Download or read book Genetic Diversity and Combining Ability Analyses of Provitamin A Maize zea Mays L Inbred Lines for Drought Stress Tolerance written by Aleck Kondwakwenda and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Quantitative Genetics in Maize Breeding written by Arnel R. Hallauer and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-09-28 with total page 669 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Maize is used in an endless list of products that are directly or indirectly related to human nutrition and food security. Maize is grown in producer farms, farmers depend on genetically improved cultivars, and maize breeders develop improved maize cultivars for farmers. Nikolai I. Vavilov defined plant breeding as plant evolution directed by man. Among crops, maize is one of the most successful examples for breeder-directed evolution. Maize is a cross-pollinated species with unique and separate male and female organs allowing techniques from both self and cross-pollinated crops to be utilized. As a consequence, a diverse set of breeding methods can be utilized for the development of various maize cultivar types for all economic conditions (e.g., improved populations, inbred lines, and their hybrids for different types of markets). Maize breeding is the science of maize cultivar development. Public investment in maize breeding from 1865 to 1996 was $3 billion (Crosbie et al., 2004) and the return on investment was $260 billion as a consequence of applied maize breeding, even without full understanding of the genetic basis of heterosis. The principles of quantitative genetics have been successfully applied by maize breeders worldwide to adapt and improve germplasm sources of cultivars for very simple traits (e.g. maize flowering) and very complex ones (e.g., grain yield). For instance, genomic efforts have isolated early-maturing genes and QTL for potential MAS but very simple and low cost phenotypic efforts have caused significant and fast genetic progress across genotypes moving elite tropical and late temperate maize northward with minimal investment. Quantitative genetics has allowed the integration of pre-breeding with cultivar development by characterizing populations genetically, adapting them to places never thought of (e.g., tropical to short-seasons), improving them by all sorts of intra- and inter-population recurrent selection methods, extracting lines with more probability of success, and exploiting inbreeding and heterosis. Quantitative genetics in maize breeding has improved the odds of developing outstanding maize cultivars from genetically broad based improved populations such as B73. The inbred-hybrid concept in maize was a public sector invention 100 years ago and it is still considered one of the greatest achievements in plant breeding. Maize hybrids grown by farmers today are still produced following this methodology and there is still no limit to genetic improvement when most genes are targeted in the breeding process. Heterotic effects are unique for each hybrid and exotic genetic materials (e.g., tropical, early maturing) carry useful alleles for complex traits not present in the B73 genome just sequenced while increasing the genetic diversity of U.S. hybrids. Breeding programs based on classical quantitative genetics and selection methods will be the basis for proving theoretical approaches on breeding plans based on molecular markers. Mating designs still offer large sample sizes when compared to QTL approaches and there is still a need to successful integration of these methods. There is a need to increase the genetic diversity of maize hybrids available in the market (e.g., there is a need to increase the number of early maturing testers in the northern U.S.). Public programs can still develop new and genetically diverse products not available in industry. However, public U.S. maize breeding programs have either been discontinued or are eroding because of decreasing state and federal funding toward basic science. Future significant genetic gains in maize are dependent on the incorporation of useful and unique genetic diversity not available in industry (e.g., NDSU EarlyGEM lines). The integration of pre-breeding methods with cultivar development should enhance future breeding efforts to maintain active public breeding programs not only adapting and improving genetically broad-based germplasm but also developing unique products and training the next generation of maize breeders producing research dissertations directly linked to breeding programs. This is especially important in areas where commercial hybrids are not locally bred. More than ever public and private institutions are encouraged to cooperate in order to share breeding rights, research goals, winter nurseries, managed stress environments, and latest technology for the benefit of producing the best possible hybrids for farmers with the least cost. We have the opportunity to link both classical and modern technology for the benefit of breeding in close cooperation with industry without the need for investing in academic labs and time (e.g., industry labs take a week vs months/years in academic labs for the same work). This volume, as part of the Handbook of Plant Breeding series, aims to increase awareness of the relative value and impact of maize breeding for food, feed, and fuel security. Without breeding programs continuously developing improved germplasm, no technology can develop improved cultivars. Quantitative Genetics in Maize Breeding presents principles and data that can be applied to maximize genetic improvement of germplasm and develop superior genotypes in different crops. The topics included should be of interest of graduate students and breeders conducting research not only on breeding and selection methods but also developing pure lines and hybrid cultivars in crop species. This volume is a unique and permanent contribution to breeders, geneticists, students, policy makers, and land-grant institutions still promoting quality research in applied plant breeding as opposed to promoting grant monies and indirect costs at any short-term cost. The book is dedicated to those who envision the development of the next generation of cultivars with less need of water and inputs, with better nutrition; and with higher percentages of exotic germplasm as well as those that pursue independent research goals before searching for funding. Scientists are encouraged to use all possible breeding methodologies available (e.g., transgenics, classical breeding, MAS, and all possible combinations could be used with specific sound long and short-term goals on mind) once germplasm is chosen making wise decisions with proven and scientifically sound technologies for assisting current breeding efforts depending on the particular trait under selection. Arnel R. Hallauer is C. F. Curtiss Distinguished Professor in Agriculture (Emeritus) at Iowa State University (ISU). Dr. Hallauer has led maize-breeding research for mid-season maturity at ISU since 1958. His work has had a worldwide impact on plant-breeding programs, industry, and students and was named a member of the National Academy of Sciences. Hallauer is a native of Kansas, USA. José B. Miranda Filho is full-professor in the Department of Genetics, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz - University of São Paulo located at Piracicaba, Brazil. His research interests have emphasized development of quantitative genetic theory and its application to maize breeding. Miranda Filho is native of Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil. M.J. Carena is professor of plant sciences at North Dakota State University (NDSU). Dr. Carena has led maize-breeding research for short-season maturity at NDSU since 1999. This program is currently one the of the few public U.S. programs left integrating pre-breeding with cultivar development and training in applied maize breeding. He teaches Quantitative Genetics and Crop Breeding Techniques at NDSU. Carena is a native of Buenos Aires, Argentina. http://www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu/plantsci/faculty/Carena.htm

