Download or read book Gender and Racial Identity Smoking Norms and Smoking Behaviors Among College Aged African American Women written by Shelly A Thornton and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: African American women smoke less than their gender and racial counterparts, yet they face higher risk for smoking-related disease development, disease mortality, and poorer disease related quality of life. Therefore, it is important to identify factors that may contribute to or protect against smoking initiation within this population. Social Identity Theory (SIT) may offer a framework for understanding gender and racial influences on smoking. SIT posits that individuals strengthen their sense of belonging with social groups by adopting sets of normative perceptions, attitudes, values, and behaviors. Prior research has established associations between gender and racial identity, normative perceptions of smoking, and smoking behavior, therefore smoking may be a behavior that reinforces gender and racial identity. Female gender seems to be protective across the developmental continuum, however African American cultural influences on smoking seem to function differently. In adolescence, racial identity seems to protect against smoking, but mixed findings from research studies with adults show variable results with racial identity appearing to be a risk factor for smoking in some results and a protective factor in other results, and this may be related to changing normative perceptions of smoking for African Americans from adolescence to adulthood. To date, the research examining the aforementioned links between gender and racial identity, perceived smoking norms, and smoking behavior can be characterized as preliminary. Existing research also lacks a potential unifying theory and measurement, particularly of gender and racial identity, and has been limited in terms of comprehensiveness and comparability across gender and racial domains. This thesis sought to examine gender and racial influences on smoking behavior in a sample of African American college-aged women guided by the SIT theoretical framework. More specifically, this study sought to (1) comprehensively measure gender and racial identity domains and compare strengths of identity across these two domains, (2) examine perceived gender and racial smoking norms, (3) determine whether gender and racial identity predict smoking behavior, (4) determine whether gender and race-related smoking norms predict smoking behavior, and (5) examine links between gender identity and gender-related smoking norms and links between racial identity and race-related smoking norms. A total of 168 African American undergraduate women completed an online survey that assessed multiple dimensions of gender and racial identity, normative perceptions of smoking for gender and race, and smoking behavior. On average, participants reported strong, positive feelings towards being women and African American. They also reported that smoking is less typical among the narrower reference group of their female, African American friends, but more typical among the broader reference groups of women in general and African Americans in general. Overall, smoking was perceived to be more normative for African Americans than for women. While the full model of SIT was not supported in terms of the influence of gender or racial identity on norms and smoking, results suggest that having strong positive feelings associated with one's identity as a woman may have a marginal influence on smoking behavior. Overall, smoking behavior among African American women was not strongly influenced by gender or racial identity and may be best understood in relation to gender- and race-related smoking norms. Clinical implications of these findings and future directions for research are discussed.

Download or read book Preventing Tobacco Use Among Youth and Young Adults written by and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 22 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This booklet for schools, medical personnel, and parents contains highlights from the 2012 Surgeon General's report on tobacco use among youth and teens (ages 12 through 17) and young adults (ages 18 through 25). The report details the causes and the consequences of tobacco use among youth and young adults by focusing on the social, environmental, advertising, and marketing influences that encourage youth and young adults to initiate and sustain tobacco use. This is the first time tobacco data on young adults as a discrete population have been explored in detail. The report also highlights successful strategies to prevent young people from using tobacco.

