Download or read book Gas Composition Issues and Implications for Natural Gas Vehicles and Fueling Stations written by S. Schaedel and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Natural Gas Vehicles written by National Alternative Fuels Training Program at West Virginia University and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book State of Knowledge of Environmental Concerns Related to Natural Gas fueled Vehicles written by Margaret K. Singh and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 70 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Natural Gas Vehicles written by John G. Ingersoll and published by Prentice Hall. This book was released on 1996 with total page 492 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent advances in the technologies necessary to make natural gas vehicles a practical reality have led to a surge of interest in developing the necessary infrastructure for broader market penetration. This important reference contains a compendium of up-to-the-minute information addressing every aspect of natural gas vehicles, including cost parameters, environmental benefits, and an examination of market penetration strategies. The book provides a comprehensive assessment of natural gas as a vehicular fuel, covering availability issues, recent breakthroughs in vehicle on-board storage, and comparison with other low-polluting fuel technologies, including hydrogen and methane. The roles for federal, state and local governments, auto manufacturers and natural gas suppliers in making both natural gas vehicles and the fuel to operate them widely available, are examined.

Download or read book Recommended Practice for Compressed Natural Gas Vehicle Fuel written by Fuels and Lubricants TC 7 Fuels Committee and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is a practical automotive fuel, with advantages and disadvantages when compared to gasoline. It has a good octane quality, is clean burning, easy to meter, and generally produces lower vehicle exhaust emissions. CNG is used to fuel internal combustion engines. Natural gas is normally compressed form 20 690 to 24 820 kPa (3000 to 3600 psig) to increase its energy density thereby reducing its on-board vehicle storage volume for a given range and payload.The properties of natural gas are influenced by (1) the processing of natural gas by the production and transmission companies and (2) the regional gas supply, storage, and demand balancing done by distribution companies often in concert with pipeline companies to maintain uninterrupted service throughout the year, e.g., peakshaving with propane-air (see U.S. Bureau of Mines Publication 503).Information on the properties of distribution system natural gas and its variability has been included in Figure 1 and can be found in GRI-92/0123. The analysis in this reference summarizes the expected composition of natural gas in 26 cities. Composition can vary hourly under certain operating conditions in certain areas of the country. Thus the data should generally be considered representative for the areas mentioned with due consideration for local variation.Natural gas is comprised chiefly of methane (generally 88 to 96 mole percent) with the balance being a decreasing proportion of non-methane alkanes (i.e., ethane, propane, butanes, etc.).Other components found in natural gas are nitrogen (N2), carbon dioxide (CO2), water, oxygen, and trace amounts of lubricating oil (from compressors) and sulfur found as hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and other sulfur compounds. Before entering the transmission system, it is processed to meet limits on hydrogen sulfide, water, condensibles of heavier hydrocarbons, inert gases such as carbon dioxide and nitrogen, and energy content. Mercaptan odorants (e.g., tertiary butyl mercaptan) are added by local distribution companies (LDC's) for safety reasons to detect the presence of natural gas which otherwise would be odorless.Water content and other corrosion precursors, heavier hydrocarbons which may condense within the fuel container, particulate matter, oil and energy content need to be controlled in order to minimize corrosion and provide satisfactory low-temperature vehicle operation, performance, and emissions levels. The provisions contained in this SAE Recommended Practice are intended to protect the interior surfaces of the fuel container and other vehicle fuel system components such as fuel injector and exhaust catalyst elements from the onset of corrosion, poisoning, the deposition of liquids or large dust particles, or the formation of water, ice particles, frost, or hydrates. The provisions contained in this document are not intended to address the composition of natural gas as delivered to a fueling station, but rather at the outlet of the fueling station as delivered into the containers on the vehicle. Limits on gas composition constituents currently not included in this document may be added when data are available to substantiate them.

