Download or read book Gender and Employment in the COVID 19 Recession Evidence on She cessions written by Mr. John C Bluedorn and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2021-03-31 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Early evidence on the pandemic’s effects pointed to women’s employment falling disproportionately, leading observers to call a “she-cession.” This paper documents the extent and persistence of this phenomenon in a quarterly sample of 38 advanced and emerging market economies. We show that there is a large degree of heterogeneity across countries, with over half to two-thirds exhibiting larger declines in women’s than men’s employment rates. These gender differences in COVID-19’s effects are typically short-lived, lasting only a quarter or two on average. We also show that she-cessions are strongly related to COVID-19’s impacts on gender shares in employment within sectors.

Download or read book COVID 19 She Cession The Employment Penalty of Taking Care of Young Children written by Ms.Stefania Fabrizio and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2021-03-04 with total page 33 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The COVID-19 outbreak and the measures to contain the virus have caused severe disruptions to labor supply and demand worldwide. Understanding who is bearing the burden of the crisis and what drives it is crucial for designing policies going forward. Using the U.S. monthly Current Population Survey data, this paper analyzes differences in employment responses between men and women. The main finding is that less educated women with young children were the most adversely affected during the first nine months of the crisis.The loss of employment of women with young children due to the burden of additional childcare is estimated to account for 45 percent of the increase in the employment gender gap, and to reduce total output by 0.36 percent between April and November 2020.

Download or read book Digitalization and Employment Gender Gaps During the COVID 19 Pandemic Evidence from Latin America and the Caribbean written by Yuanchen Yang and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2024-01-12 with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite its negative effects, the COVID-19 pandemic has also accelerated Latin America's digitalization. The rapid increase in connectivity and digital services was helpful in mitigating the pandemic's negative impact on the labor markets, especially for those with enough flexibility to continue working from home. The shock has particularly affected women due to their household responsibilities and labor market characteristics. This paper examines how digitalization may have affected gender gaps in employment and job loss related to the COVID-19 crisis. Using a sample of Latin American countries, our findings suggest that higher levels of digitalization are associated with increased female employment and reduced job loss for both men and women. These findings hold even after controlling for factors such as child care, household chores, and the COVID-19 shock. Our results are also robust to various econometric techniques.

Download or read book Has COVID 19 Induced Labor Market Mismatch Evidence from the US and the UK written by Carlo Pizzinelli and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2022-01-19 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper studies whether labor market mismatch played an important role for labor market dynamics during the COVID-19 pandemic. We apply the framework of S ̧ahin et al. (2014) to the US and the UK to measure misallocation between job seekers and vacancies across sectors until the third quarter of 2021. We find that mismatch rose sharply at the onset of the pandemic but returned to previous levels within a few quarters. Consequently, the total loss in employment caused by the rise in mismatch was smaller during the COVID-19 pandemic than during the Global Financial Crisis. The results are robust to considering alternative definitions of job seekers and to using a measure of effective job seekers in each sector. Preliminary evidence suggests that increased inactivity among older workers, the so called She-cession (particularly in the US) and shifting worker preferences amid strong labor demand are more prominent explanations for the persistent employment shortfall vis-à-vis pre-COVID levels.

Download or read book Gender Inequality and Women s Citizenship written by Yonique Campbell and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-10-31 with total page 93 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gender Inequality and Women’s Citizenship combines cases across Barbados, Guyana, Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago to highlight the range of systemic inequalities that impact women in the Anglo-Caribbean. Using empirical and secondary data and drawing on feminist theoretical insights, Yonique Campbell and Tracy-Ann Johnson-Myers examine a range of pertinent and intersecting social, political and economic challenges facing women in the Anglo-Caribbean. The issues explored include gender-based violence, barriers to women in politics, the effects of COVID-19 on women, and debates around the illegality of abortion rights and failure to protect the health of women by allowing them to exercise autonomy over their bodies. They raise questions about systemic inequalities resulting from patriarchal gender relations, heteronormativity, women's social and economic status, and state inaction. This book is unique in its interdisciplinary analysis of gender inequality in the Anglo-Caribbean, mapping the intersection of women’s multiple identities and positionalities to determine the obstacles they encounter. It will be of interest to scholars and researchers of International Relations, Caribbean Studies, Gender and Sexuality Studies, Development Studies, Sociology and Anthropology.

Download or read book An Ed Tech Tragedy written by UNESCO and published by UNESCO Publishing. This book was released on 2023-09-08 with total page 653 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Interim Guidance Note on Mainstreaming Gender at The IMF written by International Monetary Fund. Strategy, Policy, & Review Department and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2024-01-12 with total page 54 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This interim note provides general guidance on the operationalization of the IMF’s Strategy Toward Mainstreaming Gender. It offers a comprehensive overview of how IMF staff can integrate macrocritical gender issues into the IMF’s core areas of surveillance, lending, and capacity development. Key topics include i) identifying and assessing macrocritical gender gaps; ii) the “light touch” and “deep dive” approaches; iii) early insights on integrating gender into IMF-supported programs; iv) capacity development on gender or with a gender lens; v) synergies with other workstreams and vi) the importance of collaboration. It also includes summaries and links to relevant tools, databases, IMF staff reports, and relevant literature.