Download or read book Examining Social Norm Beliefs about Traditional Cigarettes and Electronic Cigarettes Among U S Sexual Minority College Students written by Darrien Adam James Skinner and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Objective: Sexual Minority (SM) young adults, 18 – 24 year olds who identify their sexuality as anything other than heterosexual, are one minority that is well documented to have higher tobacco use rates than heterosexual young adults. However, very little research examines the social norm beliefs associated with smoking cigarettes or vaping electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS; commonly referred to as e-cigarettes, JUULs, vape pens, etc.), held by the SM college age population compared to heterosexual peers. The purpose of the present study was to determine if 1) SM young adults have more favorable social norms about cigarette and ENDS use than heterosexual peers and 2) if social norms account for, or potentially mediate, the disparity in cigarette and ENDS use in SM young adults. More accepting injunctive and descriptive social norms were each hypothesized to explain, or mediate, the association between SM identity and subsequent cigarette or ENDS use. Methods: In spring 2018, online surveys were administered via email to college students at seventeen public universities in Texas; 10,213 18-24 year old young adults (M age = 20.4; 64.6% female sex assigned at birth; 48.3% Hispanic, 27.5% non-Hispanic White, 7.2% non- Hispanic Black, 12.7% non-Hispanic Asian, and 4.2% other race/ethnicity) met criteria to be included in this study. Surveys assessed current/past-30 day tobacco use behavior (cigarettes and ENDS), SM identity, injunctive normative perceptions of tobacco use (perceived acceptability of behavior), and descriptive normative perceptions of tobacco use (perceived peer behavior). Path analysis was used to determine if the potential association between SM status and current cigarette or ENDS use is mediated by social norm perceptions (injunctive norms and descriptive norms) about cigarette or ENDS use. Separate models were examined for current cigarette use and for current ENDS use. Results: SM young adults reported higher prevalence of cigarette and ENDS use, and more accepting injunctive norm beliefs about cigarette or ENDS use than their heterosexual peers. There were no differences between the two groups on descriptive norm beliefs. Results from path analyses indicated that only injunctive norm beliefs about cigarette or ENDS use significantly mediated the associations between SM identity and current cigarette or ENDS use, respectively, while controlling for age, sex, race and other tobacco product use. Descriptive norm beliefs were significantly associated with current cigarette or ENDS use, but SM status was not associated with descriptive norm beliefs. Conclusion: Findings from this study suggest that it is important to address tobacco use among the SM young adult population. Tobacco prevention and control initiatives should focus efforts on changing injunctive norm beliefs, or perceived peer acceptability of cigarettes or ENDS, about tobacco use in the community of SM young adults instead of allocating more resources to address descriptive norm beliefs, or prevalence of peer use of cigarettes or ENDS

Download or read book Growing Up Tobacco Free written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1994-02-01 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tobacco use kills more people than any other addiction and we know that addiction starts in childhood and youth. We all agree that youths should not smoke, but how can this be accomplished? What prevention messages will they find compelling? What effect does tobacco advertisingâ€"more than $10 million worth every dayâ€"have on youths? Can we responsibly and effectively restrict their access to tobacco products? These questions and more are addressed in Growing Up Tobacco Free, prepared by the Institute of Medicine to help everyone understand the troubling issues surrounding youths and tobacco use. Growing Up Tobacco Free provides a readable explanation of nicotine's effects and the process of addiction, and documents the search for an effective approach to preventing the use of cigarettes, chewing and spitting tobacco, and snuff by children and youths. It covers the results of recent initiatives to limit young people's access to tobacco and discusses approaches to controls or bans on tobacco sales, price sensitivity among adolescents, and arguments for and against taxation as a prevention strategy for tobacco use. The controversial area of tobacco advertising is thoroughly examined. With clear guidelines for public action, everyone can benefit by reading and acting on the messages in this comprehensive and compelling book.

Download or read book Communities in Action written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-04-27 with total page 583 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the United States, some populations suffer from far greater disparities in health than others. Those disparities are caused not only by fundamental differences in health status across segments of the population, but also because of inequities in factors that impact health status, so-called determinants of health. Only part of an individual's health status depends on his or her behavior and choice; community-wide problems like poverty, unemployment, poor education, inadequate housing, poor public transportation, interpersonal violence, and decaying neighborhoods also contribute to health inequities, as well as the historic and ongoing interplay of structures, policies, and norms that shape lives. When these factors are not optimal in a community, it does not mean they are intractable: such inequities can be mitigated by social policies that can shape health in powerful ways. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity seeks to delineate the causes of and the solutions to health inequities in the United States. This report focuses on what communities can do to promote health equity, what actions are needed by the many and varied stakeholders that are part of communities or support them, as well as the root causes and structural barriers that need to be overcome.