Download or read book Natural Gas for Cars and Trucks written by Congressional Research Service and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2014-11-19 with total page 26 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The increase in domestic supplies of natural gas has raised new interest in expanding its use in the transportation sector. This report considers issues related to wider use of natural gas as a fuel in passenger cars and commercial vehicles. The attractiveness of natural gas as a vehicle fuel is premised in large part on its low price (on an energy-equivalent basis) compared to gasoline and diesel fuel. When prices for gasoline and diesel are relatively low or natural gas prices are relatively high, natural-gas-based fuels lose much of their price advantage. While natural gas has other benefits-such as producing lower emissions than gasoline and diesel and protecting users of transportation fuels from the volatility of the international oil market-it is largely the cost advantage, if any, that will determine the future attractiveness of natural gas vehicles. There are a number of technology pathways that could lead to greater use of natural gas in transportation. Some require pressurized systems to use natural gas in a gaseous state, and others convert natural gas to a liquid. Two of the most widely discussed options use compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG). Other technological approaches use liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), propane, and hydrogen. In addition, natural gas can be used to generate electricity to power electric vehicles. Increasing the use of natural gas to fuel vehicles would require creation of an extensive nationwide refueling infrastructure. Although a small number of CNG vehicles have been on U.S. roads for more than 20 years, CNG use has been limited to vehicles that return to a central garage for refueling each day, such as refuse trucks, short-haul trucks, and city buses. LNG, on the other hand, requires large insulated tanks to keep the liquefied gas at a very low temperature and is therefore seen as more suitable for long-haul trucks. In both cases, the limited availability of refueling stations has limited the distances and routes these vehicles may travel. Congress has taken a strong interest in spurring production and use of natural gas vehicles. Legislation has been introduced on a wide range of proposals that would equalize the tax treatment of LNG and diesel fuels, provide tax credits for natural gas vehicles and refueling equipment, require the production of vehicles that could run on several different fuels (such as gasoline and CNG), increase federal research and development on natural gas vehicle tank and fuel line technologies, and revise vehicle emission regulations to encourage manufacturers to produce more CNG passenger cars. Legislation pending in the 113th Congress includes proposals that would extend expired tax credits for refueling property and fuel cell vehicles (S. 2260), authorize the use of energy savings performance contracts to support the use of natural gas and electric vehicles (S. 761), and require the U.S. Postal Service to study the feasibility of using natural gas and propane in long-haul trucks (S. 1486).

