Download or read book Fundamental Understanding of Thermophysical Properties of Molten Salts Containing Nanoparticles written by Geng Qiao and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Molten Salts written by Marcelle Gaune-Escard and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Several state-of-the-art applications of molten salts are presented, such as metal-molten salt systems, room temperature glass formation, and room temperature melts. Several recent examples of applications highlight the importance of molten salts in various industries (batteries, pyrochemical reprocessing of nuclear fuel, synthesis and catalysis). The basic concepts of the structure, dynamics, electrochemistry, interfacial and thermodynamic properties are detailed and relevant experimental methods described. Such fundamental concepts are essential for an in-depth understanding of the physicochemical properties of molten salts in general, including metal-molten salts, glass forming and low temperature melts. Experimental methods for investigating structural, dynamical, electrochemical thermodynamical and interfacial properties are detailed, as also are techniques for data collection and analysis. Scientists, engineers and technologists will find the volume a valuable reference source covering a wide spectrum of fundamental concepts and modern technologies.
Download or read book An Investigation on the Thermophysical Properties of a Binary Molten Salt System Containing Both Aluminum Oxide and Titanium Oxide Nanoparticle Suspensions written by Kunal Giridhar and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 75 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Molten salts are showing great potential to replace current heat transfer and thermal energy storage fluids in concentrated solar plants because of their capability to maximize thermal energy storage, greater stability, cost effectiveness and significant thermal properties. However one of the major drawbacks of using molten salt as heat transfer fluid is that they are in solid state at room temperature and they have a high freezing point. Hence, significant resources would be required to maintain it in liquid form. If molten salt freezes while in operation, it would eventually damage piping network due to its volume shrinkage along with rendering the entire plant inoperable. It is long known that addition of nanoparticle suspensions has led to significant changes in thermal properties of fluids. In this investigation, aluminum oxide and titanium oxide nanoparticles of varying concentrations are added to molten salt/solar salt system consisting of 60% sodium nitrate and 40% potassium nitrate. Using differential scanning calorimeter, an attempt will be made to investigate changes in heat capacity of system, depression in freezing point and changes in latent heat of fusion. Scanning electron microscope will be used to take images of samples to study changes in micro-structure of mixture, ensure uniform distribution of nanoparticle in system and verify authenticity of materials used for experimentation. Due to enormous magnitude of CSP plant, actual implementation of molten salt system is on a large scale. With this investigation, even microscopic enhancement in heat capacity and slight lowering of freezing point will lead to greater benefits in terms of efficiency and cost of operation of plant. These results will further the argument for viability of molten salt as a heat transfer fluid and thermal storage system in CSP. One of the objective of this experimentation is to also collect experimental data which can be used for establishing relation between concentration of nanoparticles and change in thermophysical properties of molten salt for various types of nanoparticles.
Download or read book Molten Salt Nanomaterials for Thermal Energy Storage and Concentrated Solar Power Applications written by Donghyun Shin and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The thermal efficiency of concentrated solar power (CSP) system depends on the maximum operating temperature of the system which is determined by the operating temperature of the TES device. Organic materials (such as synthetic oil, fatty acid, or paraffin wax) are typically used for TES. This limits the operating temperature of CSP units to below 400°C. Increasing the operating temperature to 560°C (i.e., the creeping temperature of stainless steel), can enhance the theoretical thermal efficiency from 54% to 63%. However, very few thermal storage materials are compatible for these high temperatures. Molten salts are thermally stable up to 600°C and beyond. Using the molten salts as the TES materials confers several benefits, which include: (1) Higher operating temperature can significantly increase the overall cycle efficiency and resulting costs of power production. (2) Low cost of the molten salt materials can drastically reduce the cost. (3) The molten salts, which are environmentally safe, can also reduce the potential environmental impact. However, these materials suffer from poor thermo-physical properties. Impregnating these materials with nanoparticles can enhance these properties. Solvents doped with nanoparticles are termed as nanofluids. Nanofluids have been reported in the literature for the anomalous enhancement of their thermo-physical properties. In this study, the poor thermal properties of the molten salts were enhanced dramatically on mixing with nanoparticles. For example the specific heat capacity of these molten salt eutectics was found to be enhanced by as much as ~ 26% on mixing with nanoparticles at a mass fraction of ~ 1%. The resultant properties of these nanomaterials were found to be highly sensitive to small variations in the synthesis protocols. Computational models were also developed in this study to explore the fundamental transport mechanisms on the molecular scale for elucidating the anomalous enhancements in the thermo-physical properties that were measured in these experiments. This study is applicable for thermal energy storage systems utilized for other energy conversion technologies - such as geothermal energy, nuclear energy and a combination of energy generation technologies.