Download or read book Women and Smoking written by and published by Office of the Surgeon General. This book was released on 2001 with total page 696 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The second report from the U.S. Surgeon General devoted to women and smoking. Includes executive summary, chapter conclusions, full text chapters, and references.

Download or read book Critical Perspectives on Racial and Ethnic Differences in Health in Late Life written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2004-10-16 with total page 753 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In their later years, Americans of different racial and ethnic backgrounds are not in equally good-or equally poor-health. There is wide variation, but on average older Whites are healthier than older Blacks and tend to outlive them. But Whites tend to be in poorer health than Hispanics and Asian Americans. This volume documents the differentials and considers possible explanations. Selection processes play a role: selective migration, for instance, or selective survival to advanced ages. Health differentials originate early in life, possibly even before birth, and are affected by events and experiences throughout the life course. Differences in socioeconomic status, risk behavior, social relations, and health care all play a role. Separate chapters consider the contribution of such factors and the biopsychosocial mechanisms that link them to health. This volume provides the empirical evidence for the research agenda provided in the separate report of the Panel on Race, Ethnicity, and Health in Later Life.

Download or read book Greater Than the Sum written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Public Health Implications of Raising the Minimum Age of Legal Access to Tobacco Products written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2015-07-23 with total page 341 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tobacco use by adolescents and young adults poses serious concerns. Nearly all adults who have ever smoked daily first tried a cigarette before 26 years of age. Current cigarette use among adults is highest among persons aged 21 to 25 years. The parts of the brain most responsible for cognitive and psychosocial maturity continue to develop and change through young adulthood, and adolescent brains are uniquely vulnerable to the effects of nicotine. At the request of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Public Health Implications of Raising the Minimum Age of Legal Access to Tobacco Products considers the likely public health impact of raising the minimum age for purchasing tobacco products. The report reviews the existing literature on tobacco use patterns, developmental biology and psychology, health effects of tobacco use, and the current landscape regarding youth access laws, including minimum age laws and their enforcement. Based on this literature, the report makes conclusions about the likely effect of raising the minimum age to 19, 21, and 25 years on tobacco use initiation. The report also quantifies the accompanying public health outcomes based on findings from two tobacco use simulation models. According to the report, raising the minimum age of legal access to tobacco products, particularly to ages 21 and 25, will lead to substantial reductions in tobacco use, improve the health of Americans across the lifespan, and save lives. Public Health Implications of Raising the Minimum Age of Legal Access to Tobacco Products will be a valuable reference for federal policy makers and state and local health departments and legislators.

Download or read book Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence 2008 Update Clinical Practice Guideline written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2009 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book To Be an Immigrant written by Kay Deaux and published by Russell Sage Foundation. This book was released on 2006-08-17 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Immigration is often discussed in broad, statistical terms, with a focus on how it affects labor markets, schools, and social services. But at its most basic level, immigration is a process that affects people and their identities in deeply personal ways. In To Be an Immigrant, social psychologist Kay Deaux explores the role of both social conditions and individual capacities in determining how well immigrants adapt to life in their new homelands, and makes a strong case for the relevance of social psychology in immigration studies. To Be an Immigrant looks at how immigrants are defined, shaped, and challenged by the cultural environment they encounter in their new country and offers an integrated psychological framework for studying the immigrant experience. Deaux argues that in addition to looking at macro-level factors like public policies and social conditions and micro-level issues like individual choices, immigration scholars should also study influences that occur on an intermediate level, such as interpersonal encounters. Each of these three levels of analysis is essential to understanding how immigrants adapt to a new homeland and form distinct identities. As a case study for her framework, Deaux examines West Indians, exploring their perceptions of the stereotypes they face in the United States and their feelings of connection to their new home. Though race plays a limited role in the West Indies, it becomes more relevant to migrants once they arrive in the United States, where they are primarily identified by others as black, rather than Guyanese or Jamaican. Deaux's research adds to a growing literature in social psychology on stereotype threat, which suggests that negative stereotypes about one's group can hinder an individual's performance. She finds that immigrants who have been in the United States longer and identify themselves as African American suffer from the negative effects of stereotype threat more than recent immigrants. More than a discrete event, immigration can be understood as a life-long process that continues to affect people well after they have migrated. To Be an Immigrant takes a novel approach to the study of immigration, looking at how societal influences help shape immigrants and their understanding of who they are.

Download or read book Ending the Tobacco Problem written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2007-10-27 with total page 643 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The nation has made tremendous progress in reducing tobacco use during the past 40 years. Despite extensive knowledge about successful interventions, however, approximately one-quarter of American adults still smoke. Tobacco-related illnesses and death place a huge burden on our society. Ending the Tobacco Problem generates a blueprint for the nation in the struggle to reduce tobacco use. The report reviews effective prevention and treatment interventions and considers a set of new tobacco control policies for adoption by federal and state governments. Carefully constructed with two distinct parts, the book first provides background information on the history and nature of tobacco use, developing the context for the policy blueprint proposed in the second half of the report. The report documents the extraordinary growth of tobacco use during the first half of the 20th century as well as its subsequent reversal in the mid-1960s (in the wake of findings from the Surgeon General). It also reviews the addictive properties of nicotine, delving into the factors that make it so difficult for people to quit and examines recent trends in tobacco use. In addition, an overview of the development of governmental and nongovernmental tobacco control efforts is provided. After reviewing the ethical grounding of tobacco control, the second half of the book sets forth to present a blueprint for ending the tobacco problem. The book offers broad-reaching recommendations targeting federal, state, local, nonprofit and for-profit entities. This book also identifies the benefits to society when fully implementing effective tobacco control interventions and policies.

Download or read book African American Acculturation written by Hope Landrine and published by SAGE Publications, Incorporated. This book was released on 1996-03-28 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Should African Americans be construed as a race or as an ethnic group? If African Americans are defined as an ethnic group, what role does culture play in their lives and how can we measure their culture? This groundbreaking volume argues that we should reject the concept of race and define African Americans as a cultural group. It presents the first scale ever devised for measuring acculturation among African Americans, along with powerful studies that empirically explore the role of culture and acculturation in African American behavior, health, and psychology. Among the authors' findings are how acculturation predicts symptoms, such as depression and anxiety, and physical problems, such as hypertension.

Download or read book Cumulated Index Medicus written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 1764 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Sociological Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: CSA Sociological Abstracts abstracts and indexes the international literature in sociology and related disciplines in the social and behavioral sciences. The database provides abstracts of journal articles and citations to book reviews drawn from over 1,800+ serials publications, and also provides abstracts of books, book chapters, dissertations, and conference papers.

Download or read book The Handbook of Drugs and Society written by Henry H. Brownstein and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-09-25 with total page 661 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This handbook provides a comprehensive examination of the past and present roles of drugs in society with a focus on theory, research, policy, and practice. Includes 28 original chapters with multi-disciplinary and international perspectives by top social and behavioral scientists Reviews current knowledge in the field, including key research findings, theoretical developments, and methodological debates Identifies ongoing controversies in the field, emergent topics, and areas in need of further inquiry Discusses individual drugs as well as topics like physiological theories of drug use and abuse, public health implications of drugs, patterns of drugs and crime, international drug trade and trafficking, and designer drugs

Download or read book Promoting Positive Adolescent Health Behaviors and Outcomes written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2020-03-21 with total page 195 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Adolescence is a critical growth period in which youth develop essential skills that prepare them for adulthood. Prevention and intervention programs are designed to meet the needs of adolescents who require additional support and promote healthy behaviors and outcomes. To ensure the success of these efforts, it is essential that they include reliably identifiable techniques, strategies, or practices that have been proven effective. Promoting Positive Adolescent Health Behaviors and Outcomes: Thriving in the 21st Century identifies key program factors that can improve health outcomes related to adolescent behavior and provides evidence-based recommendations toward effective implementation of federal programming initiatives. This study explores normative adolescent development, the current landscape of adolescent risk behavior, core components of effective programs focused on optimal health, and recommendations for research, programs, and policies.