Download or read book Genetic Variation in Cultured and Natural Populations of Arctic Charr Salvelinus Alpinus from North America microform written by Tricia Anne Lundrigan and published by National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada. This book was released on 2002 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The amount of genetic variation in aquaculture strains of North American Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) was compared to that in natural populations using six microsatellite markers. Aquaculture strains originating from the Fraser River (Labrador), Nauyuk Lake and Tree River (Nunavut), and Lake Aleknagik (Alaska) showed less genetic variability than their wild source populations in terms of allelic diversity. but not necessarily in observed heterozygosity. Pairwise tests for genetic differentiation between populations were significant for all but three comparisons. These comparisons consisted of consecutive year classes of cultured Labrador and Nauyuk fish originating from the same wild collections. A neighbour joining tree based on microsatellite data grouped samples according to their geographic origin. Phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial control region sequences from S.alpinus-S.malma did not always group samples thought to be conspecific. These results indicate that all hatchery strains and wild populations of Arctic charr- should not be considered equal and that small founding population sizes have contributed to reduced genetic variation in aquaculture strains"--Leaf before i.
Download or read book Evolutionary Significance of Genomic and Morphological Variation in Icelandic Arctic Charr Salvelinus Alpinus written by Eva Küttner and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Influence of Culture History on Genetic Variation in Cultured Arctic Charr Salvelinus Alpinus of Eastern Canada microform written by Craig Thomas Blackie and published by Library and Archives Canada = Bibliothèque et Archives Canada. This book was released on 2005 with total page 57 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Phenotypic and Genetic Evaluation of Fraser Strain Arctic Charr Salvelinus Alpinus in Brackish and Freshwater written by Marcia Chiasson and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book A Molecular Genetic Examination of the Polymorphic Arctic Charr Salvelinus Alpinus of Thingvallavatn Iceland microform written by John Volpe and published by National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada. This book was released on 1995 with total page 101 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Arctic Charr Salvelinus Alpinus Genome written by Cameron Nugent and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The genomic evolution of vertebrates has been influenced by the occurrence of whole genome duplications (WGD), which drastically alter the genomic landscape by producing duplicate copies of every chromosome. Diploidization is the fundamental process that follows WGD, during which duplicated (4N) chromosomes evolve into two distinct diploid (2N) pairs through mutations, deletions and rearrangements. The salmonid specific fourth round (Ss4R) of WGD occurred ~88-103 m.y.a. and the genomes of extant species have yet to fully diploidize. Salmonid diploidization is a variable and non-random process that is influenced by genomic architecture. Larger chromosomes (that have arisen through fusions) can form multivalents and undergo recombination, which stifles diploidization. The Ss4R's effect on the evolution of duplicated fitness related loci is so far poorly characterized. I characterized the genomic architecture of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus), a salmonid species whose genome is in the midst of diploidization and examined the relationship between genomic architecture and diploidization. An Arctic charr linkage map was constructed and chromosome arms sharing a pre-WGD ancestor (homeologous pairs) were identified. For homeologous pairs where neither arm has undergone a fusion event, diploidization has proceeded more rapidly. The evolution of quantitative trait loci (QTL, loci that correlate with variation in a quantitative trait in the phenotype of a population of organisms) in a diploidizing genome was explored through the development of an Arctic charr genotyping array. The array was used in genome-wide association analysis to identify the genetic basis of fork length, body mass and sexual maturation. Comparison with previous QTL studies showed that the genetic architecture of body mass is similar across divergent strains of Arctic charr. Comparison with body mass QTL from other salmonids suggested that conservation of QTL on duplicated chromosomes is not prevalent and that divergence of function may have occurred. Through characterization of the Arctic charr genome and investigating the evolutionary mechanisms that have shaped it, I have added to the understanding of the interplay of genomic architecture and diploidization and its effect on the evolution of phenotypes.
Download or read book Biology of the Arctic Charr written by Lionel Johnson and published by Univ. of Manitoba Press. This book was released on 1984-01-01 with total page 573 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Arctic charr held in Winnipeg, 4-8 May 1981, on the campus of the University of Manitoba.
