Download or read book Genetic Information written by Alison K. Thompson and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-07-23 with total page 331 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is difficult to think of an example of an advancement in the biological sciences that has had an impact on society similar to that of the new genetics. Recent developments in biotechnology have occasioned much discussion among academics, professionals, and lay people alike. In particular, many questions and concerns have arisen over the acquisi tion, access, and control of genetic information. There are several reasons why the new genetics has commanded such widespread attention, and why it is now the subject of con siderable debate. Special reference is given in this volume to the implications of genetic information for five different subject areas: eugenics, the insurance industry, the commer cialisation of genetic testing, strategies for raising public awareness, and the value of theo retical ethical and sociological frameworks in the debate. This diverse collection of papers attempts to address and critically discuss issues surrounding the control of, and access to, genetic information from ethical, medical, legal, and theoretical points of view. The first and shortest section of the book attempts to address concerns over the eugenic potential of new biotechnologies. It also provides a historical context for the de bate, for controversy over the subject of eugenics predates the current debate over genetic information by a considerable length of time. Indeed, by the time the first patent was is sued for Chakrabarty's strain of oil eating bacteria in the early 1970s, the term eugenics had already acquired strong pejorative connotations.
Download or read book Genetics Testing Gene Patenting written by Ontario. Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Gene Patents and Collaborative Licensing Models written by Geertrui van Overwalle and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2009-06-11 with total page 517 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The cost of patent licenses needed to design a new genetic test or treatment may ultimately prevent research projects getting started, as individual components are protected by different patent owners. This book examines legal measures which might be used to solve the problem of fragmentation of patents in genetics.
Download or read book Stifling Or Stimulating written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Courts, the Internet, and Intellectual Property and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Genes and Ingenuity written by Australia. Law Reform Commission and published by Virago Press. This book was released on 2004 with total page 690 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Report of an inquiry concerned with two broad issues: the patenting of genetic materials and technologies, and the exploitation of these patents and the distinction that can and possibly should be made between discoveries and inventions when referring to claims over genetic sequences.
Download or read book Gene Patents and Public Health written by Geertrui van Overwalle and published by Emile Bruylant. This book was released on 2007 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Assessing Genetic Risks written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1994-01-01 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Raising hopes for disease treatment and prevention, but also the specter of discrimination and "designer genes," genetic testing is potentially one of the most socially explosive developments of our time. This book presents a current assessment of this rapidly evolving field, offering principles for actions and research and recommendations on key issues in genetic testing and screening. Advantages of early genetic knowledge are balanced with issues associated with such knowledge: availability of treatment, privacy and discrimination, personal decision-making, public health objectives, cost, and more. Among the important issues covered: Quality control in genetic testing. Appropriate roles for public agencies, private health practitioners, and laboratories. Value-neutral education and counseling for persons considering testing. Use of test results in insurance, employment, and other settings.
Download or read book Owning the Genome written by David B. Resnik and published by State University of New York Press. This book was released on 2012-02-01 with total page 251 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: DNA patenting has emerged as a hot topic in science policy and bioethics as private companies and government agencies spend billions of dollars on genetic research and development in a race to identify, sequence, and analyze DNA from human, animal, and plant species. David B. Resnik's Owning the Genome explores the ethical, social, philosophical, theological, and policy issues surrounding DNA patenting and develops a comprehensive approach to the topic. Resnik considers arguments for and against DNA patenting and concludes that only a patent on a whole human genome would be inherently immoral, while the morality of other DNA patents depends on their consequences for science, medicine, agriculture, industry, and society. He also stresses the importance of government regulations and policies in order to minimize the harmful effects of patenting while promoting the beneficial ones.
Download or read book Patenting Race written by W. Nicholson Price II and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Genetic tests which target specific ethnicities are fraught with problems, and will become commonplace unless action is taken to stop them. The first has already been patented in Europe by the U.S. company Myriad Genetics, despite vigorous opposition. Myriad's patent covers testing for a mutation in the breast cancer gene BRCA2 in Ashkenazi-Jewish women. The patenting and approval of BiDil, a heart medication for African-Americans, provides strong evidence that patenting ethnically based medicine has become more acceptable in the United States. In allowing race-based drugs, the United States is much closer to allowing ethnic genetic testing, which has deeper, more insidious, and more widespread negative effects. As such, action must be taken to avoid the patenting of ethnic genetic tests. While existing anti-discrimination law may provide one reactive means to challenge these tests, its extent is unclear, and that route is slow and uncertain. Instead, Congress should proactively enact narrow legislation specifically tailored to prohibit these tests.
Download or read book The Ethics of Patenting DNA written by Nuffield Council on Bioethics and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper questions whether the application of the patent system to DNA sequences achieves its goals of stimulating innovation for the public good and rewarding people for useful new inventions. Even if DNA sequences are considered eligible for patenting, they must also be novel, inventive, and useful. The application of these criteria has not been stringently applied. In future, patents asserting rights over DNA sequences should become the exception rather than the norm.
