Download or read book Initial Studies on the Effect of High Level Gamma Radiation on Corrosion of Metals written by F. Hittman and published by . This book was released on 1955 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Gamma Radiation Effects on Corrosion I written by Robert S. Glass and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Nuclear Regulatory Commission regulations for geologic disposal of high level nuclear wastes require multibarriered packages for waste containment that are environmentally stable for time periods of 300 to 1000 years. In addition to examining the usual corrosion failure modes which must be evaluated in choosing a corrosion resistant material for waste containment (e.g., resistant to pitting, crevice attack, and stress-corrosion cracking), the effects of gamma radiation on the chemical environment surrounding the waste container must also be considered. Austenitic stainless steels have been proposed for use as waste container materials for a potential nuclear waste repository to be located at Yucca Mountain in Nye County, Nevada. This study focuses on the effects of gamma radiation on the corrosion mechanisms of 316L stainless steel in groundwater regional to this site. When gamma irradiation is initiated, corrosion potential shifts in the positive direction are observed for 316L in groundwater regional to the repository site. These potential shifts are associated with the radiation-induced production of hydrogen peroxide. The electrochemical mechanisms involved in the corrosion potential shifts, as well as the subsequent effect on pitting resistance, are considered.
Download or read book A Study of Gamma Radiation Induced Carbon Steel Corrosion written by Kevin James Daub and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 546 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis presents work on the development of a mechanistic understanding of the effect of ionizing radiation on the aqueous corrosion kinetics of carbon steel. Exposed to ionizing radiation, water decomposes into a range of oxidizing (O2, -OH, HO2-, H2O2) to reducing ( -eaq -, -O2 -, -H) species. The production of the redox active species by radiolysis can have a significant effect on the corrosion behaviour of a metal. Of particular interest is the effect of radiolysis on corrosion when the solution environment, such as temperature, pH, and concentrations of chemical additives, changes over time. Since these solution parameters also affect the radiolysis behaviour, it was important to develop a clear understanding of separate effects of these parameters. To achieve a better understanding, a number of electrochemical and surface analytical techniques were employed. The combination of electrochemical and surface analyses provided a picture of oxidation that largely resulted in the formation of a magnetite oxide layer, but the further oxidation, dissolution, and reactivity of the oxide was sensitive to all parameters studied. The production of water radiolysis products via gamma irradiation was seen to have a net oxidizing effect on the growing oxide film, increasing the oxide film resistance. At all temperatures studied, irradiation did not result in significant oxide structural changes or oxide film breakdown events.
Download or read book The Effects of Gamma Radiation on the Corrosion of Candidate Materials for the Fabrication of Nuclear Waste Packages written by D. W. Shoesmith and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Effects of Gamma Radiation on the Corrosion of Candidate Materials for the Fabrication of Nuclear Waste Packages written by D. W. Shoesmith and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 51 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Radiation Effects on Aluminum Filming and Corrosion written by R. B. Richman and published by . This book was released on 1963 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Corrosion Reactions of Titanium Alloys in Gamma Radiolysis Environment written by Young Jin Kim and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 478 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Effects of Gamma Irradiation on the Corrosion Rate of Ferrous Alloys written by John J. Kirk and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Role of Gamma Radiation on Zircaloy 4 Corrosion written by Douglas M. Rishel and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 41 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A key microstructural feature of irradiated oxide films that form on Zircaloy-4 is the development of significant amounts of interconnected porosity or microcracking, particularly along oxide grain boundaries. This development disrupts the protective nature of the barrier layer, effectively resulting in an increase in the observed post-transition corrosion rates. This observation suggests that some aspect of oxide dissolution may be occurring. It is noteworthy that when exposed to photons with energies greater than that of the oxide band gap, n-type semiconducting oxides are prone to dissolution. Because zirconia (ZrO2) is an n-type semiconductor, it is plausible that high-energy photons may play an important role in corrosion. In an operating nuclear reactor, neutron and gamma flux levels are closely interrelated because they arise, for the most part, from the same originating process (i.e., the fissioning of nuclear fuel). Thus, it is difficult to isolate the independent effects of neutron and gamma radiation on corrosion. It is, however, theoretically conceivable to assess the role that gamma radiation may have on corrosion by comparing instances where variations in radiation environment exists; specifically by comparing where variations in gamma flux levels relative to neutron flux levels within different regions of a reactor or from reactor to reactor exist. Comparisons of the corrosion rates obtained between two different reactors (the Halden test reactor and the advanced test reactor [ATR]) that have differing gamma-to-neutron ratios were performed. In addition, an examination of corrosion rate data from the ATR, in which a variation in gamma-to-neutron flux ratio exists, was also conducted. Results are presented, from both assessments, which indicate that gamma radiation plays a role in the irradiated corrosion behavior of Zircaloy-4. In addition to a discussion of experimental data, potential mechanisms associated with photon-induced oxide dissolution of n-type semiconducting oxides, such as zirconia, is also provided.
