Download or read book Genetic Analysis of Insulin and Insulin Like Growth Factor 1 Signaling in the Central Nervous System written by Linda Koch and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 115 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Genetic Analysis of Insulin and Insulin Like Growth Factor 1 Signaling in the Central Vervous System written by Linda Koch and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Insulin Insulin like Growth Factors and Their Receptors in the Central Nervous System written by Mohan Raizada and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 357 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Traditionally, intercellular communication and the regulation of biological functions of the body have been considered the role of two major and distinct systems: the nervous system and the endocrine system. The classic nervous system transmitted its signal rapidly by using electrical currents, whereas the signals used by the endocrine system were hormones produced by endocrine glands which reached the target tissues via the blood stream. During the past few decades, it has become apparent that these systems of intercellular com munication are not distinct and the signal messenger molecules are not unique to one or the other system. Many classic endocrine hormones are found in and act on nervous tissues and evidence exists for their de novo synthesis by neural related tissues. An exciting development in this area is the possibility that insulin and insulin-like growth factors (IGF) are not only produced by neural tissues but also exert profound physiological and biochemical effects on these tissues. The area of investigation of CNS insulin and IGF has been expanding rapidly and the availability of this book complete with up-to-date reviews on the subject by leaders in the field allows other scientists to utilize the knowledge in planning and adapting the latest ideas for future experiments. In addition, the book provides a collection of up-to-date articles for teachers to be used for the latest instructional material. The first section of the book covers general aspects of insulin receptors and insulin action.

Download or read book The Role of Insulin like Growth Factors in the Nervous System written by Mohan K. Raizada and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume discusses various aspects of the insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), their binding proteins and receptors. The emphasis is on identification of these important growth factors in the nervous system and their potential role in nervous tissue physiology. The IFGs are compared to other growth factors that are important in the nervous system, including nerve growth factor.

Download or read book Molecular Biology and Physiology of Insulin and Insulin Like Growth Factors written by Derek LeRoith and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 528 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume addresses a fundamental puzzle in biology and medicine, namely, how does tissue develop, repair and replace itself. The answer appears to lie in growth factors and their regulation. To thrive and survive we need growth factors and this book concentrates on two factors that are related to growth hormone. Growth hormone does not act directly on all tissues, but mediates many of its actions through the release of insulin-like growth factors from the liver. The growth factors were originally called somatomedins by McConaghey and Sledge (1), who discovered that they mediated growth-like effects of growth hormone. However, the factors were purified on the basis of their insulinomimetic actions on fat and muscle and it is their relationship to the insulin family of pep tides that now gives them their name (2,3) of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs). They mediate the actions of. growth hormone on the proteoglycan synthesis of cartilage and produce mitogenic effects in fibroblast cultures.

Download or read book Insulin Receptor Substrate Signaling in the Central Nervous System written by Susanna Freude and published by Nova Science Publishers. This book was released on 2010 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent advance in molecular biology revealed new insights into the function of insulin receptor signalling and insulin receptor substrate (IRS) protein mediated signals in the central nervous system (CNS) in vivo. The IRS proteins mediate mainly intracellular effects of the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) and the insulin receptor (IR). The functions of IRS proteins in peripheral tissues like muscle, liver, pancreas and fat have been characterised in detail. This book examines why IRS signalling is not only critical during brain development, but also for reproduction, energy homeostasis, ageing and possibly for neurodegenerative diseases in humans.

Download or read book Treatment of Neurodevelopmental Disorders written by Randi Jenssen Hagerman and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2014 with total page 401 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This cutting-edge book brings advances in genetics, neurobiology, and psychopharmacology to the clinic to enhance treatment for neurodevelopmental disorders. Significant progress has been made in identifying the neurobiological mechanisms of several disorders and targeted treatments are modifying the outcome of these disorders. However, the ability to utilize this knowledge has not been summarized in one place for the practicing clinician. This book will fill that gap by providing the theoretical underpinnings and the latest advances in targeted treatments. Several neurodevelopmental disorders are reviewed in detail including clinical features and behavioral phenotypes, standard treatments and new targeted treatments based on the latest advances in neurobiology and the animal model studies that have lead to new treatments. The disorders covered include psychiatric disorders: schizophrenia, depression, autism and ADHD; single gene disorders including Tuberous Sclerosis, Fragile X Syndrome and fragile X- associated disorders, Angelman Syndrome, PKU, and Muscular Dystrophies; and complex genetic disorders such as Down syndrome. This book also highlights the commonalities across disorders and new genetic and molecular concepts in an easy to read format. This is a very exciting time for new targeted treatments and this volume is a landmark treatise on this new age of treatment.

