Download or read book Fundamental Study of CO2 H2O mineral Interactions for Carbon Sequestration with Emphasis on the Nature of the Supercritical Fluid mineral Interface written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the supercritical CO2-water-mineral systems relevant to subsurface CO2 sequestration, interfacial processes at the supercritical fluid-mineral interface will strongly affect core- and reservoir-scale hydrologic properties. Experimental and theoretical studies have shown that water films will form on mineral surfaces in supercritical CO2, but will be thinner than those that form in vadose zone environments at any given matric potential. The theoretical model presented here allows assessment of water saturation as a function of matric potential, a critical step for evaluating relative permeabilities the CO2 sequestration environment. The experimental water adsorption studies, using Quartz Crystal Microbalance and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy methods, confirm the major conclusions of the adsorption/condensation model. Additional data provided by the FTIR study is that CO2 intercalation into clays, if it occurs, does not involve carbonate or bicarbonate formation, or significant restriction of CO2 mobility. We have shown that the water film that forms in supercritical CO2 is reactive with common rock-forming minerals, including albite, orthoclase, labradorite, and muscovite. The experimental data indicate that reactivity is a function of water film thickness; at an activity of water of 0.9, the greatest extent of reaction in scCO2 occurred in areas (step edges, surface pits) where capillary condensation thickened the water films. This suggests that dissolution/precipitation reactions may occur preferentially in small pores and pore throats, where it may have a disproportionately large effect on rock hydrologic properties. Finally, a theoretical model is presented here that describes the formation and movement of CO2 ganglia in porous media, allowing assessment of the effect of pore size and structural heterogeneity on capillary trapping efficiency. The model results also suggest possible engineering approaches for optimizing trapping capacity and for monitoring ganglion formation in the subsurface.

Download or read book Science of Carbon Storage in Deep Saline Formations written by Pania Newell and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2018-09-06 with total page 447 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Science of Carbon Storage in Deep Saline Formations: Process Coupling across Time and Spatial Scales summarizes state-of-the-art research, emphasizing how the coupling of physical and chemical processes as subsurface systems re-equilibrate during and after the injection of CO2. In addition, it addresses, in an easy-to-follow way, the lack of knowledge in understanding the coupled processes related to fluid flow, geomechanics and geochemistry over time and spatial scales. The book uniquely highlights process coupling and process interplay across time and spatial scales that are relevant to geological carbon storage. - Includes the underlying scientific research, as well as the risks associated with geological carbon storage - Covers the topic of geological carbon storage from various disciplines, addressing the multi-scale and multi-physics aspects of geological carbon storage - Organized by discipline for ease of navigation

Download or read book Geochemistry of Geologic CO2 Sequestration written by Donald J. DePaolo and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2018-12-17 with total page 556 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Volume 77 of Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry focuses on important aspects of the geochemistry of geological CO2 sequestration. It is in large part an outgrowth of research conducted by members of the U.S. Department of Energy funded Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC) known as the Center for Nanoscale Control of Geologic CO2 (NCGC). Eight out of the 15 chapters have been led by team members from the NCGC representing six of the eight partner institutions making up this center - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (lead institution, D. DePaolo - PI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, The Ohio State University, the University of California Davis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, and Washington University, St. Louis.

