Download or read book Geochemistry and Organic Petrography of the Bakken Formation Williston Basin ND USA written by Zain Abdi and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The environmental processes and conditions controlling productivity and organic matter (OM) accumulation/preservation as well as bottom-water redox conditions in the lower black shale (LBS) and upper black shale (UBS) members of the Devonian-Mississippian (D-M) Bakken Formation were evaluated utilizing trace metal (TM) concentrations, degree of pyritization (DOPT), enrichment factors (EF) of TMs, bi-metal ratios (V/Cr, V/(V+Ni), Ni/Co, U/Th), total sulfur (ST) vs. iron (Fe), total organic carbon (TOC), carbon-sulfur-iron relationships (C-S-Fe), as well as Mo-TOC and Mo EF-U EF relationships. High-resolution (1- to 3-cm scale) chemostratigraphic records were generated for twelve drill cores, four of which closely flank the N-S-trending axis of the Nesson Anticline, proximal to the center of the Williston Basin in northwest North Dakota, USA. Furthermore, five of the twelve drill cores were selected (sample selection was based on down-core spacing and TM concentrations) for petrographic and Rock-Eval analysis to assess variations in kerogen type, quantity, quality, and thermal maturity (based on solid bitumen reflectance (%SBRo), vitrinite reflectance equivalence (%VRE), Rock-Eval Tmax-derived vitrinite reflectance (%Ro)) from immature to condensate, wet gas hydrocarbon generation windows. Degree of pyritization (DOPT) values (0.25 to 1.0) indicate that bottom waters were frequently dysoxic (> 60%) with intermittent aerobic and anoxic/euxinic conditions which is in agreement with C-S-Fe and total ST vs. Fe assessments of paleoredox conditions and sedimentological evidence. Furthermore, using published Mo-TOC relationships from modern anoxic-euxinic basins, it is estimated that renewal time of the sub-chemoclinal water mass during accumulation of the LBS and UBS approximated 10 and 30 yrs., respectively. Agreement is also seen between Mo/TOC and Mo EF/U EF where both suggest the Bakken shales were deposited under relatively unrestricted water mass conditions resulting in consistent renewal of TMs into the basin. However, bi-metal ratios suggest > 80% of samples were deposited under suboxic to anoxic/euxinic conditions. Trace metal concentrations for the Bakken Fm. show considerable range for Co (0-10324 ppm), Mo (0-2018 ppm), Ni (0-1574 ppm), U (0-1604 ppm), and V (0-3194 ppm), and bi-metal ratios for the Bakken Fm. are up to 5x greater than those reported for other D-M black shale formations. The Bakken black shales represent a unique sedimentary system where the EF of various TMs such as Cu (6.2-7.7), Mo (219.7-237.8), Ni (9.4-10.2), U (20.6-29.3), V (9.9-14.2), and Zn (10.4-12.2) as well as total organic carbon contents (LBS = 10.80 and UBS = 11.80 avg. wt.%) are considerably higher than other Devonian-Mississippian black shales. In this study, raw distributions of elemental concentrations combined with bivariate and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to elucidate the processes that could have contributed to the high EF of TMs in the Bakken shales. Total organic carbon shares heavier PCA component loadings (>0.445) and stronger correlation coefficients (r) with Cu, Mo, Ni, U, V, and Zn rather than with pyrite-associated (As, Co, Fe, and S) elements, suggesting that TOC played a primary role in the scavenging and accumulation of TMs in the sediments. Reducing conditions within bottom waters or sediment pore waters may have accelerated the accumulation of redox-sensitive Cu, Mo, Ni, V, and Zn introduced into the sediments via primarily an organic matter (OM) detritus host and most likely played a secondary role in the enrichment of TMs. The high EF of TMs observed in the Bakken shales may be the result of the frequent resupply of TMs into basin waters, enhanced primary productivity that is necessary in scavenging TMs from the water column, the presence of H2S within sediment pore or bottom waters, or possibly secondary processes associated with basin-wide fluid and hydrocarbon migration. Factors controlling TM accumulation during time of deposition (e.g., TM availability, bottom-water redox conditions, adsorption onto organic matter) and during diagenesis and catagenesis (e.g., alteration and break down of organic matter, movement of fluid hydrocarbons or other basinal fluids) likely contribute to the lack of agreement between redox proxies, and subsequently, the lack of applicability of bi-metal ratios (i.e., V/Cr, V/(V+Ni), Ni/Co, U/Th) in assessing bottom-water conditions for the Bakken shales. Solid bitumen (SB), a secondary organic matter formed as a residue after hydrocarbon generation (through either sufficient thermal maturation or microbial degradation) and expulsion, is primarily dispersed within the mineral matrix and increases in quantity with increasing thermal maturity. Rock-Eval II and HAWK analyzers were used to measure and estimate the hydrogen index (HI; avg. 201 mg HC/g TOC), oxygen index (OI; avg. 7mg CO2/g TOC), S1 (free hydrocarbons; avg. 8.0 mg HC/g rock), S2 (hydrocarbons generated after cracking kerogen; avg. 24.3 mg HC/g rock), and %Ro (0.60-1.03%; estimated from Tmax). The HI and OI values are calculated from TOC as well as S2 and S3 (oxygen bonded to hydrocarbons). Plots of HI vs. Tmax (oC) and HI vs. OI as well as S2 vs. S3 ratio were utilized to determine the type of kerogen, primary OM that is insoluble in organic solvents. However, these relationships are not in agreement with kerogen typing based on petrographic observations, where samples from more thermally mature cores plot as Type III (vitrinite) kerogen instead of observed Type I/II (marine algae) kerogen. This is largely due to the abundant presence of SB in the more thermally mature section of the Bakken (Rock-Eval Ro = 0.83-1.03%) as SB is known to have a lower HI content than Type II kerogen. Petrographic evidence shows greater abundance of alginite and amorphous organic matter (AOM or bituminite) in the thermally less mature (Rock-Eval Ro = 0.60-0.83%) section of the Bakken compared to the greater abundance of dispersed SB in the more thermally mature section where AOM is absent. Early research on the Bakken Fm. reported lower than expected vitrinite reflectance values attributed to vitrinite "suppression". The overall lack of vitrinite and abundance of solid bitumen in these shales suggests that these early attempts likely reported solid bitumen reflectance rather than vitrinite reflectance. More recent attempts to assess the thermal maturity of the Bakken Fm. black shales have measured and converted SBRo to vitrinite reflectance equivalent (VRE). However, samples selected for SBRo by some previous workers have included heterogenous, granular as well as high reflecting SB samples, which introduce error in the measurements. As such, reported reflectance values are most likely lower than they would be if smooth, homogenous solid bitumen with no inclusions were measured. For this project, smooth and homogenous SB was measured to produce consistent and reliable VRE values to assess the thermal maturity gradient from the Bakken Fm. basin margins to the depocenter. Blue-light fluorescence petrography was done to support thermal maturity assessments. Results from SBRo, Rock-Eval Ro, VRE, and blue-light fluorescence observations suggest that cores from the current study range from early oil window into condensate, wet gas.