Download or read book Quantitative Genetics Genomics and Plant Breeding 2nd Edition written by Manjit S. Kang and published by CABI. This book was released on 2020-04-01 with total page 433 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents state-of-the-art, authoritative chapters on contemporary issues in the broad areas of quantitative genetics, genomics and plant breeding. Section 1 (Chapters 2 to 12) emphasizes the application of genomics, and genome and epigenome editing techniques, in plant breeding; bioinformatics; quantitative trait loci mapping; and the latest approaches of examining and exploiting genotype-environment interactions. Section 2 (Chapters 13 to 20) represents the intersection of breeding, genetics and genomics. This section describes the use of cutting-edge molecular breeding and quantitative genetics techniques in wheat, rice, maize, root and tuber crops and pearl millet. Overall, the book focuses on using genomic information to help evaluate traits that can combat biotic/abiotic stresses, genome-wide association mapping, high-throughput genotyping/phenotyping, biofortification, use of big data, orphan crops, and gene editing techniques. The examples featured are taken from across crop science research and cover a wide geographical base.

Download or read book Drought Tolerance Traits in Maize Zea Mays at the Early Vegetative Growth Stage written by Abdalla I. Ibrahim and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Early seedling vigor and juvenile vegetative growth are important traits that allow the strong establishment of plants and access to nutrients and water, providing competition against weeds, and allowing mechanical cultivation in production systems that do not use herbicides. Drought stress at this early growth stage may be lethal or damaging. We used to the plant Digital Biomass as predicted from digital images to track plant growth under both well-watered and water-stressed conditions. To achieve these goals, we developed a manual imaging system that allowed us to track the plant growth over a period of 32 days. We imaged 30,36 plants representing 449 inbred lines daily from 13 to 32 days after planting with both a top and a side image. The drought treatment started 23 days after planting by completely withholding water from the water-stress treatment. Using Integrated Analysis Platform (IAP) software, we extracted 137 traits from the images including plant architectural traits and color traits. Phenotypic analysis of several traits showed variability across inbreds. Digital Biomass, for example, showed a great variability across inbreds with a 6.6-fold difference at the beginning of the experiment. Digital Biomass, estimated from the top and side images, was shown to be a good measure of plant vigor and strongly correlated with plant shoot weight at harvest. Vigorous seedling utilized more water, reflecting their ability to take advantage of available resources. The value of image-based traits of young plants was evaluated as a predictive tool for adult phenotypes grown in the field. Weak to moderate correlations were obtained between Digital Biomass at the seedling stage, with r-squared values of -0.35, -0.31 for GDD to Anthesis, and GDD to Silking respectively. The correlation between early maize growth and flowering time may suggest a common genetic control of growth and development of both stages with some possible genes with pleiotropic effects. To identify genomic regions associated with the several phenotypic traits, we utilized a dataset of 436,576 SNP markers to conduct Genome-wide Association (GWAS) using the GAPIT package in R. Several candidate genes were identified for growth rate and total leaf area at specific growth stages, as well as for other correlated traits. GWAS of image-derived plant color traits detected genes associated with plant pigments such as anthocyanin and chlorophyll, which confirms earlier reports on the utility of plant imaging in identifying plant pigments. We wanted to test whether growth, as measured by Digital Biomass, was controlled by a fixed or a dynamic set of genes, so we carried out GWAS analysis of Digital Biomass for each day as a separate phenotype. Results have shown that variation for early vegetative growth in maize is controlled by a dynamic set of genes over time, highlighting the importance of repeated measurement over time in GWAS and QTL studies designed to characterize the genetic architecture of plant development. The analysis of the drought-stressed plants showed variability in different