Download or read book Ecology and Comparative Population Dynamics of Anadromous Arctic Charr Salvelinus Alpinus Linnaeus 1758 in Northern Labrador written by J. B. Dempson and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Population Genetic Structure of Arctic Char Salvelinus Alpinus from Rivers of the North Slope of Alaska and Canada written by Rebecca Jane Everett and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 73 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Mitochondrial DNA Control Region Sequence Variation in Arctic Char Salvelinus Alpinus L written by Canada. Department of Fisheries and Oceans. Central and Arctic Region and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Developing Broodstock of Arctic Charr Salvelinus Alpinus L written by Amit Kumar Goel and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Most of the economically important traits in animal breeding programs are quantitative in nature. Detecting major genes and/or blocks of genes influencing these traits has been made possible by the availability of hypervariable DNA markers. In this study, phenotypic variations related to growth and body girth in the two domesticated strains of Arctic charr(Salvelinus alpinus L.) at Icy Waters Ltd. (Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada) were examined and then quantitative trait loci for growth were identified using a genome wide scan approach. Twelve crosses involving the pure strains (Tree River and Yukon GoldTM), the reciprocal hybrids, and the reciprocal backcrosses were set up with ten families per cross. After 18 months of rearing in the hatchery environment under identical culture conditions, it was observed that backcrosses with a 75% Tree River genome contribution ((YGfxTRm)fxTRm) grew fastest and possessed greatest variance. A total of 198 highly polymorphic microsatellite markers, from various salmonid species, covering 41 linkage groups on the current Arctic charr linkage map were tested for a genome scan. Sixty two highly polymorphic markers were chosen to perform a genome wide scan on a full-sib backcross family, namely 6-10, to detect genetic factors responsible for the variation of growth in Arctic charr. These markers cover 28 of the 46 linkage groups in the currently available, low-resolution genetic map of Arctic charr. Results from a transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) indicate a significant association (0.001
Download or read book Survey of Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Variation in Arctic Char Salvelinus Alpinus L Mitochondrial DNA written by Canada. Department of Fisheries and Oceans. Central and Arctic Region and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 23 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Identification of Genes Involved in Heat Stress in Arctic Charr written by Nicole Lisa Quinn and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: I set out to identify candidate genes that can be used to develop genetic markers associated with Upper Temperature Tolerance (UTT) for use in a genomics-assisted broodstock program for Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) and for examining wild populations at risk due to climate change. This was accomplished using genomic resources available for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), which allowed me to identify and examine genomic regions and specific genes of interest. In addition, I conducted expression profiling of Arctic charr exposed to acute and chronic thermal stress. Using comparative genomics, I identified several Atlantic salmon fingerprint scaffolds containing markers associated with UTT in Arctic charr and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). One of these was fully sequenced using 454 GS FLX next-generation sequencing and annotated, which identified nine genes in the putative Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) region of the Atlantic salmon genome. This analysis also provided evidence that the 454 sequencing technology was suitable for partial assembly and gene annotation, but not for de novo whole genome sequencing of a complex salmonid genome. Next, I conducted expression profiling of phenotypically tolerant and intolerant Arctic charr. The differentially expressed genes were compared with those identified within the UTT QTL sequenced previously, which suggested COUP-TFII as a particularly interesting candidate gene. Heat shock proteins (Hsps) and hemoglobins were also significantly associated with acute thermal stress. Concurrently, I performed expression profiling of Arctic charr exposed to moderate, chronic temperature stress that mimicked a more realistic situation. Again, Hsps were identified in the thermal stress response, as well as ribosomal proteins, which were up-regulated throughout the exposure and the recovery period. Finally, I identified and fully annotated all of the hemoglobin genes in Atlantic salmon. This identified substantially more hemoglobin genes in this species than in any other fish analyzed to date, and included several non-Bohr beta hemoglobins, which may be used in emergency response situations. Combined, the findings of my research have substantial implications for developing a temperature tolerant Arctic charr broodstock and for examining wild populations of salmonids for responses to temperature stress brought by climate change.
Download or read book Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Habitat Use in Anadromous Arctic Charr Salvelinus Alpinus in Nearshore Marine and Overwintering Lake Environments written by Ingeborg M. Mulder and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Even though anadromy is integral to the life history of the Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) in many northern regions, little is known about what shapes the patterns of anadromy. Moreover, little is known about the habitat use (e.g. temperature use and/or depth distribution) in relation to movement activity, especially during the overwintering freshwater residency period. An improved understanding of their behaviour in both freshwater and the marine environment will improve our understanding of how a cold-water specialist, such as Arctic charr, may respond to a changing climate, given the predicted and observed climate changes and existing hypotheses about its likely consequences for northern fishes. Accordingly, anadromous adult Arctic charr from two populations located near the southern end of the species distributional range have been studied in 2012, 2014 and 2015, to investigate the spatial and temporal patterns of habitat use in the nearshore marine and overwintering lake environments using passive acoustic and archival telemetry methods and a mixed effects modelling framework. Research has focussed on movement activity of anadromous Arctic charr while overwintering in freshwater lakes. Results showed that movement activity declined markedly during the ice-covered period, with low movement activity suggesting only opportunistic maintenance feeding as an energy conservation strategy. Movement activity was negatively correlated with body length, with smaller individuals being more active than larger conspecifics. Although general movement activity patterns were evident, there were significant differences among individuals, particularly in the spring immediately prior to lake departure. Lake size and individual differences in metabolic rate may account for some of this variation. Photoperiod strongly influenced the decline in movement activity in late autumn and, in combination with ice breakup, the increase in movement activity in spring. Arctic charr utilized a narrow temperature window (0.5-2ʻC) during the ice-covered period and used cooler temperatures available within the middle to upper water column. Use of the selected lower temperatures is indicative of a strategy to reduce metabolic costs and minimize energy expenditure, preserving stored lipids for overwinter survival and the energetic costs of preparation for seaward migration. As Arctic charr are visual feeders, use of the upper water column is thought to aid foraging efficiency by increasing the likelihood of prey capture. In addition to seasonal movement patterns, this thesis also focussed on diel activity patterns. Arctic charr were observed to display diurnal activity patterns throughout the overwinter residency period, likely driven by prey and light availability in the upper water column where daylight facilitates foraging efficiency by increasing the likelihood of prey capture. Movement activity increased as a function of temperature, except during winter, where cold-water temperatures associated with increased activity were likely a by-product of (opportunistic) feeding behaviour immediately below the ice. The utilization of warmer water temperatures when activity was reduced was thought to occur for the purpose of improving assimilation efficiencies in winter and preparing for outmigration during the ice breakup period. During the marine migration, Arctic charr utilized warmer ambient water temperatures available in the upper water column, possibly to aid in physiological processes such as digestion, whereas deeper depths were suggested to be used for feeding purposes. Size-dependent thermal preferences were evident, with larger individuals utilizing cooler water temperatures compared to smaller individuals, a pattern of temperature use suggestive of ontogenetic changes in thermal habitat use for the purpose of growth maximization. Diurnal patterns of diving activity were interpreted to reflect the vertical migration of prey items and/or to be related to the visual capabilities of Arctic charr as daytime feeding likely remains more profitable in terms of rapid food acquisition and minimization of foraging costs. Dive duration was dependent on body size with smaller individuals performing shorter dives to maintain their core temperature and abilities to both effectively capture prey and avoid predation. This thesis is the first to provide observations of movement activity and thermal habitat use in adult anadromous Arctic charr while overwintering in freshwater lakes, and to directly test and observe size-dependent thermal preferences in Arctic charr at sea. Together, the findings of this thesis have made an important contribution to the winter ecology and marine migration of anadromous adult Arctic charr and lays the foundation for assessing future climate change effects on Arctic charr populations in Canada and elsewhere.