Download or read book Inequality in the Spanish Labor Market During the COVID 19 Crisis written by Ana Lariau and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2022-01-28 with total page 27 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We analyze the differential impact of the COVID-19 crisis on the Spanish labor market across population groups, as well as its implications for income inequality. The main finding is that young, less educated, and low skilled workers, as well as women are the most affected by the COVID-19 shock in terms of job loss rates. The differential impacts were especially acute at the height of the pandemic in 2020 and remain robust after taking into account the heterogeneity of sector characteristics. Given that these vulnerable groups were positioned in the lower end of the income distribution before the crisis, we hypothesize that income inequality likely has increased due to the pandemic. Policies aiming at reducing inequality in the labor market need to go beyond measures that target the hardest-hit sectors and support the vulnerable groups more directly.

Download or read book Gender and Revenue Administration written by Ms. Katherine Baer and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2023-08-15 with total page 33 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This technical note provides an overview of current issues and ideas that revenue administrations can consider regarding gender equality. It discusses the interactions between revenue administrations and gender equality and explores how revenue administrations can administer gender-sensitive tax laws effectively and apply a gender lens when administering tax or trade laws with a view to reducing barriers for women’s employment, entrepreneurship, and trade. It also provides practical considerations for a revenue administration in building gender perspectives in reform plans and shares several examples that highlight targeted measures that have led to positive outcomes in several countries.

Download or read book The Social Epidemiology of the COVID 19 Pandemic written by Dustin T. Duncan and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2024 with total page 497 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The novel coronavirus of 2019 (COVID-19) has caused one of the largest pandemics in human history. COVID-19 was declared a global pandemic in March 2020. The worldwide COVID health crisis has affected virtually every aspect of daily life, namely the conditions in which we are born, grow, learn, work, and age. For the last three years, for instance, we have engaged in social distancing, remote meetups and seemingly endless Zoom calls. We have also changed how we view healthcare, with many increasing their use of telemedicine. Many have also abandoned city living for a more comfortable life in suburban, peri-rural and rural environments, with greater access to trees and parkland. Travel has been significantly impacted-disrupting existing social networks but also potentially deepening more localized social networks. For some, these changes were only in initial lockdown period(s); for others, these changes may be ongoing. The idea for our book emerged from overwhelming evidence that the pandemic intersects with nearly every social determinant of population health and aggravating existing inequalities in social conditions and health outcomes"--

Download or read book Why Some Don t Belong The Distributional Effects of Natural Disasters written by Mrs. Nina Budina and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2023-01-06 with total page 49 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When and how do natural disasters worsen within-country income inequality? We highlight the channels through which natural disasters may have distributional effects and empirically analyze when and which type of disasters affect inequality in advanced economies (AEs) and in emerging and developing economies (EMDEs). We find that in AEs inequality increases after severe disasters. We also find that inequality increases if severe disasters are associated with growth slowdowns or there are multiple disasters in a year in AEs and in EMDEs. Descriptive evidence for the US also suggests that adverse labor market effects of disasters are likely to fall on vulnerable groups.

Download or read book Gender Equality and Economic Development in Sub Saharan Africa written by Ms. Lisa L Kolovich and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2024-04-11 with total page 429 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Efforts to achieve gender equality will not only help sub-Saharan Africa revive its inclusive growth engine but also will ensure progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals and help address the main disruptive challenges of this century. This book explores the progress made in gender equality in the region, highlighting both the challenges and successes in areas such as legal reforms; education; health; gender-based violence; harmful practices, such as child marriage; and financial inclusion. It takes stock of initiatives towards integrating gender into core macroeconomic and structural reforms, such as through implementing gender budgeting and examines the role that fiscal and other policies can play in closing gender gaps when they are mindful of distributional impacts. Drawing from extensive research across different institutions, the book underscores the macroeconomic significance of gender equality, emphasizing its potential to drive GDP growth, enhance economic stability, reduce income inequality, and foster sustainable development. It lays out how gender gaps interact with emerging challenges, such as digitalization, and explores the impact of global megatrends, such as climate change, on gender inequality, offering strategies for inclusive policy responses—including in a context where women and girls are still carrying a disproportionate care burden that is often not captured in economic measurement. The book aims to serve as a roadmap for policymakers, stakeholders, and advocates seeking to harness the untapped potential of gender equality—for its own sake and for the region's inclusive, sustainable, and green development. It calls for concerted efforts to dismantle structural barriers, transform social norms, and prioritize gender-responsive policies to unlock the full economic potential of sub-Saharan Africa.

Download or read book NBER Macroeconomics Annual 2021 written by Martin Eichenbaum and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2022-05-17 with total page 491 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The NBER Macroeconomics Annual 2021 presents research-central issues in contemporary macroeconomics. Robert Hall and Marianna Kudlyak examine unemployment dynamics during economic recoveries. They present new empirical findings and explore models in which the labor market gradually draws down the stock of unemployed workers in the aftermath of a downturn. Titan Alon, Sena Coskun, Matthias Doepke, David Koll, and Michèle Tertilt analyze the relative decline in employment of women during the COVID-19 pandemic and the associated global recession. They show that increased childcare needs, which fell more heavily on women, and differences in occupations both contributed. In the case of the US, however, each of these factors account for less than 20% of the gender gap in hours worked during the pandemic. Richard Rogerson and Johanna Wallenius study the employment rates of older workers in OECD countries over the last forty years. An expansion of institutions incentivizing retirement, concurrent with negative aggregate shocks between 1970 and 1995, led to falling employment rates. This trend started to reverse in the mid-1990s when many of these institutions, such as public pension programs, were cut back. Michael Barnett, William Brock, and Lars Peter Hansen explore the consequences of risk, ambiguity, and model misspecification in climate policy design. They consider carbon emissions pricing and the effects of different sources of uncertainty—such as future information about environmental damage, uncertainties in carbon and temperature dynamics and damage functions, and the role of future green technologies—on policy design. Michael Kremer, Jack Willis, and Yang You present new evidence suggesting a steady trend toward income convergence across countries since the late 1980s. They find convergence in various determinants of economic growth across countries and a flattening of the relationship between growth and these determinants. The paper challenges theories of growth arising after earlier rejections of the neoclassical growth model.

Download or read book Tackling Gender Inequality Definitions Trends and Policy Designs written by Baoping Shang and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2022-12-02 with total page 41 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper identifies five key issues that are important for the continued efforts to tackle gender inequality: (i) gender inequality needs to be distinguished from gender gaps. Not all gender gaps necessarily reflect gender inequality as some gender gaps are not driven by the lack of equal rights, responsibilities and opportunities bywomen and girls, and this has important implications on policy designs to address gender inequity. However, the literature has paid little attention to this issue, often using gender inequality and gender gaps interchangeably; (ii) the evolving focus of gender inequality suggests there is still a long way to go to fully address gender inequality. Particularly gender inequality is taking more subtle and implicit forms, though the social and economic benefits from addressing the remaininggender inequality is still likely to be substantial; (iii) addressing gender inequality benefits everyone, not just women. Thus, the entire society should work together, even for each individual’s own interest; (iv) both general policies and targeted gender policies can help address gender inequality.However, as gender inequality becomes more subtle and implicit, targeted gender policies will likely need to play an increasing role, which also makes separating gender inequality from gender gaps all that more important; and (v) addressing gender inequality does not need to start with policies targeted at its root causes, but needs to end with eliminating the root causes. Only then, any remaining gender gaps would only reflect preference and comparative advantage between men and women. The paper concludes by discussing gaps in the literature and policy challenges going forward.

Download or read book Web Information Systems Engineering WISE 2023 written by Feng Zhang and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-10-21 with total page 953 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book constitutes the proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Web Information Systems Engineering, WISE 2023, held in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, in October 2023. The 33 full and 40 short papers were carefully reviewed and selected from 137 submissions. They were organized in topical sections as follows: text and sentiment analysis; question answering and information retrieval; social media and news analysis; security and privacy; web technologies; graph embeddings and link predictions; predictive analysis and machine learning; recommendation systems; natural language processing (NLP) and databases; data analysis and optimization; anomaly and threat detection; streaming data; miscellaneous; explainability and scalability in AI.

Download or read book Keeping Indonesia Safe from the COVID 19 Pandemic written by Sri Mulyani Indrawati and published by ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute. This book was released on 2022-11-07 with total page 640 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book elaborates on how Indonesia handles the COVID-19 pandemic and its subsequent effects on the economy, political economy and social life during 2020–21. The book is written jointly by policymakers who are involved in the design of the National Economic Recovery Programme and scholars who closely monitor and evaluate the policy responses undertaken during these hard times. The book presented analyses based on studies undertaken in-house at the Ministry of Finance and in collaboration with other independent and reputable institutions. In its process of drafting, chapters in this book benefited from peer expert reviews. This book is a contribution from us as lessons learnt from encountering global pandemic impacts, for now and the future.

Download or read book China s Rebalancing and Gender Inequality written by International Monetary Fund and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2021-05-11 with total page 27 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper examines gender inequality in the context of structural transformation and rebalancing in China. We document declining women's relative wages and labor force participation in China during the last two decades, despite rapid growth and expansion of the service sector. Using household data, we provide evidence consistent with a U-shaped relationship between economic development and women's labor market outcomes. Using a model of structural transformation, we show that labor market barriers for women have increased over time. Model counterfactuals suggest that removing these barriers and increasing service sector productivity can boost both gender equality and economic growth in China.