drought tolerance traits ranging from 1.2 to 12.2-fold difference. The several measured traits included traits such as 1) leaf expansion sensitivity to water content and traits related to the ability to recover after drought such as 2) surviving green tissue after drought stress, 3) water use efficiency, and 4) growth rate after recovery with. No or weak correlations were found between the plant's ability to tolerate drought and its ability to recover. Photosynthesis Efficiency measured as Fv/Fm on a subset of 140 plants at three time-points during drought stress, showed that photosynthetic efficiency is less sensitive to drought stress than leaf growth. The candidate genes identified in this study, as well as correlations with field agronomic traits, may provide an insight that helps future understanding of the genetic control of biomass-related traits under both well-watered and drought stress conditions.

Download or read book Advances in Cereal Crops Breeding written by Igor G Loskutov and published by Mdpi AG. This book was released on 2021-12-21 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Special Issue on 'Advances in Cereal Crops Breeding' comprises 10 papers covering a wide range of subjects, including the expression-level investigation of genes in terms of salinity stress adaptations and their relationships with proteomics in rice, the use of genetic analysis to assess the general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) in promising hybrids of maize, the use of DNA markers based on PCR in rice, the identification of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in wheat and simple sequence repeats (SSR) in rice, the use of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in cereals, and Nanopore direct RNA sequencing of related with LTR RNA retrotransposon in triticale prior to the genomic selection of heterotic maize hybrids.

Download or read book Estimation Of Genetic Parameters In Maize written by F. M. Ali Haydar and published by LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. This book was released on 2014-06-10 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The present study was carried out to obtain information about the performance of maize inbred lines, genetic diversity, gene action and assessment of the combining ability of parental lines and their F1s by using diallel fashion. Cob length, number of kernels/row and no. of grains/cob could be the important selection criteria in the improvement of maize lines and hybrids for higher grain yield. The average inter-cluster was always higher than the average intra-cluster distance suggesting wider genetic diversity among the inbred lines of the groups. From Wr-Vr graph it has been noticed that expression of dominant and recessive alleles in the parents was influenced by environment as the same parent showed different positions on graphs. From this study, it is concluded that parents with recessive and dominant genes can also contribute towards high yield. Only 5 crosses had higher grain yield. Of these crosses, P1xP2, P2xP5, P4xP5 and P5xP6 were considered promising hybrids and will be tested in yield trials for further evaluation.

Download or read book Combining Ability Estimates and Study of Genetic Diversity Among Maize Zea Mays L Inbred Lines Using Microsatellite Markers written by Mohd. Ashraf Bhat and published by . This book was released on with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Genetics Genomics and Breeding of Maize written by Ramakrishna Wusirika and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2014-08-05 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sequencing of the maize genome has opened up new opportunities in maize breeding, genetics and genomics research. This book highlights modern trends in development of hybrids, analysis of genetic diversity, molecular breeding, comparative and functional genomics, epigenomicsand proteomics in maize. The use of maize in biofuels, phytoremediation and

Download or read book GGE Biplot Analysis written by Weikai Yan and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2002-08-28 with total page 287 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Research data is expensive and precious, yet it is seldom fully utilized due to our ability of comprehension. Graphical display is desirable, if not absolutely necessary, for fully understanding large data sets with complex interconnectedness and interactions. The newly developed GGE biplot methodology is a superior approach to the graphical analys

