Download or read book Geography of India Specially for UPSC and Other Competitive Exams of India written by Krishna Kumar V and published by Krishna Kumar V. This book was released on 2021-10-17 with total page 544 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Description of the book Geography of India is one of the major subjects of UPSC civil services both in preliminary and main examination for General Knowledge and optional papers. This is not only useful for humanities candidates but also a large number of science background civil service aspirants. The book has also covered UPSC syllabus and the University syllabus. The successful preparation for the preliminary and mains examinations requires deep study of the relevant subjects. The questions asked in both prelims and mains are highly at application level. The content of this book was decided after a detailed analysis of previous question papers of UPSC prelims and mains exams. Before finalizing the book, feedback was taken by aspirants. The entire book is divided into 19 units as per the UPSC syllabus, each unit being dealt with in a practical manner. In addition to this each unit is supported by a large number of maps, tables, graphs, relevant and recent statistical data and key points are provided throughout the text. Lastly, the book provides previous years solved prelims questions on Geography of India from 1991 to 2021. I hope it will be more useful to the reader in making the ideas clear. This book is prepared based upon on my one and a half decade teaching experience both at university and competitive exam centers. It is a reliable, comprehensive and up to date book on the subject. It studies the availability and potential of various physical, economic and human resources of the country. The book has been written in a simple manner and it includes recent information. I hope the students and teachers get maximum benefit out of it. Contents UNIT-I-GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF INDIA UNIT-II-GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION, SIZE AND EXTENT OF INDIA UNIT-III-PHYSICAL OR RELIEF FEATURES OF INDIA UNIT-IV-DRAINAGE OR RIVER SYSTEM OF INDIA UNIT-V-CLIMATE OF INDIA UNIT-VI-NATURAL VEGETATION AND WILDLIFE UNIT-VII-SOILS OF INDIA UNIT-VIII-LAND UTILIZATION IN INDIA UNIT-IX-MULTIPURPOSE RIVER VALLEY PROJECT UNIT-X-AGRICULTURE UNIT-XI- ANIMAL RESOURCES UNIT-XII -MINERAL RESOURCES UNIT-XIII -ELECTRICITY UNIT-XIV-INDUSTRIES UNIT-XV-TRANSPORT AND COMMUNUICATION UNIT-XVI-RACE, TRIBES, RELIGION, LANGUAGES IN INDIA UNIT-XVII-NATURAL HAZARDS AND DISASTERS OF INDIA UNIT-XVIII-FOREIGN TRADE UNIT-XIX-POPULATION OF INDIA PREVIOUS YEARS SOLVED PRELIMS QUESTION PAPERS 1991-2021 TOPIC WISE

Download or read book Indian Geography Question Bank Compilation written by R P Meena and published by New Era Publication. This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Geography of India Practice Solved MCQ for UPSC CSE Prelims 2020 and Other Competitive exams.

Download or read book Quick Geography for Competitive Exams written by Disha Experts and published by Disha Publications. This book was released on with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ebook 'Quick Geography for Competitive Exams' captures, in a concise and easy to remember methodology, the physical geography, India and world Geography. The book further comprises of Mind Maps, Infographics, Charts, Tables.The emphasis of the book has been on conceptual understanding and better retention which are important from the point of view of the exam. This ebook has been designed to cater to aspirants of various competitive exams like Civil services, Banks, Railways, UPSC and PSC exams and Quiz Competition across the country. The ebook will also be useful for GD, Interviews etc. Table of Contents Physical Geogrpahy Indian Geography World Geography

Download or read book Objective Indian and World Geography 2ed written by D R Khullar and published by G.K Publications Pvt.Limited. This book was released on 2019-06-12 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Objective Indian and World Geography 2nd edition is a collection of high level objective questions for the candidates of various competitive exams. This book has been prepared on the basis of the updated syllabus of the UPSC Civil Services and State service Preliminary Examination of various Hindi speaking states by an eminent subject matter expert who has vast experience in academic and Coaching field. This book is a treasure trove of questions from the past years? examinations. Features: designed as per the syllabus of UPSC state and Civil examination. Inclusion of the questions and Answers from previous years? papers.