Download or read book The Composition and Fuel Value of Natural Gas written by Francis Clifford Phillips and published by . This book was released on 1887 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Fuel Composition Effects on Natural Gas Vehicle Emissions written by Christopher F. Blazek and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 6 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Evaluation of Compressed Natural Gas CNG Fueling Systems written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 78 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Natural Gas and Alternative Fuels for Engines written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Standard for Compressed Natural Gas Vehicle Fuel written by Fuels and Lubricants TC 7 Fuels Committee and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is a practical automotive fuel, with advantages and disadvantages when compared to gasoline. Large quantities of natural gas are available in North America. It has a higher octane number rating, produces low exhaust emissions, no evaporative emissions and can cost less on an equivalent energy basis than other fuels. Natural gas is normally compressed from 20 684 to 24 821 kPa (3000 to 3600 psig) to increase its energy density thereby reducing its on-board vehicle storage volume for a given range and payload. CNG can also be made from liquefied natural gas by elevating its pressure and vaporizing it to a gas. Once converted it is referred to LCNG.The properties of natural gas are influenced by: (1) source of supply i.e. field, composition or impurities; (2) the processing of natural gas by the production and transmission companies; (3) the regional gas supply, storage, and demand balancing done by distribution companies often in concert with pipeline companies to maintain uninterrupted service throughout the year, e.g., peak shaving with propane-air (see U.S. Bureau of Mines Publication 503); and (4) dispensing site maintenance characteristics i.e. filtration and drying.The Coordinating Research Council (CRC) has published the results of a national compressed natural gas vehicle fuel survey. Information on the properties of distribution system natural gas and its variability has been included in Figure 1, 2, and 3, and can be found in CRC Report No. PC-2-12. Composition can vary hourly under certain operating conditions in certain areas of the country. Thus the data should generally be considered representative for the areas mentioned with due consideration for local variation.Natural gases transported throughout the U. S. are not subject to uniform national standards. Under federal government rules covering interstate sales of natural gas, the U. S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) adjudicates tariffs, placing economic and technical requirements upon natural gases entering interstate commerce. In 2006, FERC issued a policy statement advising stakeholders that: 1Only natural gas quality and interchangeability specifications contained in FERC-approved gas tariffs can be enforced; 2Pipeline tariff provisions on gas quality and interchangeability need to be flexible to allow pipelines to balance safety and reliability concerns; 3Pipelines and their customers should develop gas quality and interchangeability specifications based on technical requirements; 4In negotiating technically-based solutions, pipelines and their customers are strongly encouraged to use the Natural Gas Council Plus (NGC+) Interim Guidelinesas a common reference point for resolving gas quality and interchangeability issues; and 5To the extent pipelines and their customers cannot resolve disputes over gas quality and interchangeability, those disputes can be brought before FERC to be resolved on a case-by-case basis1The NGC+ Interim Guidelines call for natural gas specifications that include: 1A range of plus or minus 4% Wobbe number variation from local historical average gas, or alternatively, established adjustment or target gas for the service territory, subject to: aMaximum Wobbe number limit: 1400 bMaximum higher heating value limit: 1110 Btu/scf 2Additional composition maximum limits: aMaximum butanes+: 1.5 mole percent bMaximum total inerts: 4 mole percent 3EXCEPTION: Service territories with demonstrated experience with supplies exceeding these Wobbe, higher heating value and/or compositional limits may continue to use supplies conforming to this experience as long as it does not unduly contribute to safety and utilization problems of end use equipment.2While the Interim Guidelines provide only guidance for the setting of tariff limits on gas quality, experience has shown that in most cases the Wobbe and higher heating value limits are used in interstate tariffs. Since the bulk of U. S. sales of natural gas fall under FERC jurisdiction, this means that the Interim Guideline limits represent, in most cases, the limits that apply to natural gases received by distribution systems. Intrastate natural gas sales, by contrast, are not within FERC jurisdiction, but customers including utilities receiving gases from both intrastate and interstate sources, for practical purposes, generally receive natural gas that meets the Interim Guidelines.The NGC+ Interim Guidelines address combustion issues associated with natural gases. Separately, FERC considered condensable hydrocarbons in response to a second paper from NGC+.3 No specific actions were recommended by FERC in response to the NGC+ recommendations from this report, which basically recommended translation of historical condensable hydrocarbon experience into more general phase diagram-depicted "cricondentherm hydrocarbon dew point" (CHDP) criteria for higher hydrocarbon mixtures. CHDP criteria help ensure that natural gases of various compositions remain in gaseous state at all operating pressures and all reasonable ambient temperatures.Natural gas is comprised chiefly of methane (generally 88 to 96 mole percent) with the balance being a decreasing proportion of proportion of higher hydrocarbon alkanes such as ethane, propane, and butane. It can also contain nitrogen, water, carbon dioxide, oxygen, sulfur compounds and trace amounts of lubricating oil. At the retail outlet a warning agent, or odorant, is likely present in natural gas.Experience with natural gas vehicles has grown considerably. Fleet and ongoing in-use applications provide a foundation for characterizing gas composition factors that will help to understand gas quality effects on vehicle and overall performance and may cause fundamental operational problems for natural gas vehicles (NGVs). Water content and other corrosion precursors, heavier hydrocarbons, which may condense within the fuel container, particulate matter, oil, and energy content all need to be considered. Condensable hydrocarbons (liquid state) are also of concern in NGV equipment degradation. This standard sets minimum requirements for compressed natural gas as a surface vehicle fuel for vehicle, engine, and component durability, operating safety, and design performance over the breadth of vehicle applications intended to utilize this fuel.