Download or read book Brain Insulin like Growth Factor 1 Receptor and Insulin Receptor in Metabolism and Reproduction written by Mengjie Wang and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 181 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and insulin exert biological effects through highly homologous tyrosine kinase receptors, which are ubiquitously expressed in rodents. During the last two decades, substantial progress has been made in understanding the role of IGF-1 and insulin signaling in the brain. Major progress has been made in identifying differences of IGF-1 and insulin signaling in the brain and understanding the phenotypic discrepancies of disruptions of the IGF-1 receptors (IGF1Rs) and insulin receptors (IRs) in the brain. Metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes are global public health crises. Moreover, perturbations of metabolism cause various reproductive diseases such as abnormal puberty onset, irregular estrus cycle, altered ovarian function, infertility and reproductive system cancers. Thus, understanding and deciphering brain IGF1R and IR signaling are crucial to current research and crucial for potential therapeutic interventions for metabolic and reproductive diseases. Neurons are the fundamental units of the brain and carry out distinct functions, which raises another challenge -- understanding the role of a given subset of neurons. Two subsets of neurons-leptin receptor (LepRb) neuron and kisspeptin (Kiss1) neuron have drawn my attention due to their distinct activities in metabolism and reproduction respectively. Current technique Cre/loxP system enables conditional suppression of gene expression in distinct subsets of neurons of interest. We used this technique to generate transgenic mice to study the role of IGF1R and IR signaling in LepRb neurons and Kiss1 neurons. Chapter 1 gives a review of metabolic and reproductive function of IGF1R and IR, and a central control of metabolism and reproduction by LepRb neurons and Kiss1 neurons. By characterizing reproductive and metabolic phenotype of mice lacking IGF1Rs and/or IRs exclusively in LepRb neurons (IGF1RLepRb mice and IGF1R/IRLepRb mice), we found that IGF1RLepRb and IGF1R/IRLepRb mice experienced growth retardation, delayed puberty and impaired fertility. Male mice had decreased gonadotropin and testosterone levels, impaired testicular histology, suggesting direct disruptions of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Interestingly, female reproductive hormones were normal at 4 weeks of age, while IGF1R/IRLepRb showed elevated gonadotropin and decreased follicle counts compared to female IGF1RLepRb or control mice. The decreased serum growth hormone (GH) and IGF-1 levels in male IGF1RLepRb mice demonstrates communication between LepRb neurons and the GH/IGF-1 axis. Our findings highlight the importance of IGF1R in LepRb neurons in the regulation of body growth, puberty and fertility (Chapter 2). In Chapter 3, we found female IGF1RLepRb mice had decreased body weight and food intake accompanied by increased VO2, physical activity, and thermogenic gene expression in brown adipose tissue (BAT). These effects were sexually dimorphic; IGF1R signaling was not critical in regulating body weight, food intake or glucose homeostasis in male mice. Interestingly, IGF1R/IRLepRb mice showed dramatically increased fat mass percentage and insulin insensitivity compared to either IGF1RLepRb or control mice. In sum, loss of IGF1R in LepRb neurons confers resistance to obesity due to increased energy expenditure (EE), showing IGF1R signaling is obesogenic. These effects diminished in IGF1R/IRLepRb mice due to decreased EE and physical activity and increased lipid storage in BAT, suggesting IR signaling in LepRb neurons has an overall protective effect against obesity. Thus, our findings provide novel evidence that IGF1R and IR signaling in LepRb neurons interact and provide counterbalancing effects on the regulation of body composition and insulin sensitivity. Kiss1 neurons express LepRbs; however, we have shown that leptin's effects on puberty in mice do not require Kiss1 neurons. But we do not know whether the effects of IGF1R and IR signaling require Kiss1 neurons. To answer this question, we have now generated transgenic mice lacking IGF1Rs and/or IRs exclusively in Kiss1 neurons (IGF1RKiss1 mice and IGFR/IRKiss1 mice) (Chapter 4). We found that IGF1RKiss1 mice experienced decreased body weight, body length, delayed pubertal development and decreased litter size. Surprisingly, these parameters were comparable between the IGF1RKiss1 and IGF1R/IRKiss1 mice. These results indicate IGF1R signaling in Kiss1 neurons is the major driver of effects on body weight, body length and adult fertility. Notably, IGF1R/IRKiss1 mice had significantly increased fat mass, decreased physical activity and disrupted glucose homeostasis, which suggest IGF1R and IR may have compensatory effects in the regulation of fat mass, physical activity and glucose homeostasis. In summary, IGF1R and IR signaling in Kiss1 neurons have unique and cooperative roles in regulating metabolic and reproductive functions. The reproductive axis is linked to nutritional status. Previous chapters demonstrated that undernutrition (decreased food intake and body weight) was associated with reproductive dysfunctions, in Chapter 5 we discussed the role of overnutrition in reproduction. Recent work shows that gut microbial dysbiosis contributes to the risk of obesity in children whose mothers consume a high fat diet during both gestation and lactation or gestation alone. Obesity predisposes children to developing early puberty. However, to date, no study has examined how maternal high-fat-diet (MHFD) during lactation regulates pubertal timing, and fertility of children. Here, we found MHFD during lactation markedly altered the gut microbiota of dams and offspring. This outcome was associated with juvenile obesity, early puberty, and irregular estrous cycles. We also found that MHFD induced early puberty may be mediated by increased IGF-1 signaling. Moreover, MHFD during lactation disrupted glucose and energy homeostasis. Remarkably, permitting coprophagia between MHFD and maternal normal chow offspring successfully reversed early puberty and insulin insensitivity. Our data suggest that microbial reconstitution may prevent or treat early puberty and insulin insensitivity. In summary, this dissertation 1) dissected the crucial role of IGF1R and IR signaling in metabolism and reproduction in distinct subsets of neurons; 2) demonstrated IGF1R signaling in both LepRb and Kiss1 neurons plays a dominant role in the regulation of puberty, fertility and growth; 4) IGF1R and IR signaling in both LepRb neurons and Kiss1 neurons have compensatory roles in the regulation of body composition and glucose homeostasis; 5) finally, demonstrated MHFD during lactation is crucial to metabolic and reproductive health of offspring, which is mediated via modulation of gut microbiota.

