Download or read book Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Three Tree Species Across an Urban to Remnant Landscape Gradient written by Lindsay E. Darling and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Species Diversity and Genetic Diversity written by Mark Vellend and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Population Genetic Structure in Three Southwestern Riparian Tree Species written by Harry J. Spanglet and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book An Assessment of Genetic Diversity and Spatial Distribution of Cercis Canadensis L Eastern Redbud Using Microsatellite Loci written by Meher Afroze Ony and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cercis canadensis L. (Eastern Redbud) is a small, understory tree native to the eastern United States. This species is a popular deciduous shade tree that accounts for more than $27 million in the annual native tree and cultivar sales in the United States. Knowledge of the genetic diversity and spatial distribution of C. canadensis populations in their native range is currently limited. For this study, we estimated genetic diversity and determined the spatial structure of C. canadensis populations at a fine scale within the Tennessee-Georgia area, and at a broad scale across the native range of the species. We hypothesized that high genetic diversity and the presence of population structure of C. canadensis would be evident at both fine and broad-scale perspectives, due to the species’ wide range in observable morphological variation. For the fine-scale study, we utilized 15 microsatellite loci developed previously to determine genetic diversity and population structure of 174 individual, wild-type (open-pollinated) trees from 18 collection sites in Tennessee and Georgia. For the broad-scale study, we used 12 microsatellite loci to determine genetic diversity and spatial structure of 691 individual wild-type trees in 74 locations across 23 states. At both fine and broad scale, we detected two genetic clusters, high genetic diversity (He = 0.60 and He = 0.67, respectively), and moderate to high levels of genetic differentiation (FST = 0.14 and FST = 0.19, respectively) among C. canadensis populations. At both fine and broad scales, the majority of genetic variation were individually based (45.60%, P

Download or read book Molecular Genetic Diversity Among Natural Populations of Populus written by Mohamed Ismail and published by LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. This book was released on 2014-06-02 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Genetic diversity is a key factor in species survival, evolution, and adaptation. It also reveals species genetic structure and provides insights into how different demographic forces shape species genetic variability. Although, black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray) is the first tree to have its genome completely sequenced; however, information regarding its natural genetic diversity and population structure is lacking. This work investigates Black Cottonwood diversity and evolutionarily forces which affect its genetic diversity as compared to European Aspen.

Download or read book THE STATE OF THE WORLD s FOREST GENETIC RESOURCES written by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2018-05-25 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The publication was prepared based on information provided by 86 countries, outcomes from regional and subregional consultations and commissioned thematic studies. It includes: •an overview of definitions and concepts related to Forest Genetic Resources (FGR) and a review of their value; •a description of the main drivers of changes; •the presentation of key emerging technologies; •an analysis of the current status of FGR conservation, use and related developments; •recommendations addressing the challenges and needs. By the FAO Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.

Download or read book Natural and Anthropogenic Drivers of Tree Evolutionary Dynamics written by Brandon M. Lind and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Species of trees inhabit diverse and heterogeneous environments, and often play important ecological roles in such communities. As a result of their vast ecological breadth, trees have become adapted to various environmental pressures. In this dissertation I examine various environmental factors that drive evolutionary dynamics in three Pinus species in California and Nevada, USA. In chapter two, I assess the role of management influence of thinning, fire, and their interaction on fine-scale gene flow within fire-suppressed populations of Pinus lambertiana, a historically dominant and ecologically important member of mixed-conifer forests of the Sierra Nevada, California. Here, I find evidence that treatment prescription differentially affects fine-scale genetic structure and effective gene flow in this species. In my third chapter, I describe the development of a dense linkage map for Pinus balfouriana which I use in chapter four to assess the quantitative trait locus (QTL) landscape of water-use efficiency across two isolated ranges of the species. I find evidence that precipitation-related variables structure the geographical range of P. balfouriana, that traits related to water-use efficiency are heritable and differentiated across populations, and associated QTLs underlying this phenotypic variation explain large proportions of total variation. In chapter five, I assess evidence for local adaptation to the eastern Sierra Nevada rain shadow within P. albicaulis across fine spatial scales of the Lake Tahoe Basin, USA. Here, genetic variation of traits related to water availability were structured more so across populations than neutral variation, and loci identified by genome-wide association methods show elevated signals of local adaptation that track soil water availability. In chapter six, I review theory related to polygenic local adaptation and literature of genotype-phenotype associations in trees. I find that evidence suggests a polygenic basis for many traits important to conservation and industry, and I suggest paths forward to best describing such genetic bases in tree species. Overall, my results show that spatial and genetic structure of trees are often driven by their environment, and that ongoing selective pressures driven by environmental change will continue to be important in these systems.