Download or read book Molten Salts Chemistry and Technology written by Marcelle Gaune-Escard and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-05-12 with total page 902 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written to record and report on recent research progresses in the field of molten salts, Molten Salts Chemistry and Technology focuses on molten salts and ionic liquids for sustainable supply and application of materials. Including coverage of molten salt reactors, electrodeposition, aluminium electrolysis, electrochemistry, and electrowinning, the text provides researchers and postgraduate students with applications include energy conversion (solar cells and fuel cells), heat storage, green solvents, metallurgy, nuclear industry, pharmaceutics and biotechnology.
Download or read book Molten Salts and Ionic Liquids written by Marcelle Gaune-Escard and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-07-06 with total page 466 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For many years, the related fields of molten salts and ionic liquids have drifted apart, to their mutual detriment. Both molten salts and ionic liquids are liquid salts containing only ions - all that is different is the temperature! Both fields involve the study of Coulombic fluids for academic and industrial purposes; both employ the same principles; both require skilled practitioners; both speak the same language; all then that is truly different is their semantics, and how superficial is that? The editors of this book, recognising that there was so much knowledge, both empirical and theoretical, which can be passed from the molten salt community to the ionic liquid community, and vice versa, organised a landmark meeting in Tunisia, designed to bridge the gap and heal the rift. Leaders from both communities met for a week for a mutual exchange, with a high tutorial content intermixed with cutting edge findings. This volume is a condensate of the principal offerings of that week, and emphasises the success which was achieved. Indeed, four future biannual meetings, under the title of “EUCHEM Conferences on Molten Salts and Ionic Liquids”, have now been planned as a direct result of this meeting of minds. Topics discussed in this volume include structure, dynamics, electrochemistry, interfacial and thermodynamic properties, spectroscopy, synthesis, and theoretical studies. Experimental and theoretical methods for investigating these data are elaborated, as are techniques for data collection and analysis. This book represents the first serious discussion on the transfer of these methods and techniques between the differing temperature regimes, and is a major contribution to the future of both fields.
Download or read book Molten Salt Technology written by David G. Lovering and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-11-14 with total page 536 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Molten Salts Chemistry written by Frederic Lantelme and published by Newnes. This book was released on 2013-08-14 with total page 592 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Molten salts and fused media provide the key properties and the theory of molten salts, as well as aspects of fused salts chemistry, helping you generate new ideas and applications for fused salts.Molten Salts Chemistry: From Lab to Applications examines how the electrical and thermal properties of molten salts, and generally low vapour pressure are well adapted to high temperature chemistry, enabling fast reaction rates. It also explains how their ability to dissolve many inorganic compounds such as oxides, nitrides, carbides and other salts make molten salts ideal as solvents in electrometallurgy, metal coating, treatment of by-products and energy conversion.This book also reviews newer applications of molten salts including materials for energy storage such as carbon nano-particles for efficient super capacitors, high capacity molten salt batteries and for heat transport and storage in solar plants. In addition, owing to their high thermal stability, they are considered as ideal candidates for the development of safer nuclear reactors and for the treatment of nuclear waste, especially to separate actinides from lanthanides by electrorefining. Explains the theory and properties of molten salts to help scientists understand these unique liquids Provides an ideal introduction to this expanding field Illustrated text with key real-life applications of molten salts in synthesis, energy, nuclear, and metal extraction
Download or read book Molten Salts Handbook written by George J. Janz and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-06-11 with total page 613 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Molten Salts Handbook focuses on the features, properties, and structure of molten salts. This book presents several topics in annotated bibliographic table form, including phase equilibria, chemical syntheses, and molten salt electrolytes. Organized into six chapters, this book starts with a tabular presentation of data of the physical properties, thermodynamic properties, electrochemical properties, practical features, as well as spectroscopy and structure of molten salts. This text then illustrates the design features of different experimental assemblies and provides information on the technique through a liberally annotated bibliography. Other chapters provide a chemical index, which offers a ready guide to the status of data over the entire range of interests. This book presents as well the properties of viscosity, density, surface tension, refractive index, and electrical conductance for different compounds as single salt melts. This book is a valuable resource for scientists and researchers from diverse fields, including theoretical and applied electrochemistry, inorganic coordination chemistry, and transition metal chemistry.
Download or read book Enhanced Specific Heat of Molten Salt Nanofluids written by Hani Tiznobaik and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 93 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Concentrated solar power uses general thermodynamic cycles (such as Rankine or Gas turbine cycle) to produce electricity and thus its efficiency primarily relies on the operating temperature of thermal energy storage. Current thermal energy storage medium is organic material such as synthetic oil or fatty acid. However, these materials are not stable at high temperatures due to their thermal decomposition. Using molten salts as thermal energy storage medium is a very attractive option since they are thermally stable at high temperatures (over 600 °C). They also have very lower vapor pressure (for reducing mechanical stress on structure materials), less reactive, and abundant in nature in comparison with the conventional thermal energy storage materials. However, their low specific heat hinders the use of molten salts as thermal energy storage materials. The low specific heat of molten salts can be enhanced by doping with nanoparticles. Solvents doped with nanoparticles (termed as nanofluids) are well known for their large enhancement of thermal conductivity. In this study, the low specific heat of molten salts were enhanced by doping with nanoparticles. SiO2 nanoparticles were dispersed in a mixture of Li2CO3-K2CO3 at 1% concentration by weight showed 25% enhanced specific heat. From the subsequent material characterization study, a large amount of special fractal-like nanostructures was observed all over the nanofluids. Four different sizes of nanoparticles were tested to prepare nanofluids to verify the effect of nanoparticles on specific heat and the result showed almost no variation in specific heat with nanoparticle size. This implies that nanoparticles may not have direct effect on the enhanced specific heat but may help the formation of the fractal-like nanostructures. The fractal-like nanostructures are formed by molten salt molecules electrostatically interacting with nearby nanoparticles and may be responsible for the enhanced specific heat of nanofluids. To verify this, two batches of nanofluids were prepared and one was treated with a very small amount of hydroxide to interrupt the proposed electrostatic interaction. The result showed that the one treated with hydroxide did not form the fractal-like nanostructures and no specific heat enhancement was observed, while the other nanofluid showed constant 25 % enhanced specific heat. In order to have a better understanding of the effects of the formed nanostructures in nanofluid sample, the rheological properties of the pure and nanofluid samples were studied. The results shows increase not only in the average value of viscosity on the nanofluid sample, but also changing in the behavior of the fluids. That is, the nanofluid samples shows high amount of non-Newtonian behavior compare to the one of pure samples which shows Newtonian behavior. Based on the experimental results, and applying proposed theories to have a better understanding of thermophysical properties of nanostructures, this study proposes a new specific heat mechanism theories of molten salt. A comparison study was conducted using the proposed mechanism to explain the difference between conventional nanofluids whose specific heat decreases and molten salt-based nanofluids whose specific heat increases. The result of this study is expected to not only help to design advanced thermal energy storage for concentrated solar power applications but also help to answer unsolved questions in the field of nanofluids.
Download or read book Investigation of Thermophysical Properties of Enhanced Molten Salt Nanofluids for Thermal Energy Storage TES in Concentrated Solar Power CSP Systems written by Joohyun Seo (Ph.D.) and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Concentrated solar power (CSP) technologies have a great economical and technical potential for energy production in future. Its incorporation with thermal energy storage (TES) overcomes one of the biggest challenges in most renewable energy technologies, the intermittency of energy supply by natural resources. TES with 15-hour storage capacity is already commercialized to operate a CSP plant for 24 hours a day. When the sunlight is concentrated by mirrors into a small focal point, a heat transfer fluid (HTF) transfers the collected heat to a turbine or an engine to produce electricity and any surplus heat to a TES unit for later use. Typical CSP plants used two different materials for HTF and TES, and thus several heat exchangers were necessary between HTF and TES. These heat exchangers can cause a significant temperature drop and associated thermodynamic penalties. The potential capital cost increase is also not negligible. Using a binary nitrate salt (termed as "solar salt") as a single storage fluid for both HTF and TES can not only simplifies the heat transport/storage system but also minimize a potential energy loss. Its high-temperature stability (over 500 °C) can also increase the overall thermodynamic efficiency. However, solar salt has a relatively high melting point (220 °C), and it is likely to freeze under a harsh condition such as nighttime, rainy, or cloudy day. As a result, an auxiliary heater is required for a freeze protection and can significantly decrease the power output. Hence, it is necessary to investigate alternative storage fluid whose melting point is low enough to minimize the energy loss. A ternary nitrate salt mixture (LiNO3-NaNO3-KNO3) has a very low melting point (~100 °C). Using this mixture as a single storage fluid for both HTF and TES in a CSP can significantly reduce the energy loss by the freeze protection but also enhance CSP's energy conversion efficiency. However, the heat storage density of these molten salts is typically low. Literature study shows that dispersing appropriate nano particles can enhance salts' heat capacity. This can not only reduce the required HTF and TES amount, but also reduce the size of thermal transport and storage systems (e.g., pipes, heat exchanger, and storage tanks). In this study, several commercial SiO2 nanoparticles were first dispersed into a ternary nitrate salt to see if it can enhance its effective heat capacity. Several SiO2 nanoparticles at different sizes were tested to investigate the effect of nanoparticle size. Fresh nanoparticles, then, were in-situ synthesized in a binary and ternary nitrate salts. Al(NO3)3·9H2O (aluminum nitrate nonahydrate) and Mg(NO3)2·6H2O (magnesium nitrate hexahydrate) were induced to decompose in a molten nitrate salt to produce Al2O3 and MgO nanoparticles. The new method (Liquid to Liquid) for the sample preparation was used to increase the enhancement of specific heat of a binary nitrate salt with SiO2 nanoparticle. A modulated differential scanning calorimeter (MDSC; Q20, TA Instrument Inc.) was used to measure the effective heat capacity. A discovery hybrid rheometer (HR2, TA Instruments Inc.) was employed to measure the mixture's viscosity. A customized apparatus was built to measure its effective thermal conductivity. A figure of merit analysis was performed to predict the performance of the mixture. A scanning electron microscope (SEM: Hitachi S-3000N and S-5000H) was used for material characterization. Moreover, molecular dynamics simulation was performed to investigate the effect of nanoparticles on the observed property measurements.
Download or read book Proceedings of 14th International Conference on Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology 2017 written by ConferenceSeries and published by ConferenceSeries. This book was released on 2017-03-24 with total page 77 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: March 30- 31, 2017 Madrid, Spain Key Topics ; Nano Particles, Nano Electronic devices, Nano Scale Materials, Scope of Nanomaterials, Nanomaterials characterisation and synthesis, Nanozymes, Nanomaterials manufacturing technologies, Nano Structures, Nanomaterials Safety and regulations, Materiomics, Insilico nanostructure modelling, Applications of Nanomaterials, Characterization and properties of Nanomaterials, Advanced Nanomaterials, Nanotech products, Nanodevices and Systems, Nanomedical Devices, Nanotechnology applications, Biomedical Nanomaterials,
Download or read book Computational Analysis of Nanostructures Formed in Molten Salt Nanofluids written by Vidula B. Pawar and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Meeting the continuously increasing demand of 'clean' energy is the biggest challenge of the energy research field. Amongst the many renewable sources of energy, energy from the Sun is one of the biggest sources in the form of light and heat. Photovoltaic cells and concentrated solar power are few of the solar energy harnessing technologies. Photovoltaic cells use semiconductor materials to directly convert energy from sun into electricity. CSP uses a combination of solar receivers (mirrors or lenses) to concentrate the solar thermal energy which is further converted into electricity using the common thermodynamic cycle. One of the Photovoltaic (PV) technology's disadvantages over CSP is that it delivers power only in direct sunlight and it cannot store excess amounts of produced energy for later use. This is overcome by CSP. Thermal energy storage (TES) devices are used in CSP which store large amount of thermal energy for later use. TES use organic materials like paraffin wax, synthetic oils etc. as their heat transfer fluids (HTF). One of the drawbacks of CSP technology is the limiting operating temperatures of HTF (up to 400 °C), which affects the theoretical thermal efficiency. Increasing this operating temperature up to 560 °C, which is the creeping temperature of stainless steel, can enhance the efficiency (from 54% to 63%). Hence, the uses of molten salts, which are thermally stable up to 600 °C, have been proposed to use as TES. With advantages of high operating temperature, low cost and environmentally safe these salts have disadvantage of poor thermo-physical properties like low specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity. A lot of experimental results of enhancements in the thermo-physical properties of molten-salt embedded with nanofluids have been reported. Nanofluids are solvents doped with nanoparticles. These reports suggest formation of nanostructures with liquid layer separations in the base salts as possible cause of enhancements. But there has been very limited computational analysis study to support these findings. Tiznobaik et al saw nanostructure formed near nanoparticles and concluded it to be the primary cause for the enhanced specific heat capacity in carbonate nanofluids, (Li2CO3-K2CO3/SiO2). The formation of nanostructure was reasoned with dense layers and concentration gradient seen within the surrounding molten salt mixture. In this study an attempt has been made to elucidate and support this finding using computational analysis. Molecular Dynamic simulations have been performed using LAMMPS to analyze the cause of nanostructure formations. For the simulation, a periodic box of Li2CO3-K2CO3 (62:38) and a SiO2 nanocluster was made in Material Studio. After lot of initializations, a stable system was achieved and analysis showed concentration gradient around the nanocluster. Same analysis will help to prove the theory of concentration gradient in other combination of salts and nanomaterials. This will also act as a base for finding the thermo-physical properties like heat capacity, thermal conductivity, density etc. of such salts to further validate the experimental results showing their enhancements.
Download or read book Molten Salts XII written by Paul C. Trulove and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 780 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Molten Salt Chemistry written by Gleb Mamantov and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 538 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Molten salts are of considerable significance to chemical technology. Applications range from the established ones, such as the production of aluminum, magnesium, sodium and fluorine, to those as yet to be fully exploited, such as molten salt batteries and fuel cells, catalysis, and solar energy. Molten salts are investigated for different purposes by many diverse techniques. There is a need to keep investigators working in different areas, such as metal production, power sources, and glass industry, aware of progress in various specialties, as well as to familiarize new research workers with the fundamental aspects of the broad field of molten salt _ chemistry. This volume constitutes the plenary lectures presented at the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Molten Salt Chemistry, Camerino, Italy, August 3-15, 1986. The fundamentals and several selected applications of molten salt chemistry were addressed. The major fundamental topics covered at this ASI were the structure of melts, thermodynamics of molten salt mixtures, theoretical and experimental studies of transport processes, metal-metal salt solutions, solvent properties of melt systems, acid-base effects in molten salt chemistry, electronic absorption, vibrational, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of melt systems, electrochemistry and electroanalytical chemistry in molten salts, and organic chemistry in molten salts. The applied aspects of molten salt chemistry included the chemistry of aluminum production, electrodeposition using molten salts, and molten salt batteries and fuel cells.
Download or read book Molten Salts written by Gleb Mamantov and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 636 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Fundamentals and Transport Properties of Nanofluids written by S M Sohel Murshed and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2022-12-21 with total page 472 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nanofluids are an emerging class of heat transfer fluids that are engineered by dispersing nanoparticles in conventional fluids. They represent a promising, multidisciplinary field that has evolved over the past two decades to provide enhanced thermal features, as well as manifold applications in thermal management, energy, transportation, MEMs and biomedical fields. Fundamentals and Transport Properties of Nanofluids addresses a broad range of fundamental and applied research on nanofluids, from their preparation, stability, and thermal and rheological properties to performance characterization and advanced applications. It covers combined theoretical, experimental and numerical research to elucidate underlying mechanisms of thermal transport in nanofluids. Edited and contributed to by leading academics in thermofluids and allied fields, this book is a must have for those working in chemical, materials and mechanical engineering, nanoscience, soft matter physics and chemistry.