Download or read book Will Gene Patents Derail the Next Generation of Genetic Technologies written by Christopher M. Holman and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Judge Bryson recently asserted in Association for Molecular Pathology v. US Patent and Trademark Office (dissenting-in-part) that human gene patents "present a significant obstacle to the next generation of innovation in genetic medicine -- multiplex tests and whole-genome sequencing." His concern over the impact of gene patents on genetic testing, which coincides with his position that certain gene patents should be declared patent ineligible, reflects a widely held misperception that 20% of human genes are patented in a manner that would necessarily result in infringement by whole genome sequencing and other forms of genetic testing. In fact, the myth that 20% of human genes are patented is based on a gross misreading of a single "Policy Perspective" article published in Science in 2005, and an unfortunate tendency among many commentators to consider gene patents in abstract terms that disregard the critical role of patent claims in limiting the scope of a patent owner's right to exclude. Analysis of the claims of 533 of the of the patents identified in the Science article as "covering" human genes reveals that most do not include a single claim that would be infringed by whole genome sequencing and other forms of genetic testing. In fact, it seems quite likely that, were they to be litigated, few if any of these gene patents would be found to cover genetic testing or whole genome sequencing. Furthermore, a variety of practical limitations on enforcement and remedies appear to render it unlikely that the owners of these patents would be motivated to assert them against providers of whole genome sequencing and other next-generation diagnostic technologies in a manner that would impede progress in this area. There have been numerous instances in which fears that patents would harm biomedical research and medicine have proven in retrospect to have been greatly exaggerated, and history counsels against overreacting to the current controversy over gene patents. Ironically, it might be the case that the next generation of genetic diagnostic testing innovation will be adversely impacted not by too many patents, but by a lack of adequate patent protection.
Download or read book Genetic Inventions Intellectual Property Rights and Licensing Practices Evidence and Policies written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2003-01-21 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Few topics in the life sciences today provoke as much debate as the availability of patent protection on "genetic inventions". Some hold that protection is essential to encourage innovation and development of new products. Others argue that patents ...
Download or read book Genetic Patent Law and Strategy written by Kalyan C. Kankanala and published by Manupatra. This book was released on 2007 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ambiguity and uncertainty inherent in the field ofgenetic science poses challenges in the application oftraditional patent principles to genetic inventions. Thisbook unravels the complex doctrines of Patent Law.
Download or read book Building Genetic Medicine written by Shobita Parthasarathy and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2012-01-13 with total page 285 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comparative study of genetic testing for breast and ovarian cancer in the United States and Britain that shows the importance of national context in the development and use of science and technology even in an era of globalization. In Building Genetic Medicine, Shobita Parthasarathy shows how, even in an era of globalization, national context is playing an important role in the development and use of genetic technologies. Focusing on the development and deployment of genetic testing for breast and ovarian cancer (known as BRCA testing) in the United States and Britain, Parthasarathy develops a comparative analysis framework in order to investigate how national “toolkits” shape both regulations and the architectures of technologies and uses this framework to assess the implications of new genetic technologies. Parthasarathy argues that differences in the American and British approaches to health care and commercialization of research led to the establishment of different BRCA services in the two countries. In Britain, the technology was available through the National Health Service as an integrated program of counseling and laboratory analysis, and was viewed as a potentially cost-effective form of preventive care. In the United States, although BRCA testing was initially offered by a number of providers, one company eventually became the sole provider of a test available to consumers on demand. Parthasarathy draws lessons for the future of genetic medicine from these cross-national differences, and discusses the ways in which comparative case studies can inform policy-making efforts in science and technology.
Download or read book Genetics Testing Gene Patenting written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Will Gene Patents Impede Whole Genome Sequencing written by Christopher M. Holman and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A 2005 Science article by Jensen and Murray is widely cited for the proposition that 20% of human genes are patented, and has led to a pervasive assumption that thousands of human genes cannot be used, studied or even 'looked at' by researchers and healthcare providers without infringing a gene patent. Many have voiced concern that this perceived thicket of gene patents will impede the implementation of next-generation genetic technologies, particularly personal whole genome sequencing (WGS). In fact, Jensen and Murray only showed that, with respect to 20% of human genes known at the time they conducted their study, either (1) the DNA sequence of the gene, or (2) the amino acid sequence encoded by the gene, was mentioned in a US patent claim. The myth that 20% of human genes are “patented” has taken root because too many have incorrectly inferred that the mere “mention” of a gene in a patent claim precludes all uses of the gene. To better understand the actual implications of Jensen and Murray's findings, I analyzed the claims from a random sampling of 533 of the 4270 patents identified in their article as “gene patents.” I found that, under any reasonable interpretation, 140 of the 533 patents would not be infringed by any form of genetic testing. The remaining 393 patents include claims with respect to which I cannot rule out the possibility that at least some form of genetic testing would be found infringing. These claims fall into two categories - products claims directed to polynucleotides (e.g., DNA molecules), and method claims. The language used in these claims is extremely heterogeneous, and it is impossible to predict with any certainty exactly how broadly a court would interpret their scope if they were ever asserted in litigation, but to varying degrees a majority of these patents would appear not to be infringed by at least some, perhaps all, forms of genetic testing. In particular, few (if any) of these patents would appear likely to be infringed by some next-generation WGS technologies, particularly those that do not require DNA amplification. In short, there is absolutely no basis to infer from the Jensen & Murray article that personal WGS, and other multiplex genetic diagnostic testing technologies, would result in the infringement of a large number of human gene patents. To the contrary, it appears that a vast majority of these patents were drafted in a manner that would not encompass WGS.
Download or read book Patenting Genes written by Marta Díaz Pozo and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2017-03-31 with total page 370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book constitutes a fascinating and in-depth analysis of the significance of the requirement of industrial application within gene patenting and how this influences innovation in Europe and the US. The author addresses an area normally overlooked in biotechnology patenting due to the predominance of the ethical debate, and in doing so produces a unique approach to dealing with concerns in this field.