Download or read book NEUTRAL AND ADAPTIVE GENETIC VARIATION IN NORTH AMERICAN HARDWOOD TREE SPECIES written by and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract : 'Northern Hardwoods,' are a characteristic composition of multiple tree species and a part of the rich and diverse northeastern forests. Hardwoods e.g. oaks (Quercus: Fagaceae and Sugar maple), serve as foundation species and offer ecological and economical gains to wildlife and humans. Most of the forest trees go through many biotic and abiotic stresses, for example climate change in their long life span. To overcome these threats and to adapt to changing conditions, tree species need to maintain variation especially in adaptive genes. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze genetic diversity within forest tree populations and take appropriate forest management practice decisions. Genetic tools, such as microsatellite markers developed using next generation DNA sequencing technologies, can be used to address these challenges. Here we report the development of nuclear microsatellite markers in one of the most important hardwood tree species, sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) (Chapter II). We also use genic microsatellite markers to study the introgression patterns of adaptive alleles in two interfertile red oak species, Quercus rubra and Quercus ellipsoidalis (Chapter III). Using the paired-end low coverage Illumina sequencing technology, we developed a set of seven nuclear microsatellite markers (nSSRs) in sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.). Initially, we screened 96 markers in a panel of six unrelated individuals, out of which seven markers produced polymorphic PCR products. These markers were utilized to analyze genetic variation and gene flow in one sugar maple population in an urban setting consisting of 48 individuals. Additionally, 96 seeds from one open pollinated adult tree were used for the gene flow analysis. In addition to these seven markers, we also tested six previously published microsatellites. Paternity analyses displayed effective dispersal of pollen in the sugar maple population with 76% of gene flow from outside the stand. There was no fine-scale genetic structure observed in this population, which also suggested effective dispersal of both seeds and pollen. To check the transferability of these markers to other Acer species, four individuals from each species of Acer rubrum L., Acer saccharinum L., Acer platanoides L., and Acer ginnala Maxim. were tested at these markers. All markers amplified PCR products in these four species. However, only two markers, AS47 and SM37, were locus-specific and polymorphic in one species (A. ginnala). These markers can serve as an important tool to study genetic variation patterns in sugar maple populations in the face of climate change. Quercus rubra L. and Q. ellipsoidalis E. J. Hill are two interfertile red oak species with different adaptations to drought. I have studied the introgression of adaptive microsatellite alleles at a CONSTANS-Like gene (COL) as a response to micro-environment between these two hybridizing species in two sympatric populations. My results indicated that divergent selection in contrasting environments resulted in high interspecific differentiation at COL. However, interspecific differentiation was lower in sympatric stands, where both species occur in similar environments. The introgression of allele 138 from Q. ellipsoidalis into Q. rubra was higher compared to introgression of allele 141 from Q. rubra into Q. ellipsoidalis in contrast to earlier studies in parapatric populations. My results suggest that the introgression of adaptive genes between two red oak species is strongly affected by environmental selection.

Download or read book Tree Population Dynamics at a Desert Springs Complex written by Sarah Lynne Karam and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The cumulative effects of the abiotic and biotic environment on plant distributions are inherently complex due to spatio-temporal variation. The overall objective of this dissertation was to examine the population processes and environmental conditions that control tree distributions at a desert springs complex. In chapter 1, I examined the efficacy and spatial pattern of coyote dispersal of Prosopis seeds. Analyses showed that digested seeds remained viable and were deposited in environments suitable for germination, but feces were not a suitable seed bed for seedling emergence. Consequently, seed dispersal by coyotes may act as a demographic bottleneck. In chapter 2, I examined the effects of water availability and salinity on seed germination, seedling emergence, and seedling survival using a series of controlled laboratory and field experiments to identify the fundamental niches of three dominant tree species. Experimental results showed that the effects of water availability and salinity were strong, but varied among species, ontogenetic stages, and experimental conditions. Physiological tolerances to these abiotic factors were lowest during early seedling survival, suggesting another demographic bottleneck. In chapter 3, I examined the effects of plant interactions along water and salinity gradients on seedling establishment in the context of the stress gradient hypothesis. Results of the field experiment showed that both herbaceous and woody vegetation ameliorated environmental stress, but the net outcome of plant interactions depended on species, ontogenetic stage, and the stress gradient. Facilitative effects were common during seedling emergence and early seedling survival, but net interactions shifted to competition and became more consistent along stress gradients as seedlings aged. In chapter 4, I examined spatial variation in the interactions between trees across Ash Meadows. I developed a map of individual trees using object-based classification of multispectral and LiDAR spatial data and examined spatial interactions between trees using local point pattern analysis. Results provided strong evidence that the importance of competition between trees varied spatially in association with water availability and temporally over tree lifetime. All together, this research illustrates the spatial and temporal complexity inherent in plant-environment interactions depending on species, ontogenetic stage, and the abiotic and biotic environment.