Download or read book Clean Air Program written by David M. Friedman and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Breathing Clean written by Masami Kojima and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2001-01-01 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Because evidence that shows that diesel fumes are more toxic than was previously thought, there has been increased interest in the use of natural gas for vehicles operating in cities. Transit buses, traditionally fueled by diesel, are one of the cheapest forms of mass transit. They are also significant polluters and typically operate in heavily congested urban areas, where significant air pollution problems exist. The report provides an overview of the issues that must be considered when evaluating natural gas an alternative to diesel for use in transit buses.

Download or read book Environmental Inorganic Chemistry for Engineers written by James G. Speight and published by Butterworth-Heinemann. This book was released on 2017-05-10 with total page 594 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Environmental Inorganic Chemistry for Engineers explains the principles of inorganic contaminant behavior, also applying these principles to explore available remediation technologies, and providing the design, operation, and advantages or disadvantages of the various remediation technologies. Written for environmental engineers and researchers, this reference provides the tools and methods that are imperative to protect and improve the environment. The book's three-part treatment starts with a clear and rigorous exposition of metals, including topics such as preparations, structures and bonding, reactions and properties, and complex formation and sequestering. This coverage is followed by a self-contained section concerning complex formation, sequestering, and organometallics, including hydrides and carbonyls. Part Two, Non-Metals, provides an overview of chemical periodicity and the fundamentals of their structure and properties. - Clearly explains the principles of inorganic contaminant behavior in order to explore available remediation technologies - Provides the design, operation, and advantages or disadvantages of the various remediation technologies - Presents a clear exposition of metals, including topics such as preparations, structures, and bonding, reaction and properties, and complex formation and sequestering

Download or read book The Hype About Hydrogen written by Joseph J. Romm and published by Island Press. This book was released on 2013-04-10 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lately it has become a matter of conventional wisdom that hydrogen will solve many of our energy and environmental problems. Nearly everyone -- environmentalists, mainstream media commentators, industry analysts, General Motors, and even President Bush -- seems to expect emission-free hydrogen fuel cells to ride to the rescue in a matter of years, or at most a decade or two. Not so fast, says Joseph Romm. In The Hype about Hydrogen, he explains why hydrogen isn't the quick technological fix it's cracked up to be, and why cheering for fuel cells to sweep the market is not a viable strategy for combating climate change. Buildings and factories powered by fuel cells may indeed become common after 2010, Joseph Romm argues, but when it comes to transportation, the biggest source of greenhouse-gas emissions, hydrogen is unlikely to have a significant impact before 2050. The Hype about Hydrogen offers a hype-free explanation of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies, takes a hard look at the practical difficulties of transitioning to a hydrogen economy, and reveals why, given increasingly strong evidence of the gravity of climate change, neither government policy nor business investment should be based on the belief that hydrogen cars will have meaningful commercial success in the near or medium term. Romm, who helped run the federal government's program on hydrogen and fuel cells during the Clinton administration, provides a provocative primer on the politics, business, and technology of hydrogen and climate protection.

Download or read book Transitions to Alternative Vehicles and Fuels written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2013-04-14 with total page 395 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For a century, almost all light-duty vehicles (LDVs) have been powered by internal combustion engines operating on petroleum fuels. Energy security concerns about petroleum imports and the effect of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions on global climate are driving interest in alternatives. Transitions to Alternative Vehicles and Fuels assesses the potential for reducing petroleum consumption and GHG emissions by 80 percent across the U.S. LDV fleet by 2050, relative to 2005. This report examines the current capability and estimated future performance and costs for each vehicle type and non-petroleum-based fuel technology as options that could significantly contribute to these goals. By analyzing scenarios that combine various fuel and vehicle pathways, the report also identifies barriers to implementation of these technologies and suggests policies to achieve the desired reductions. Several scenarios are promising, but strong, and effective policies such as research and development, subsidies, energy taxes, or regulations will be necessary to overcome barriers, such as cost and consumer choice.

Download or read book Paving the Way to Natural Gas Vehicles written by James Spencer Cannon and published by Inform. This book was released on 1993 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: