Download or read book Gains in the Education of Peruvian Women 1940 to 1980 written by Elizabeth M. King and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1990 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What determines girls' educational attainment? School quality (measured by the number of textbooks and teachers) changes in attitudes and better economic opportunities for educated women ; parents (especially mothers') years of schooling and occupations ; and the opportunity cost of sending a girl to school - especially in rural families, or when mothers must hold jobs outside the home.

Download or read book Does Education Pay in the Labor Market written by Elizabeth M. King and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study examined how education and postschool vocational training affect the type and extent of labor market participation of women in Peru. It also estimated monetary returns to different levels of schooling, to formal general and technical schooling, and to training. The sample, which comprised more than 5,600 women in urban and rural Peru, was drawn from the Peruvian Living Standard Survey. More than 70 percent of these women were in the labor force at the time of the survey, about 35 percent working in paid jobs. The overall level of female labor force participation in Peru is 72 percent, and this percentage is higher in rural areas than in urban areas. The majority (60 percent) of paid female workers are self-employed, but these jobs tend to be very low paying. Women holding jobs in the public sector are the best paid. In general, the study found that education and training enhance the contribution of women in the labor market. Although education does not increase the participation of Peruvian women in the labor force (and may in fact decrease it), it alters the occupational distribution of female workers by increasing the proportion of women in paid employment. Among paid employees, education is positively related to hourly earnings; the relationship is nonlinear, with primary education showing higher returns than secondary education. The return to postsecondary education appears low and negative, except for the small fraction of women who have earned a diploma. The poor performance of the Peruvian economy since the early 1970s has influenced this result. (26 references.) (Author/KC)

Download or read book Adjustment Investment and the Real Exchange Rate in Developing Countries written by and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on with total page 49 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: LDC adjustment packages Riccardo Faini and Jaime de Melo Developing countries have been hit by a fall in their terms of trade, high real interest rates on their external debt, and a drought in commercial lending from abroad. Their subsequent adjustment packages, often supported by loans from the IMF and World Bank, focused on a sharp real exchange rate depreciation to restore external balance and a host of microeconomic reforms to secure a simultaneous supply-side improvement. This paper examines the success of these ‘adjustment with growth' packages in a large sample of developing countries. We find these packages have been much more successful in LDCs which export manufactures than they have in those concentrating on primary exports (primarily low-income African countries); the latter have not resumed sustainable growth, and most of their external adjustment has arisen from expenditure reduction, not an increase in supply. The longer-term prospects for manufacturing exporters are also brighter: there we detect signs of increased efficiency and a smaller decline in investment than in primary exporters. But we also find that a high external debt burden and an unstable macroeconomic environment impede investment in all LDCs. In the longer term, adjustment with growth packages will succeed only if they are accompanied by a more stable macroeconomic environment and appropriate debt relief

Download or read book The Changing Role of the State written by Arturo Israel and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1990 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The quality - not the size - of the state is what counts. And a prerequisite for changing the role of the state is an improved political process. Without that, any new development strategy will fail.

Download or read book An Evaluation of the Main Elements in the Leading Proposals to Phase Out the Multi fibre Arrangement written by Refik Erzan and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1990 with total page 51 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Two approaches took the lead in the negotiations to dismantle the Multi-Fibre Arrangement (MFA): (1) a phaseout within the framework of the MFA, proposed by developing countries, the EC, Japan, and the Nordic countries, and (2) a new transitional structure relying on global quotas with country allotments for current quota holders, suggested by the United States and Canada.

Download or read book Methods for Measuring the Effect of Adjustment Policies on Income Distribution written by Anne Maasland and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1990 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There are a variety of approaches, and country issues and data availability will determine the most practical approach.

Download or read book Automotive Air Pollution written by and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1990 with total page 131 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Automotive air pollution will intensify with increasing urbanization and the rapid pace of motorization in developing countries. Without effective measures to curb air pollution, some 300-400 million city dwellers in developing countries will become exposed to unhealthy and dangerous levels of air pollution by the end of the century. Administratively simple policies that encourage clean fuels and better traffic management are the most promising approach to controlling vehicle pollutant emissions in developing countries.

Download or read book The Determinants of Farm Investment and Residential Construction in Post Reform China written by Gershon Feder and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1990 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Forced consolidation of small Chinese farms into larger farms is unwarranted but China needs mechanisms to facilitate free market land transactions, better supplies of such inputs as fertilizer, and - when those are available - a reoriented rural credit system. Early extensions of farmers' about the government's commitment to the present system.

Download or read book The Coordinated Reform of Tariffs and Domestic Indirect Taxes written by Pradeep Mitra and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1990 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tariff reform for trade liberalization must be seen as part of a broader program of tax reform. Custom duties on imports should be geared chiefly to protection. Reductions in such duties to promote an outward- oriented development strategy should be offset by increases in sales/value- added taxes applied equally to imports and domestic production. That would maintain public revenues and avoid exacerbating macroeconomic dificulties.