Download or read book Survey of Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Variation in Arctic Char Salvelinus Alpinus L Mitochondrial DNA written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report summarises results of an examination of the utility of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) to detect genetic variability in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) among stocks of Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus). The report also includes laboratory protocols which have been adapted during the investigation. The researchers conducted a survey using 20 restriction endonuclease enzymes on 60 frozen samples of Arctic char from Lake Hazen, Craig Lake, and central Ellesmere Island in the Northwest Territories to determine the existence of polymorphisms in mtDNA and to assess whether RFLPs could be used to distinguish stocks in local geographical areas. A subset of five endonuclease enzymes was used to examine fresh samples of hatchery lineages of Arctic char originally from Storvatn in northern Norway, from Labrador, and from two locations in the Northwest Territories. This was done to increase the geographic area examined in the search for genetic variability.
Download or read book Population Structure Genetic Diversity and Dispersal of Anadromous Arctic Char Salvelinus Alpinus in Frobisher Bay Nunavut Inferred from Microsatellite Markers written by Jean-Sébastien Moore and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The genetic population structure of anadromous Arctic char from two river systems flowing into Frobisher Bay, Nunavut (the Sylvia Grinnell River and the Bay of Two Rivers) was investigated. A total of 495 individuals were genotyped at twelve microsatellite markers. Overall, our results support the presence of weak population structure among rivers in the Frobisher Bay region and suggest that the use of molecular tools to inform fishery management in this region may be helpful if appropriate sampling designs are implemented.
Download or read book Northern Pike of North America written by Hollie Johnson and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Northern Pike (Esox lucius) is an economically and ecologically valuable species with a circumpolar distribution across the Northern Hemisphere. Northern Pike have been shown to have low levels of genetic variation despite their great capacity to colonize new environments. Here, high-resolution resequencing data from 47 Northern Pike from across North America was used for SNP discovery and population analysis. Our analysis reveals an extraordinary lack of genetic variation among Northern Pike with observed heterozygosity (Ho) of just 0.0835. Our analyses suggest that two major groups of Northern Pike exist in North America that are separated by the North American Continental Divide. Genetic variation associated with the stratification of these two groups resides across the genome particularly in gene regions with multiple copy number variants and functions related to immunity, tissue permeability, and development. Northern Pike from Alaska and the Yukon River harbour about two times more heterozygosity than Northern Pike east of the Continental Divide with an average of one heterozygous SNP every 6,250 bases. Populations east of the Continental Divide possess a remarkable level of genetic homogenization with an average of just one heterozygous SNP every 16,500 bases. For comparison, an average of one heterozygous SNP per 309 bases was reported in herring (Martinez Barrio et al., 2016), one per 500 in Atlantic cod (Star et al., 2011), and one per 750 bases in Coho and chinook salmon (Koop, 2018). This is at least 5 - 10 fold less variation than is seen in humans (the 1000 Genomes Project Consortium, 2015). We observed a recently described master sex-determining gene, amhby, in three western North American populations but not in populations east of the Continental Divide. We could not resolve any signals indicating a genetic sex determination system was present in populations from southern Manitoba or the St. Lawrence River. This may indicate that environmental sex determination is at play in these populations. We found evidence of a possible female-heterozygous, male homozygous ZW-ZZ genetic sex-determination system in New Jersey Northern Pike. With the highest average of 181,268 heterozygous SNPs genome wide and the greatest Ho (0.3228) of all populations, as well as the presence of the sex-determining gene amhby indicate that Northern Pike from our Alaskan population are the oldest in North America. Fewer numbers of heterozygous SNPs (61,073), low Ho (0.0922), and the absence of amhby in Northern Pike east of the Continental Divide suggests that these are relatively young populations and are descended from a small founding population. These results imply that Northern Pike first came to North America through Beringia and colonized its North American range from there, possibly via pro-glacial lake formation and drainage. However, from the data herein it was not possible to trace how re-colonization occurred after the final retreat of glaciers at the end of the last ice age. This thesis provides a genetically high-resolution snapshot of Northern Pike population structure in North America. It demonstrates that organisms with largely homogenous genomes can be incredibly successful and resilient. Finally, it adds to the complex subject of sex determination in fish and provides insight into a sex determination system in transition.