Download or read book Effect of Gamma Irradiation on Stress Corrosion Behavior of Austenitic Stainless Steel Under ITER relevant Conditions written by Russell H. Jones and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 6 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Reaction of Glass During Gamma Irradiation in a Saturated Tuff Environment written by and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Effect of Gamma Radiation on Reference Electrodes and Platinum and Carbon Steel Bare Metal Electrodes in a Simulated Waste Solution Final Report written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 27 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Electrochemical potential measurements of materials in waste tanks are important in determining if the materials have a propensity for stress corrosion cracking and pitting. Potential measurement requires a reference electrode, but the effect of radiation on the potential generated by the reference electrode has been an unknown quantity. To determine the significance of the radiation effect, Pacific Northwest Laboratory conducted studies of five types of electrodes under gamma radiation at room temperature. The subjects were two types of silver/silver chloride reference electrodes (Fisher and Lazaran), a mercury/calomel reference electrode, a platinum ''flag, '' and a piece of A-537 carbon steel; the electrodes were exposed to a simulated caustic tank environment. The Fisher silver/silver chloride and mercury/calomel reference electrodes showed essentially no radiation effects up to a flux of 2.1E6 R/h and fluence of 9.4E8 R, indicating they would be useful reference electrodes for in-tank studies. The Lazaran{reg_sign} silver/silver chloride electrode showed serious potential deviations at fluences of 2.E8 R, but it would be the electrode of choice in many situations because it is simple to maintain. Radiation affected the open circuit potential of both the platinum and carbon steel electrodes. This effect indicates that corrosion studies without radiation may not duplicate the corrosion processes expected in a waste tank. Mixed-potential theory was used to explain the radiation effects.
Download or read book Corrosion Induced by Low Energy Radionuclides written by Gilbert Bellanger and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2004-12-18 with total page 554 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nuclear power plants emit radiation and particles across a range of energies. This radiation can cause corrosion to occur in critically important parts of the plant, which can lead to efficiency and safety problems. Gamma rays and neutrons have the highest energies and can break the metal bonds in interior metallic structures causing damage quickly and in easily monitored ways. Consequently these types of radiation and the best alloys to use to mitigate their effects have been extensively researched and their findings applied. However, the same is not true of low energy radiation which effects metal structures in a different way but can still cause appreciable and expensive corrosion. Low energy radiation degrades the passive oxide layers that protect metals. Without this protective layer the metals are easily corroded. This book uses tritium and tritiated water as models to describe the effects of low energy radiation on the corrosion of metals in these environments. Comprehensive coverage of the fields of liquid and gas flow, heat exchange, gas diffusion in materials, and of materials resistance to corrosion is ensures the reader has a full understanding of how these processes effect corrosion in nuclear installations. Such an understanding is essential for the efficient and safe running of all modern plant that uses radioactive material and this book is a critical reference tool for anyone involved in the nuclear power industry or metals research.* Unique coverage of low energy radiation and its corrosive effects in nuclear installations * Provides coverage of basic scientific principles contributing to corrosion * An essential reference for the safe and efficient construction and operation of nuclear installations * Applications in power generation, fuel reprocessing, military and civilian applications.* The first book to present detailed analysis of nuclear corrosion by low energy nuclides* The most complete book available for those serious about understanding corrosion in all its aspects* Keeping you at pace with the new methods that are changing the concept of corrosion in the nuclear industry
Download or read book The Effect of Nuclear Radiation on Metallic Fuel Materials written by A. A. Bauėr and published by . This book was released on 1963 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Effects of Gamma Radiation on Chemical Reactions written by and published by . This book was released on 1952 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Radiation Effects written by Sandia Corporation and published by . This book was released on 1959 with total page 624 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Effect of Gamma Radiation on the Interfacial Reactions and Transfer Processes of Phosphonium based Ionic Liquids with Carbon Steel written by Ryan Peñaranda Morco and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis presents work on the effects of ionizing radiation on phosphonium-based ionic liquids (ILs). Ionic liquids are known for their tunable properties which make them attractive options for applications for the separation and sequestration of metal ions from spent nuclear fuels, and candidate lubricants for systems under severe conditions. The high radiation environment found in spent fuel processing may decompose the solvents (ILs) used in the process and affect their separation efficiency. The radiolytic decomposition products can also alter the physical and chemical properties of an IL in ways which can affect the potential corrosion of metal alloys in contact with the IL. This thesis focusses on the study of phosphonium-based ILs, a class of ILs which has not been extensively investigated, but which holds promise for future applications. The first part of the thesis contains a quantum chemical calculation of the molecular properties of several phosphonium-based ILs using density functional theory. Correlations between the molecular properties (e.g., dipole moment) and physical properties (e.g., viscosity) are explored. The second part of the thesis presents work on the irradiation of these ILs alone or in contact with carbon steel. Pure IL samples were exposed to gamma radiation for up to 192 h and the liquid and gas phases were analyzed using spectroscopic, electrochemical and chromatographic techniques. The results show that the ILs are relatively resistant of radiolytic degradation, but there are measurable quantities of small organic species created from fragmentation of the alkyl ligands of the IL cation. Corrosion of carbon steel in the IL [P14666] [Br] was studied with the IL in contact with an inert (Ar) or oxidizing (air) cover gas in the presence and absence of gamma radiation. Significant corrosion was observed and the extent of the corrosion appeared greater for the tests performed in the absence of gamma radiation. The corrosion is attributed to the presence of impurity H2O and O2 dissolved in the IL, and a corrosion mechanism is presented to explain the results.