Download or read book Environmental Considerations Associated with Hydraulic Fracturing Operations written by James A. Jacobs and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2019-04-05 with total page 580 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A guide to environmental and communication issues related to fracking and the best approach to protect communities Environmental Considerations Associated with Hydraulic Fracturing Operations offers a much-needed resource that explores the complex challenges of fracking by providing an understanding of the environmental and communication issues that are inherent with hydraulic fracturing. The book balances the current scientific knowledge with the uncertainty and risks associated with hydraulic fracking. In addition, the authors offer targeted approaches for helping to keep communities safe. The authors include an overview of the historical development of hydraulic fracturing and the technology currently employed. The book also explores the risk, prevention, and mitigation factors that are associated with fracturing. The authors also include legal cases, regulatory issues, and data on the cost of recovery. The volume presents audit checklists for gathering critical information and documentation to support the reliability of the current environmental conditions related to fracking operations and the impact fracking can have on a community. This vital resource: Contains the technical information and mitigation recommendations for safety and environmental issues related to hydraulic fracturing Offers an historical overview of conventional and unconventional oil and gas drilling Explains the geologic and technical issues associated with fracking of tight sand and shale formulations Presents numerous case studies from the United States EPA and other agencies Discusses issues of co-produced waste water and induced seismicity from the injection of wastewater Written for environmental scientists, geologists, engineers, regulators, city planners, attorneys, foresters, wildlife biologists, and others, Environmental Considerations Associated with Hydraulic Fracturing Operations offers a comprehensive resource to the complex environmental and communication issues related to fracking.

Download or read book New Publications of the Geological Survey written by Geological Survey (U.S.) and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 602 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Petroleum Formation and Occurrence written by B.P. Tissot and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 715 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Current and authoritative with many advanced concepts for petroleum geologists, geochemists, geophysicists, or engineers engaged in the search for or production of crude oil and natural gas, or interested in their habitats and the factors that control them, this book is an excellent reference. It is recommended without reservation. AAPG Bulletin.

Download or read book Electron Microscopy of Shale Hydrocarbon Reservoirs written by Wayne K. Camp and published by AAPG. This book was released on 2013-10-20 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hardcover plus DVD

Download or read book New Publications of the U S Geological Survey written by and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Petroleum Abstracts Literature and Patents written by and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 656 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Well Logging and Geology written by Oberto Serra and published by Editions Technips. This book was released on 2003 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is one in a series of three books by the authors on various aspects of well logging, with the final book to be on reservoir evaluation. The book departs from traditional log analysis books in that it has a very strong emphasis on geologic principles with an extensive review of the processes that influence hydrocarbon accumulations. The chapters are written in a stand-alone format. This book is beautifully illustrated with colored plots, charts, and block diagrams on virtually every page.

Download or read book Petroleum Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 1752 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book SPE Reprint Series written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Geological Studies Relevant to Horizontal Drilling written by J. W. Schmoker and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Special Publication written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 700 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Petroleum System written by Geological Survey (U.S.) and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Investigations about porosity in petroleum reservoir rocks are discussed by Schmoker and Gautier. Pollastro discusses the uses of clay minerals as exploration tools that help to elucidate basin, source-rock, and reservoir history. The status of fission-track analysis, which is useful for determining the thermal and depositional history of deeply buried sedimentary rocks, is outlined by Naeser. The various ways workers have attempted to determine accurate ancient and present-day subsurface temperatures are summarized with numerous references by Barker. Clayton covers three topics: (1) the role of kinetic modeling in petroleum exploration, (2) biological markers as an indicator of depositional environment of source rocks and composition of crude oils, and (3) geochemistry of sulfur in source rocks and petroleum. Anders and Hite evaluate the current status of evaporite deposits as a source for crude oil.

Download or read book Cretaceous Stratigraphy Western North America written by Patrick L. Abbott and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Belt Basin Window to Mesoproterozoic Earth written by John S. MacLean and published by Geological Society of America. This book was released on 2016-06-01 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With its thickness of more than 15 km of strata, covering some 200,000 km2, the Belt basin displays one of the planet's largest, best-exposed, most accessible, and best-preserved sequences of Mesoproterozoic sedimentary and igneous rocks. This volume focuses on research into this world-class province; kindles ideas about this critical era of Earth evolution; and covers aspects of the basin from its paleontology, mineralogy, sedimentology, and stratigraphy to its magmatism, ore deposits, geophysics, and structural geology.

Download or read book Sedimentology and Stratigraphy written by Gary Nichols and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-04-30 with total page 433 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This fully revised and updated edition introduces the reader to sedimentology and stratigraphic principles, and provides tools for the interpretation of sediments and sedimentary rocks. The processes of formation, transport and deposition of sediment are considered and then applied to develop conceptual models for the full range of sedimentary environments, from deserts to deep seas and reefs to rivers. Different approaches to using stratigraphic principles to date and correlate strata are also considered, in order to provide a comprehensive introduction to all aspects of sedimentology and stratigraphy. The text and figures are designed to be accessible to anyone completely new to the subject, and all of the illustrative material is provided in an accompanying CD-ROM. High-resolution versions of these images can also be downloaded from the companion website for this book at: www.wiley.com/go/nicholssedimentology.

Download or read book Shale Reservoirs written by John Breyer and published by AAPG. This book was released on 2012-08-20 with total page 427 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hardcover plus CD