Download or read book Dissertation Abstracts International written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 1006 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Neotropical Diversification Patterns and Processes written by Valentí Rull and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-03-30 with total page 816 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a comprehensive overview of the patterns of biodiversity in various neotropical ecosystems, as well as a discussion on their historical biogeographies and underlying diversification processes. All chapters were written by prominent researchers in the fields of tropical biology, molecular ecology, climatology, paleoecology, and geography, producing an outstanding collection of essays, synthetic analyses, and novel investigations that describe and improve our understanding of the biodiversity of this unique region. With chapters on the Amazon and Caribbean forests, the Atlantic rainforests, the Andes, the Cerrado savannahs, the Caatinga drylands, the Chaco, and Mesoamerica – along with broad taxonomic coverage – this book summarizes a wide range of hypotheses, views, and methods concerning the processes and mechanisms of neotropical diversification. The range of perspectives presented makes the book a truly comprehensive, state-of-the-art publication on the topic, which will fascinate both scientists and general readers alike.

Download or read book Patterns of Street Tree Diversity and Density Across a Scocioeconomic Gradient in California Cities written by Lilian Chou and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Urbanization, the process of humans converting natural landscapes into developed areas, usually results in homogenized landscapes in cities. Many cities, despite differences in sizes and locations, plant, cultivate, and maintain urban forests. Previous studies have mapped urban forest tree canopies and explored the luxury effect hypothesis, which describes greater biodiversity in wealthier communities. Building on these findings, I tested the luxury effect with a focus on street trees, which are public resources planted in cities rights-of-way, and are a subcomponent of the total urban forest. I tested whether street tree total, density, diversity, and DBH varied across a socioeconomic gradient within six California cities: Anaheim, Berkeley, Los Angeles, Palo Alto, Pasadena, and San Francisco. I had two objectives for my analysis: (1) to quantify patterns of street tree distributions across cities, and (2) within cities. My second objective is designed to discern whether cities of varying sizes and management policies, influence street tree patterns. For my first objective, results show positive relationships between tree density and tree total to median income, but a negative relationship between tree species richness and median income. For my second objective, statistically significant results show positive relationships between median income and tree density and tree total, but show negative relationships between median income and tree species richness in all six cities. The resulting analyses generally support the luxury effect across cities (objective 1), with results within cities (objective 2) mirroring the across all cities analyses. In addition, analyzing patterns within cities reveals the differences between socioeconomic ranges within cities, indicating that urban foresters and other stakeholders should consider whether areas of high and low income are receiving equal treatment.

Download or read book Bats in the Anthropocene Conservation of Bats in a Changing World written by Christian C. Voigt and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-12-07 with total page 601 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on central themes related to the conservation of bats. It details their response to land-use change and management practices, intensified urbanization and roost disturbance and loss. Increasing interactions between humans and bats as a result of hunting, disease relationships, occupation of human dwellings, and conflict over fruit crops are explored in depth. Finally, contributors highlight the roles that taxonomy, conservation networks and conservation psychology have to play in conserving this imperilled but vital taxon. With over 1300 species, bats are the second largest order of mammals, yet as the Anthropocene dawns, bat populations around the world are in decline. Greater understanding of the anthropogenic drivers of this decline and exploration of possible mitigation measures are urgently needed if we are to retain global bat diversity in the coming decades. This book brings together teams of international experts to provide a global review of current understanding and recommend directions for future research and mitigation.