Download or read book Mechanisms of Insulin Action written by Alan R. Saltiel and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-10-05 with total page 223 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: More than 18 million people in the United States have diabetes mellitus, and about 90% of these have the type 2 form of the disease. This book attempts to dissect the complexity of the molecular mechanisms of insulin action with a special emphasis on those features of the system that are subject to alteration in type 2 diabetes and other insulin resistant states. It explores insulin action at the most basic levels, through complex systems.

Download or read book Holland Frei Cancer Medicine written by Robert C. Bast, Jr. and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-03-10 with total page 2004 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine, Ninth Edition, offers a balanced view of the most current knowledge of cancer science and clinical oncology practice. This all-new edition is the consummate reference source for medical oncologists, radiation oncologists, internists, surgical oncologists, and others who treat cancer patients. A translational perspective throughout, integrating cancer biology with cancer management providing an in depth understanding of the disease An emphasis on multidisciplinary, research-driven patient care to improve outcomes and optimal use of all appropriate therapies Cutting-edge coverage of personalized cancer care, including molecular diagnostics and therapeutics Concise, readable, clinically relevant text with algorithms, guidelines and insight into the use of both conventional and novel drugs Includes free access to the Wiley Digital Edition providing search across the book, the full reference list with web links, illustrations and photographs, and post-publication updates

Download or read book A Time for Metabolism and Hormones written by Paolo Sassone-Corsi and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-04-04 with total page 141 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent years have seen spectacular advances in the field of circadian biology. These have attracted the interest of researchers in many fields, including endocrinology, neurosciences, cancer, and behavior. By integrating a circadian view within the fields of endocrinology and metabolism, researchers will be able to reveal many, yet-unsuspected aspects of how organisms cope with changes in the environment and subsequent control of homeostasis. This field is opening new avenues in our understanding of metabolism and endocrinology. A panel of the most distinguished investigators in the field gathered together to discuss the present state and the future of the field. The editors trust that this volume will be of use to those colleagues who will be picking up the challenge to unravel how the circadian clock can be targeted for the future development of specific pharmacological strategies toward a number of pathologies.