Download or read book Biofortification of Food Crops written by Ummed Singh and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-01-22 with total page 489 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The chapters presented in this book ‘Biofortification of Food Crops’ depict how agricultural technological interventions have true role in alleviating malnutrition. This book highlights the role of multidisciplinary approaches to cope up with the challenges of micronutrient malnutrition or hidden hunger which is an alarming public health issue in most parts of the world including India. In this endeavour, different biofortification approaches such as agronomic (or ferti-fortification), breeding, biotechnological, physiological, microbial etc. has fulfilled their different mandates of nutrient enrichment of food crops including cereals and pulses. The contents of the book proves that biofortified plants have adequate potential to nourish nutrient depleted soils, help increase crop productivity and provide nutritional benefits to plants, humans and livestock. The content and quality of information presented in this book will definitely provide multiple novel ideas of advance techniques and will stimulate innovative thoughts and directions amongst researchers and policy makers in the field of biofortification. In addition, the contributions presented in the book will be a good source of background knowledge and technical know-how to educate the readers about biofortification. The authors hope that the book entitled “Biofortification of Food Crops” would provide a suitable platform in our collective efforts for an appropriate dialogue among the scientists, researchers, entrepreneurs, policy makers and farmers in reducing the budding issues of malnutrition through novel approaches and means.

Download or read book Genomic Designing of Climate Smart Cereal Crops written by Chittaranjan Kole and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-02-28 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book highlights modern methods and strategies to improve cereal crops in the era of climate change, presenting the latest advances in plant molecular mapping and genome sequencing. Spectacular achievements in the fields of molecular breeding, transgenics and genomics in the last three decades have facilitated revolutionary changes in cereal- crop-improvement strategies and techniques. Since the genome sequencing of rice in 2002, the genomes of over eight cereal crops have been sequenced and more are to follow. This has made it possible to decipher the exact nucleotide sequence and chromosomal positions of agroeconomic genes. Most importantly, comparative genomics and genotyping-by-sequencing have opened up new vistas for exploring available biodiversity, particularly of wild crop relatives, for identifying useful donor genes.

Download or read book The Potato Crop written by Hugo Campos and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-12-03 with total page 524 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is open access under a CC BY 4.0 license. This book provides a fresh, updated and science-based perspective on the current status and prospects of the diverse array of topics related to the potato, and was written by distinguished scientists with hands-on global experience in research aspects related to potato. The potato is the third most important global food crop in terms of consumption. Being the only vegetatively propagated species among the world’s main five staple crops creates both issues and opportunities for the potato: on the one hand, this constrains the speed of its geographic expansion and its options for international commercialization and distribution when compared with commodity crops such as maize, wheat or rice. On the other, it provides an effective insulation against speculation and unforeseen spikes in commodity prices, since the potato does not represent a good traded on global markets. These two factors highlight the underappreciated and underrated role of the potato as a dependable nutrition security crop, one that can mitigate turmoil in world food supply and demand and political instability in some developing countries. Increasingly, the global role of the potato has expanded from a profitable crop in developing countries to a crop providing income and nutrition security in developing ones. This book will appeal to academics and students of crop sciences, but also policy makers and other stakeholders involved in the potato and its contribution to humankind’s food security.

Download or read book Combining Ability Association Mapping and Genomic Predictions for Provitamin a Carotenoid Concentrations in Tropical Maize Zea Mays L written by and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Developing biofortified maize cultivars is a promising approach to overcome the widespread problem of vitamin A deficiency in the developing world. The objectives of a first study were to: (1) evaluate whether molecular marker-based genetic distance separation of maize lines into heterotic groups results in heterosis among groups that could further be developed into a useful heterotic pattern, and (2) assess gene action (general and specific combining ability, GCA and SCA) for grain yield and provitamin A concentrations among inbred lines representing putative heterotic groups. A second, association mapping study was conducted to (3) identify genes and genic regions controlling variation for carotenoid concentrations, (4) use additive linear models of selected SNP markers to predict carotenoid concentrations of lines in breeding programs, and (5) assess the suitability of association mapping analysis models using four association mapping panels. To address objectives (1) and (2), 21 lines were crossed following a modified North Carolina Design II with six sets, where sets 1-3 contained crosses between putative heterotic groups, and sets 4-6 were crosses within groups. The resultant 152 hybrids were evaluated in two-replicate trials at four environments in Mexico. Significant but small yield advantage of among versus within putative heterotic group crosses (0.4 Mg ha-1, P0.05) confirmed that genetic distance can be useful, but that further breeding work would be needed to develop these groups into a useful heterotic pattern. GCA effects were significant for both provitamin A concentration and grain yield, whereas SCA effects were significant only for grain yield, indicating that provitamin A concentration is controlled primarily by additive gene action. For objectives (3) and (4), association mapping identified the zeaxanthin epoxidase gene (R2=0.14), and a significant marker (R2=0.10) located close to the [beta]-carotene hydroxylase gene, CrtRB1, as important regions determining carotenoid phenotypes. Additive linear models using selected SNPs accurately predicted carotenoid concentrations of maize lines (r=0.8, P

Download or read book Hybrid Cultivar Development written by S.S. Banga and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1998-10-13 with total page 570 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Heterosis breeding based on male sterility has become established in many field crops and has been credited with high productivity. This book presents an update on the advent and promise of hybrids with comprehensive coverage of theoretical and applied aspects of heterosis breeding. Its principal elements are the hybrid advantage, pollination control mechanisms and finally the production of hybrid seeds. Individual crop specialists present in-depth analyses of intricacies involved in the development of hybrids of rice, wheat, maize, barley, pearl millet, sorghum, cotton, sunflower, rapeseed-mustard, castor, pigeonpea, tomato, onion, cole crops, peppers, and melon. The book will be used by researchers, teachers and students of botany, genetics, horticulture and plant breeding.

Download or read book Genetic Variability and the Inheritance of Aluminum Tolerance in Maize Zea Mays L written by Ricardo Magnavaca and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 135 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Maize genotypes were grown in nutrient solutions with different levels of Al and P to study genetic variability and the inheritance of Al tolerance. Brazilian inbred lines evaluated on acid soils of that country were substantially more tolerant than American lines when grown in nutrient solutions with added Al. responses of inbred lines to Al levels were found to be affected by the P level in the nutrient solution. The inheritance of Al tolerance was studied in nutrient solutions with 185 uM Al and 45 uM P. Root lengths of generations (P1, P2, F1; F2, BC1 and BC2) derived from crosses between tolerant and montolerant inbred lines showed that additive gene effects explained most of the genetic variation for Al tolerance. Dominance effects accounted for abouthalf as much variation as did additive effects. Epistasis effects were small compared to the others. The frequency distributions of plants within the F2 generations were found to be continous, unimodal and typical for a quantitatively inheritance trait, with a general tendency for montolerance to be dominat over tolerance. In a diallel cross among inbred lines, the analysis of F1 crosses indicated that the variance for general combining ability explained most of the variation, but specific combining ability was always statistically significant. The original Brazilian population "Composto Amplo" and the fourth cycle of selection of grain in an acid soil that country were compared at different Al levels in nutrient solution. Root lengths of the original (...).

Download or read book The Maize Genome written by Jeffrey Bennetzen and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-11-24 with total page 390 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book discusses advances in our understanding of the structure and function of the maize genome since publication of the original B73 reference genome in 2009, and the progress in translating this knowledge into basic biology and trait improvement. Maize is an extremely important crop, providing a large proportion of the world’s human caloric intake and animal feed, and serving as a model species for basic and applied research. The exceptionally high level of genetic diversity within maize presents opportunities and challenges in all aspects of maize genetics, from sequencing and genotyping to linking genotypes to phenotypes. Topics covered in this timely book range from (i) genome sequencing and genotyping techniques, (ii) genome features such as centromeres and epigenetic regulation, (iii) tools and resources available for trait genomics, to (iv) applications of allele mining and genomics-assisted breeding. This book is a valuable resource for researchers and students interested in maize genetics and genomics.

Download or read book Maize Germplasm written by Mohamed A. El-Esawi and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2018-05-09 with total page 102 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Maize is an important staple food crop worldwide. It is the third most important cereal crop after wheat and rice and is economically used for both livestock feeds and human consumption. The latest maize research has opened up new opportunities for crop improvement. This book brings together recent work and advances that have recently been made in the dynamic fields of genetic characterization, molecular breeding, genetic engineering technologies, and mapping of agronomic traits of global maize germplasm. It also provides new insights into and sheds new light regarding the current research trends and future research directions in maize. This book will provoke interest in many readers, researchers, and scientists, who can find this information useful for the advancement of their research works toward maize improvement.