Download or read book Ecology and Conservation of Birds in Urban Environments written by Enrique Murgui and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-02-10 with total page 520 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides syntheses of ecological theories and overarching patterns of urban bird ecology that have only recently become available. The numerous habitats represented in this book ranges from rows of trees in wooded alleys, to wastelands and remnants of natural habitats encapsulated in the urban matrix. Authored by leading scientists in this emergent field, the chapters explore how the characteristics of the habitat in urban environments influence bird communities and populations at multiple levels of ecological organization and at different spatial and temporal scales, and how this information should be incorporated in urban planning to achieve an effective conservation of bird fauna in urban environments. Birds are among the most conspicuous and fascinating residents of urban neighborhoods and provide urban citizens with everyday wildlife contact all over the world. However, present urbanization trends are rapidly depleting their habitats, and thus knowledge of urban bird ecology is urgently needed if birds are to thrive in cities. The book is unique in its inclusion of examples from all continents (except Antarctica) in an effort to arrive at a more holistic perspective. Among other issues, the individual chapters address the censusing of birds in urban green spaces; the relationship between bird communities and the structure of urban green spaces; the role of exotic plant species as food sources for urban bird fauna; the influence of artificial light and pollutants on bird fauna; trends in long-term urban bird research, and transdisciplinary studies on bird sounds and their effects on humans. Several chapters investigate how our current knowledge of the ecology of urban bird fauna should be applied in order to achieve better management of urban habitats so as to achieve conservation of species or even increase species diversity. The book also provides a forward-looking summary on potential research directions. As such, it provides a valuable resource for urban ecologists, urban ecology students, landscape architects, city planners, decision makers and anyone with an interest in urban ornithology and bird conservation. Moreover, it provides a comprehensive overview for researchers in the fields of ecology and conservation of urban bird fauna.

Download or read book Urban Biodiversity and Design written by Norbert Muller and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2010-03-05 with total page 648 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With the continual growth of the world's urban population, biodiversity in towns and cities will play a critical role in global biodiversity. This is the first book to provide an overview of international developments in urban biodiversity and sustainable design. It brings together the views, experiences and expertise of leading scientists and designers from the industrialised and pre-industrialised countries from around the world. The contributors explore the biological, cultural and social values of urban biodiversity, including methods for assessing and evaluating urban biodiversity, social and educational issues, and practical measures for restoring and maintaining biodiversity in urban areas. Contributions come from presenters at an international scientific conference held in Erfurt, Germany 2008 during the 9th Conference of the Parties of the Convention on Biodiversity. This is also Part of our Conservation Science and Practice book series (with Zoological Society of London).

Download or read book Avian Ecology and Conservation in an Urbanizing World written by John M. Marzluff and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2001-09-30 with total page 608 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The twenty-seven contributions authored by leaders in the fields of avian and urban ecology present a unique summary of current research on birds in settled environments ranging from wildlands to exurban, rural to urban.

Download or read book Evolutionary Genetic Studies of Forest Trees written by Sandra Lucy Chiovitti and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In order to contribute to our understanding of the evolution of forest trees, the major structural life form of some of the most diverse ecosystems of the world, I conducted studies on (a) the genetic structure of Jack Pine (Pious banksiana) and (b) the phylogeny of the tropical tree family Dipterocarpaceae. Jack pine is one of the most widely distributed pine species in Canada and a valuable natural resource. The purpose of the present study was to examine the range-wide genetic diversity, population differentiation, inter-population migration, and genetic distances within Canada. The maritime populations were genetically distinct from the mainland populations. Genetic distance values for maritime populations ranged from 0.0504 to 0.0812 as compared to 0.0386 across all populations. The overall range-wide genetic structure of this species likely resulted from multiple refugia events. The members of the pantropical tree family Dipterocarpaceae dominate Asian rainforests, and are considered an excellent model to study the evolution of high tree species diversity characteristic of tropical rainforests. The objective of my study was to decipher the evolutionary relationships among dipterocarps using the partial sequences from the gene that codes nuclear 18S ribosomal RNA (N18S) sequence to determine the phylogenetic relationships within the Dipterocarpaceae. Although the level of polymorphism detected was relatively low, the overall phylogenetic relationships inferred from the N18S data were congruent with chromosome number of each group, where chromosome 7 is the derived state, and consistent with historical biogeographical events.