Download or read book Physiological Consequences of Brain Insulin Action written by André Kleinridders and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2022-09-06 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The brain is crucial for the regulation of whole-body metabolism and behavior. The pancreas-derived hormone insulin modulates brain function and affects energy metabolism as well as cognition. This is partially achieved by modulating several types of brain cell populations including those relevant to satiety and reward. Importantly, brains of Alzheimer ́s disease patients exhibit a signature of brain insulin resistance with perturbed brain metabolism. This book will cover the basics of insulin signaling in the brain and will describe concepts of insulin resistance, a feature of type 2 diabetes. Moreover insulin ́s effect on cognitive function will be pointed out and the association between brain insulin resistance and neurodegenerative diseases discussed. Additionally, potential behavioral and pharmacological concepts which can affect brain insulin signaling will be summarized. Key Features: Summarizes insulin and the closely related IGF-1 receptor signaling Depicts concepts of insulin resistance Highlights the importance of conserved brain insulin signaling for brain function, metabolism, and behavior Describes potential behavioral and pharmacological approaches to support brain insulin signaling

Download or read book Receptor Tyrosine Kinases Family and Subfamilies written by Deric L. Wheeler and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-07-31 with total page 888 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book devotes a chapter to each RTK family and the multiple receptors within each family, thoroughly covering all of the RTKs. The chapters all follow the same structure, presenting this essential information in an accessible and user-friendly format. Each chapter covers one specific family of receptors and begins with a general introduction to that family and a comprehensive discussion of that receptor’s family in development and human disease. Following are in-depth analyses of each family’s receptors with discussions on the gene, protein, ligands, activation, and signaling pathways along with discussion of receptor processing and signal attenuation. Further, cross talk with other receptors systems, post-translational modification and specific unique characteristics to each RTK are discussed. Because it isolates and explains each family, this book is an essential companion volume to Receptor Tyrosine Kinases: Structure, Functions and Role in Human Disease, by the same authors, which talks about RTKs more generally and without the family-by-family detail.

Download or read book Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology written by Abel Lajtha and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-06-06 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The nervous system is highly fragile, especially during aging, illness and trauma. This book addresses a small sampling of major constituents of neural function at the cellular and molecular level that play crucial roles in development and aging.

Download or read book The Somatotrophic Axis in Brain Function written by Fred Nyberg and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2005-12-12 with total page 365 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The somatotropic axis is one of the major hormonal systems regulating postnatal growth in mammals. It interacts with the central nervous system on several levels. Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) receptors are expressed in many brain areas including the hippocampus, pituitary and hypothalamus. GH and IGF-I are important factors in the development and differentiation of the CNS and have protective properties in dementia, as well as in traumatic and ischaemic injury of the CNS. Also GH has an important impact on mood and well-being with GH secretory capacity being reduced in depression.This volume will include chapters (1) on basic knowledge on GH/IGF-1, (2) on localization of GH/IGF-1 and their receptors in the CNS, including blood brain barrier transport of both hormones, (3) on actions of the two hormones on CNS function (basic science), (4) on clinical aspects of GH/IGF-1 in relation to various CNS functions and disorders, and finally (5) on some future perspectives in this area of science. Contents are well balanced and cover a variety of relevant topics from basic to clinical researchInternational selection of authors, with a good representation of the research on growth hormonesA timely publication which will be useful to scientists in both basic and clinical research

Download or read book Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Genetics written by Giuseppe Attardi and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1995 with total page 590 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The critically acclaimed laboratory standard for forty years, Methods in Enzymology is one of the most highly respected publications in the field of biochemistry. Since 1955, each volume has been eagerlyawaited, frequently consulted, and praised by researchers and reviewers alike. More than 250 volumes have been published (all of them still in print) and much of the material is relevant even today--truly an essential publication for researchers in all fields of life sciences. Key Features * Structural and functional analysis of oxidative phosphorylation complexes * Import of proteins and RNA into mitochondria * Ion and metabolite transport systems in mitochondria * Biophysical methods for mitochondrial function analysis * Mitochondrial inheritance and turnover.

Download or read book Receptor Tyrosine Kinases Structure Functions and Role in Human Disease written by Deric L. Wheeler and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-11-26 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Receptor Tyrosine Kinase: Structure, Functions and Role in Human Disease, for the first time, systematically covers the shared structural and functional features of the RTK family. Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs) play critical roles in embryogenesis, normal physiology and several diseases. And over the last decade they have become the Number 1 targets of cancer drugs. To be able to conduct fundamental research or to attempt to develop pharmacological agents able to enhance or intercept them, it is essential first to understand the evolutionary origin of the 58 RTKs and their roles in invertebrates and in humans, as well as downstream signaling pathways. The assembly of chapters is written by experts and underscores commonalities between and among the RTKs. It is an ideal companion volume to The Receptor Tyrosine Kinase: Families and Subfamilies, which proceeds, family by family through all of the specific subfamilies of RTKs, along with their unique landmarks.