Download or read book Prepaid Financing of Primary Health Care in Guinea Bissau written by Per Eklund and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1990 with total page 57 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Flat- fee prepayment may be the only feasible cost recovery scheme for primary health care in rural villages of Guinea-Bissau. The level of satisfaction was high in this simple prepayment scheme of drugs and limited primary health care in 18 villages. In a larger health system or an urban area, it might be more difficult to administer such a scheme and to prevent abuse of the system.

Download or read book Private Participation in the Delivery of Guinea s Water Supply Services written by Thelma A. Triche and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1990 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lease contracts provide a promising format for capturing the potential efficiency gains of private participation in the water supply sector. But to ensure that these gains accrue to society as a whole, lease contracts must be carefully designed and the responsible public authority must be capable of fulfilling the monitoring and regulatory role effectively.

Download or read book Tax Reform in Malawi written by Zmarak Shalizi and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1990 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Malawi's comprehensive reform of its tax system in the 1980s illustrates many of the issues that developing countries must address when altering the way they levy taxes.

Download or read book Industrial Organization Implications of QR Trade Regimes written by Timothy Condon and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1990 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A three- sector calibrated simulation model is used to examine the welfare effects of an increase in quantitative trade restrictions when production in some sectors is characterized by increasing returns to scale.

Download or read book Gender in Nascent Module II Programmes in Kenyan Public Universities written by Michael Wainaina and published by African Books Collective. This book was released on 2008-12-31 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study addresses the intersection of issues of gender and the nascent Module II Programmes in public universities in Kenya. The term Module II programmes to refer to all the adult continuing/lifelong education programmes in public universities in Kenya that are being offered to mature students who are not selected through the Joint Admissions Board (JAB). The onset of the new millennium has seen an unprecedented growth of these programmes in Kenyan public universities. The study's objectives were: To identify how men and women participating in Module II programmes compare in demographic, socio-economic, attitudinal and related factors; To determine to what extent Module II programmes are providing an avenue for women and men to change to science-oriented career options; and to determine to what extent gender equity has been identified as an objective in Module II programmes in Kenyan public universities.

Download or read book What Works in Girls Education written by Barbara Knapp Herz and published by Council on Foreign Relations. This book was released on 2004 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "What Works in Girls Education" summarizes the extensive body of research on the state of girls education in the developing world today; the impact of educating girls on families, economies, and nations; and the most promising approaches to increasing girls enrollment and educational quality.

Download or read book What Works in Girls Education written by Gene B Sperling and published by Brookings Institution Press. This book was released on 2015-09-29 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hard-headed evidence on why the returns from investing in girls are so high that no nation or family can afford not to educate their girls. Gene Sperling, author of the seminal 2004 report published by the Council on Foreign Relations, and Rebecca Winthrop, director of the Center for Universal Education, have written this definitive book on the importance of girls’ education. As Malala Yousafzai expresses in her foreword, the idea that any child could be denied an education due to poverty, custom, the law, or terrorist threats is just wrong and unimaginable. More than 1,000 studies have provided evidence that high-quality girls’ education around the world leads to wide-ranging returns: Better outcomes in economic areas of growth and incomes Reduced rates of infant and maternal mortality Reduced rates of child marriage Reduced rates of the incidence of HIV/AIDS and malaria Increased agricultural productivity Increased resilience to natural disasters Women’s empowerment What Works in Girls’ Education is a compelling work for both concerned global citizens, and any academic, expert, nongovernmental organization (NGO) staff member, policymaker, or journalist seeking to dive into the evidence and policies on girls’ education.

Download or read book UN Millennium Development Library Toward Universal Primary Education written by UN Millennium Project and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-06-17 with total page 203 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Millennium Development Goals, adopted at the UN Millennium Summit in 2000, are the world's targets for dramatically reducing extreme poverty in its many dimensions by 2015 income poverty, hunger, disease, exclusion, lack of infrastructure and shelter while promoting gender equality, education, health and environmental sustainability. These bold goals can be met in all parts of the world if nations follow through on their commitments to work together to meet them. Achieving the Millennium Development Goals offers the prospect of a more secure, just, and prosperous world for all. The UN Millennium Project was commissioned by United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan to develop a practical plan of action to meet the Millennium Development Goals. As an independent advisory body directed by Professor Jeffrey D. Sachs, the UN Millennium Project submitted its recommendations to the UN Secretary General in January 2005. The core of the UN Millennium Project's work has been carried out by 10 thematic Task Forces comprising more than 250 experts from around the world, including scientists, development practitioners, parliamentarians, policymakers, and representatives from civil society, UN agencies, the World Bank, the IMF, and the private sector. This report lays out the recommendations of the UN Millennium Project Task Force on Education and Gender Equality. In the education sector, the Task Force recommends that countries nowoff track expand access, overcome demand-side barriers, and implement institutional changes to make the education system more responsive and accountable. As part of a compact with low-income countries working toward the goal of 100% primary school completion by 2015, donors and the international community must fulfill commitments already made under the Fast Track Initiative, and commit to still greater levels of support.