Download or read book Indian Geography Question Bank for Civil Services Examination written by R P Meena and published by New Era Publication. This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Indian Geography Question Bank for Civil Services Preliminary Examination Geography of India Index:- India Physiography The Northern Mountains (Himalayas) The Northern Indian Plains The Indian Peninsular Plateaus Indian Desert, Coastal regions, Indian Islands River System of India Indus River System Ganga River System Brahmaputra River System Peninsular Rivers India Indian Drainage system Features & Patterns India – Natural Vegetation, Climate, Soils, Agriculture Natural Vegetation of India Climate of India Soils in India Salient Features of Indian Agriculture India – Energy Resources, Industries, Mineral Resources Energy Resources of India Industries of India Mineral Resources India India – Roads, Railways, Waterways, Census 2011, Statistics India Roads, Railways, Ports & Airways India Population Statistics Distribution of Rainfall Land resources: Availability and Degradation Soil profile of India Natural Vegetation Forest Resources The Forest Research Institute in India Biosphere Reserves in India Wild Life and National Parks Report of Red Data Book Lakes in India Water Management Valley Projects link with Indus River River Valley Projects of River Ganga River Valley Projects of North – East India (Brahmaputra) River Valley Projects of Peninsular India River Project towards East (Bay of Bengal) List of Towns situated on the Banks of River Economic Geography Industrial Regions in India Mineral belts in India Power Resources of India Coal Resources of India Petroleum and Natural Gas Atomic Minerals Means of Electrical Energy Production in India Atomic Energy Non-Conventional Sources of Energy Industries in India Industrial Development in India Iron and Steel Industry Shipping Industry Aluminium Industries in India Cement Industry Chemical fertilizer Industry in India Petro-Chemical Industry in India Engineering Industry Pharmaceutical Industries in India Agro-Based Industries in India Forest-based Industry Transport and Communication

Download or read book Physical Geography in Diagrams UPSC Other Competitive Exams By Pearson written by R.B. Bunnett and published by Pearson Education India. This book was released on with total page 520 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Physical Geography in Diagrams that was first published in 1965, authored by R.B. Bunnett has been now adapted as per the Indian curriculum requirements. This annotated version retains all the distinctive features of the original edition to help not on

Download or read book Physical Geography of India Complete Study Material written by R P Meena and published by New India Publication. This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Geography of India: Useful for all competitive exams 1. India Physiography 2. The Northern Mountains (Himalayas) 3. The Northern Indian Plains 4. The Indian Peninsular Plateaus 5. Indian Desert, Coastal regions, Indian Islands 6. River System of India 7. Indus River System 8. Ganga River System 9. Brahmaputra River System 10. Peninsular Rivers India 11. Indian Drainage system Features & Patterns 12. India – Natural Vegetation, Climate, Soils, Agriculture 13. Natural Vegetation of India 14. Climate of India 15. Soils in India 16. Salient Features of Indian Agriculture 17. India – Energy Resources, Industries, Mineral Resources 18. Energy Resources of India 19. Industries of India 20. Mineral Resources India 21. India – Roads, Railways, Waterways, Census 2011, Statistics 22. India Roads, Railways, Ports & Airways 23. India Population Statistics 24. Distribution of Rainfall 25. Land resources: Availability and Degradation 26. Soil profile of India 27. Natural Vegetation 28. Forest Resources 29. The Forest Research Institute in India 30. Biosphere Reserves in India 31. Wild Life and National Parks 32. Report of Red Data Book 33. Lakes in India 34. Water Management 35. Valley Projects link with Indus River 36. River Valley Projects of River Ganga 37. River Valley Projects of North – East India (Brahmaputra) 38. River Valley Projects of Peninsular India 39. River Project towards East (Bay of Bengal) 40. List of Towns situated on the Banks of River 41. Economic Geography 42. Industrial Regions in India 43. Mineral belts in India 44. Power Resources of India 45. Coal Resources of India 46. Petroleum and Natural Gas 47. Atomic Minerals 48. Means of Electrical Energy Production in India 49. Atomic Energy 50. Non-Conventional Sources of Energy 51. Industries in India 52. Industrial Development in India 53. Iron and Steel Industry 54. Shipping Industry 55. Aluminium Industries in India 56. Cement Industry 57. Chemical fertilizer Industry in India 58. Petro-Chemical Industry in India 59. Engineering Industry 60. Pharmaceutical Industries in India 61. Agro-Based Industries in India 62. Forest-based Industry 63. Transport and Communication 64. Road Transport 65. Rail Transport 66. Water Transport 67. Air Transportation 68. Oil and Gas Pipelines 69. Personal Communication System 70. Mass Communication System 71. Practice MCQ

Download or read book Geography Question Bank UPSC PSC Exams written by R P Meena and published by New Era Publication. This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: UPSC PSC Prelims: Geography Question Bank UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Exam 2020 – 60 Days Revision MYUPSC.COM is dedicated to preparation of UPSC Civil Services and State PSC Prelims and Mains Examination 2020. We are providing here the best quality study material and Test Series for UPSC IAS Prelims and Mains Exam 2020. You can get India yearbook 2020 and State wise Current Affairs and General Knowledge Yearbook 2020. The site intends to provide free study notes, knowledge or information related to IAS/PCS exams that can help to crack these Examinations. The Study Portal has also published its Ebooks/ PDF on various aspects & dimensions of General Studies of World, India and all the Indian states. The vision of the Study Portal is to consolidate all the relevant information related to India, Indian States regarding its History, Geography, Polity, Art-Culture, Heritage, Economy, Environment & Biodiversity and Current Affairs etc. UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Exam 2020 – 60 Days Revision 60 Days Online Revision Test Programme · 45 Days Concept cum Revision Daily Test · 17 Days Prelims Current Affairs Tests · Special Test on Economic Survey & Budget · Special Test on India Year Book & Mapping · Prelims Mock Test Series · Prelims Study Material Programme Approach 1. UPSC Prelims is all about managing micro detailing of subjects & handling negative marking. As aspirants tend to get confused about what to study and how to study (i.e. up to what level/extent) for Civil Services Prelims, this programme has been designed to help students to cover whole syllabus effectively within a stipulated time and also have an assessment through test series. 2. This programme covers the complete syllabus including – History, Geography, Polity, Economy, Science, Environment and Current Affairs with the correct mix of Fundamental and Advance level of study to cover micro detailing of sub-topics & current developments. 3. 44 Days Concept cum Revision tests for covering basic concepts. In each Test there will be a test of 100 questions (based on the topics given in schedule) followed by Class to cover basic aspects of each topic and approach to handle questions. 4. 17 days Current Affairs Test covering last 2 years current topics/issues supplemented by notes. 5. Current Affairs Test will also include updates on Indian Year Book (IYB), PIB, Budget and Economic Survey. 6. Special Test on Mapping (World & Indian Geography). 7. Complete Prelims Study Material & Prelims Current Affairs Material will also be provided (It will cover Current Affairs of past 2 years). UPSC Prelims 2020 Revision Geography Question Bank: Expected MCQs for UPSC PSC Exams

Download or read book Indian and Word Geography for Competitive Exams written by and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Magbook Indian World Geography 2020 written by Vivek Sharma and published by Arihant Publications India limited. This book was released on 2020-07-30 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 1. Magbook series deals with the preliminary examinations for civil series. 2. It?s a 2 in 1 series offers advantages of both Magazine and book. 3. The entire syllabus of India and World Geography divided into 24 Chapters. 4. Focuses on the Topics and Trends of question asked in Previous Years? Questions. 5. Offers Chapterwise Practice and well detailed explanations the previous Years? questions. 6. More than 3000 MCQs for the revision of the topics. 7. 5 Practice sets and 2 Previous Years solved Papers sets for thorough practice. 8. The book uses easy language for quick understanding. Preparing for the examinations like UPSC, State PCS or any other civil Services papers students need to have a comprehensive, complete and concrete knowledge about their subjects from the point of view exam. Arihant MAGBOOK Series is a must for Civil Services (Pre) Examination State PCS & Other Comprehensive Examinations. It?s a 2 in 1 series that provides all the study material in concise and brief manner offering unique advantage of both Magazines and Books. It comprehensively covers the syllabus of General Studies portion of the UPSC and State PCS Preliminary Examination. The current edition of ?Magbook India & World Geography? covers every topic of Geography in this book. The whole syllabus has been divided into 24 chapters in this book. It focuses on the Topics and Trends of questions which are asked in previous Years? Civil Services Examinations, further it provides Chapterwise practice of the questions that build self confidence and Skill Adaption in the candidates and lastly it offers detailed explanations of Previous Years? Civil Services examination in a easy language for quick understanding. Apart from Topical coverage and Previous Years? Question, this book also focuses on practice by providing with more than 3000 MCQs and 5 Practice Sets that help students to know latest pattern of the paper as well as its difficulty level. This book is a must for the civil services aspirants as it help them to move a step ahead towards their aim. TABLE OF CONTENT India and World Geography ? The Universe and The Solar System, The Earth, Geomorphology, Geomorphology II, Climatology, Oceanography, Biogeography, Human Geography, Economic Geography, Continents, India: Physical Aspects, Indian Agriculture, Industrial Features of India, Transport, Trade and Communication in India, India Cultural Settings, Urbanisation In India, Ecology and Biodiversity ? Ecology: Basic Concepts, Environment, Biodiversity and Its Conservation, Climate Change, Disaster Management, Sustainable Development, Practice Sets (1-5), Previous Years? Solved Papers 1, Previous Years? Solved Papers 2.

Download or read book The Geography Compendium for IAS Prelims General Studies Paper 1 State PSC Exams 3rd Edition written by Disha Experts and published by Disha Publications. This book was released on 2018-11-19 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The thouroughly Revised & Updated 3rd Edition of the book “The Geography Compendium” has been prepared with enormous efforts for all IAS aspirants, State PCS and other competitive exams. The book is prepared on the concept "Latest Information - Authentic Data". The book is divided into 10 chapters followed by 2 levels of exercises with 1000+ Simple MCQs & statement based MCQs. The book not only covers 100% syllabus but is also covered with Mind Maps, Infographics, Charts, Tables and latest exam pattern MCQs. The emphasis of the book has been on conceptual understanding and better retention which are important from the point of view of the exam. The book captures most of the important questions with explanations of the past years of the IAS Prelim exam, CDS, NDA and other competitive exams distributed in the various chapters.

Download or read book Physical Geography COLOUR MIND MAP For Civil Service or One Day Exam written by Nitin Arora and published by Arora IAS . This book was released on with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Physical Geography: Colour Mind Map for Civil Service and One Day Exams" is an indispensable resource meticulously designed to cater to the specific needs of aspirants preparing for competitive exams like Civil Services and One Day Examinations. This comprehensive book offers a unique and visually appealing approach to understanding the intricate concepts and topics within physical geography. Presented in a vibrant and structured format, this resource utilizes color-coded mind maps to encapsulate the essentials of physical geography. Each mind map serves as a visual aid, presenting interconnected topics such as landforms, climatic patterns, ecosystems, natural resources, environmental processes, and more. The mind maps in this book provide a coherent and concise overview of physical geography concepts, facilitating a deeper understanding of the Earth's natural phenomena and geographical features. These visual representations assist in the comprehension and retention of complex geographical details, making the learning process more effective and efficient. Tailored specifically for exam preparation, this resource aids aspirants in comprehensively revising essential aspects of physical geography. The strategic organization and visual appeal of the mind maps enable candidates to navigate through the breadth of physical geography topics with ease, fostering a deeper understanding and retention of crucial information. "Physical Geography: Colour Mind Map for Civil Service and One Day Exams" serves as an invaluable tool, empowering aspirants to grasp and recall geographical concepts effectively. It stands as an essential companion for those aiming to excel in competitive examinations by offering a holistic and visual understanding of physical geography concepts.

Download or read book geography FAQ written by Prashant sharma and published by Acme a point of perfection private limited . This book was released on 2016-12-10 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: this book is useful for SSC, CDS, NDA, TGT, RAILWAY exams. it contains previous year questions from various exams in one liner format.

Download or read book India World Geography written by YCT Expert Team and published by YOUTH COMPETITION TIMES. This book was released on with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 2021-22 UPSC IAS/All PCS India & World Geography

Download or read book Certificate Physical and Human Geography written by Goh Cheng Leong and published by Oxford University Press India. This book was released on 1995-10-27 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book also has information on the earth crust and the various natural forces present in our world.

Download or read book Geography of India written by Majid Husain and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book INDIAN GEOGRAPHY written by Narayan Changder and published by CHANGDER OUTLINE. This book was released on 2019-09-15 with total page 390 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Embark on a geographical exploration of the incredible landscapes, diverse cultures, and rich history of India with "Discovering India," the ultimate MCQ guide meticulously crafted for geography enthusiasts, students, and curious minds. Whether you're preparing for exams, exploring the wonders of India, or seeking to deepen your knowledge of the nation's geography, this comprehensive resource is your key to unraveling the secrets of India's diverse terrain through a question-driven approach. About the Book: Journey through the vibrant tapestry of India's geography with our MCQ guide, covering a diverse array of topics from physical features and climate patterns to cultural regions and historical landmarks. "Discovering India" is your go-to companion for those seeking to understand the intricacies of India's geographical diversity, ensuring a solid foundation for geographical studies and a deep appreciation for the nation's heritage. Key Features: Comprehensive Geography Coverage: Access an extensive repository of MCQs spanning India's physical features, climate zones, cultural diversity, and historical landmarks. Our guide ensures a comprehensive exploration of key geographical concepts crucial for mastering the nuances of Indian geography. Detailed Explanations: Elevate your geographical knowledge with detailed explanations accompanying each MCQ. Uncover the complexities of India's diverse landscapes, cultural traditions, and historical significance, enhancing your understanding of the nation's geography. Cultural Insights: Bridge the gap between physical geography and cultural heritage. Our guide provides practical insights and examples, connecting geographical concepts to the cultural richness and historical significance of different regions in India. Progressive Difficulty Levels: Progress from foundational to advanced questions, providing a structured learning experience. Challenge yourself with incrementally complex questions to develop a nuanced understanding of Indian geography. Visual Learning Tools: Reinforce your geographical knowledge with visual aids such as maps, images, and cultural representations. These aids provide a visual dimension to the MCQs, facilitating a deeper understanding of Indian geography. Why Choose Our Guide? Geographical Discovery Guarantee: Benefit from a carefully curated collection of MCQs that reflect the multifaceted nature of Indian geography. Our guide is a valuable resource to deepen your understanding of India's diverse terrain and excel in geographical studies. 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Embark on a geographical journey with "Discovering India: A Comprehensive MCQ Guide for Indian Geography Enthusiasts." Download your copy now to gain a deeper appreciation for the diversity of India's landscapes, contribute to geographical exploration, and become a master of Indian geographical knowledge. Whether you're a student or a geography enthusiast, this guide is your key to unlocking the secrets of India's varied terrain and exploring the nation's geography with curiosity and expertise. 1 Physiology of India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2 Location and structure of India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 2.1 Evolution of India?s geological structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 3 Physiographic division of India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 3.1 Himalayan Mountains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 3.2 The Himalayan Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 3.3 Physical features of India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 3.4 Northen Plalns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 3.5 Peninsular Plateau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 3.6 Great Indian desert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 3.7 Coastal Plains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 3.8 Indian islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 4 Drainage of India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 4.1 Indian Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 4.2 The Indus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 4.3 The Ganga geography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 4.4 The Brahmaputra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 4.5 Lakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 5 Climate of India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 5.1 General Features of Indian Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 5.2 Indian Monsoon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 5.3 Seasons in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 5.4 Rainfall india . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 5.5 El-Nino and Southern Oscillations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 6 Soils and Natural Vegetation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 6.1 Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 6.2 Natural Vegetation india . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 6.3 Forest Conservation In India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 7 Natural Resources of India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 8 Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 8.1 Agriculture and its types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 8.2 Cropping Seasons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 8.3 Major crop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 8.4 Irrigation India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 9 Mineral and Energy Resources In India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 9.1 Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 9.2 Mineral and Energy Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 9.3 Indian Minerals and Industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356 10 Industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 11 Transport and Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 11.1 Railways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 11.2 Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394 11.3 Transport and Communication in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405 11.4 Indian Transportation, Communication, National Parks and Sanctuaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407 12 Oceans and Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 13 The earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427 13.1 Internal structure of Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427 13.2 Tectonic Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431 13.3 Volcanoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434 13.4 Physical Geography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437 14 Indian Agriculture and Animal Husbandry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457