injection well distributes the cost of constructing injection and monitoring wells over many injections, thereby making hydraulic fracturing and grout injection economically attractive as a method for the disposal of radioactive wastes. Theoretical considerations about inducing nearly horizontal beddingplane fractures in shale are discussed, as are field procedures for site selection, safety, and the monitoring and operation of radioactive waste disposal. Case histories are used as examples to demonstrate the application of the theory and techniques of field operations.
Download or read book The Geological Disposal of Nuclear Waste written by Neil A. Chapman and published by . This book was released on 1987-04-28 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Geological Disposal of Nuclear Waste Neil A. Chapman and Ian G. McKinley The disposal of radioactive wastes is becoming a central issue in the nuclear debate and any consideration of the future of nuclear power, and its effect on the environment, must take waste management into account. Nuclear waste is currently a significant political issue in Western Europe and North America and is becoming increasingly important in all other countries with existing or planned nuclear programmes. This is the first book to tackle in a comprehensive and integrated fashion the problems associated with the geological disposal of nuclear waste. International research and development launched during the last decade has enabled the authors to describe detailed concepts for the long-term management and disposal of such material. The level of presentation is such that readers with high school science will be able to understand the issues involved. However, the broad scope of coverage with references provided throughout as well as a guide to the key sources of information, make this an invaluable book for both the researcher and the lay environmental scientist.