Download or read book Supercritical Carbon Dioxide brine rock Reactions in the Madison Limestone of Southwest Wyoming written by Curtis G. Chopping and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 117 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Coal-fired power plants emit significant amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2), in addition variable amounts of sulfur dioxide (SO2). One proposed strategy to reduce these gases to the atmosphere is to capture, inject and store them into geologic formations, a process often referred to as Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS), or carbon sequestration. In the case of mixed gas, co-sequestration. To help predict long term storage behavior, we can look at naturally occurring carbon dioxide reservoirs, otherwise known as natural analouges. The Madison Limestone on the Moxa Arch, southwest Wyoming, houses a natural carbon dioxide reservoir that can serve as a natural analogue for geologic carbon-sulfur co-sequestration. This thesis is an experimental geochemical study that evaluated multiphase (SO2 -CO2 -H2O)-brine-rock reactions and processes through a series of hydrothermal experiments representing the naturally occurring sulfur-rich Madison Limestone carbon dioxide reservoir. The first experimental series investigated multiphase-(CO2 -H2O)-brine-rock reactions representing the natural Madison Limestone system. Synthetic Madison Limestone (dolomite-calcite-anhydrite-pyrite) and Na-Cl-SO42−brine ( I = 0.5 molal) reacted at 110°C and 25 MPa for approximately 81 days (1940 hours). Supercritical carbon dioxide was injected and the experiment continued for approximately 46 days (1100 hours). A parallel experiment was performed without supercritical carbon dioxide to provide a basis of understanding the interaction of supercritical carbon dioxide with the brine-rock system. The second experimental series tested the hypothesis the Madison Limestone is a natural analogue to co-sequestration. In all aspects, it was conducted in the same manner as the first experimental series, but did not contain any initial anhydrite in the mineral assemblage (dolomite-calcite-pyrite). This series assumed that all aqueous sulfate was from fully reacted sulfur dioxide to examine supercritical CO2-sulfur reactivity. The third and final experimental series simulated a co-sequestration scenario by repeating series one and two, incorporating 500 ppm sulfur dioxide co-injected with carbon dioxide. Injection of supercritical carbon dioxide into the experiments decreased pH, increased Eh, and drove reaction pathways along the pyrite-anhydrite saturation boundary of the relevant Eh-pH diagram. The dolomite-calcite-anhydrite mineral assemblage and reaction textures that were produced are consistent with those observed in the natural carbon dioxide reservoir. Bulk mineralogy following injection of supercritical carbon dioxide, ± supercritical sulfur dioxide does not change. Minerals are instead dissolved, mobilized and re-precipitated. Injection of carbon dioxide, ± supercritical sulfur dioxide, precipitates anhydrite, providing a mineral trap for sulfur in a carbon-sulfur co-sequestration scenario. Anhydrite precipitation decreases sulfate activity, ultimately leading to mineralization of carbon dioxide. These experimental results support the hypothesis that the Madison Limestone on the Moxa Arch is a natural analogue for geologic carbon-sulfur co-sequestration. Equilibrium geochemical calculations accurately predicted concentrations for conservative ions Na+ and Cl− . Aqueous Ca2+ and Mg2+ predictions differed from experimentally measured values, in part, due to carbonate mineral solid solution and, in part, because the experiments do not achieve equilibrium. A minimum of 10,000 hours of laboratory reaction time with supercritical carbon dioxide, ± supercritical sulfur dioxide, is needed to achieve equilibrium. Equilibrium laboratory experiments can predict the long-term fate of reactive carbon in a natural carbon dioxide reservoir as well as a sequestration scenario, even if equilibrium is not achieved on the laboratory scale. A supplemental electronic file containing all thesis data (ThesisData_CChopping2012.xlsx) was also submitted.

Download or read book Co2 Sequestration By Ex situ Mineral Carbonation written by Aimaro Sanna and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2016-12-22 with total page 193 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To meet human energy needs, the use of fossil fuels is set to continue well into the second half of the 21st century. In order to avoid irreversible climate change, carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) must be integrated into industrial processes. Mineral carbonation (MC) is increasingly seen as an effective technology solution for CCS of CO2. With the potential to sequester billions of tonnes per year, remarkable developments in mineral carbonation technology are taking place, particularly in USA, Australia and the European Union.This book brings together some of the world's leading experts in the field of sequestration to provide a critical assessment of progress to date. Chapters cover the resources available for MC, and also give a critical analysis of the technologies developed for sequestering carbon from industrial and power plants, including the use of the resultant carbonated product. The studies conclude with evaluation of key technical and economic obstacles which need to be addressed for future research, development and application. CO2 Sequestration by Ex-Situ Mineral Carbonation is essential reading for engineers, chemists and materials scientists in graduate or research positions, and for those interested in sustainability, the environment and ecology.

Download or read book Geologic Carbon Sequestration written by V. Vishal and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-05-11 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This exclusive compilation written by eminent experts from more than ten countries, outlines the processes and methods for geologic sequestration in different sinks. It discusses and highlights the details of individual storage types, including recent advances in the science and technology of carbon storage. The topic is of immense interest to geoscientists, reservoir engineers, environmentalists and researchers from the scientific and industrial communities working on the methodologies for carbon dioxide storage. Increasing concentrations of anthropogenic carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are often held responsible for the rising temperature of the globe. Geologic sequestration prevents atmospheric release of the waste greenhouse gases by storing them underground for geologically significant periods of time. The book addresses the need for an understanding of carbon reservoir characteristics and behavior. Other book volumes on carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) attempt to cover the entire process of CCUS, but the topic of geologic sequestration is not discussed in detail. This book focuses on the recent trends and up-to-date information on different storage rock types, ranging from deep saline aquifers to coal to basaltic formations.

Download or read book Geochemistry of Multiphase CO2 H20 Rock Interactions in Nanoconfined Environments written by Quin R. S. Miller and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 201 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation is composed of five manuscript chapters that broadly concern the geochemistry of multiphase CO2-H2O interactions with rocks. Specifically, they focus on how organic ligands and nanoconfinement influence fluid-rock reaction processes and rates. It is important to understand these processes as CO2 and H2O are the two most abundant volatiles in the crust and strongly influence subsurface hydration and carbonation reactions. These processes have implications for natural and engineered settings, including geothermal systems, metamorphic aureoles, and carbon utilization and storage. These geochemical processes have the potential to alter hydrologic and geomechanical properties. In this dissertation, the reactivity of CO2-acidified brine and water-bearing supercritical CO2 with rocks was examined. Naturally-occurring organic ligands also play a role in CO2-H2O-rock interactions, as they have the potential to affect reaction rates and pathways. Lastly, properties of nanoconfined fluids differ from those of bulk fluids, which has implications for the reactivity of fluids in interpore chemical environments. Nanoconfined fluids are also important to understand because they are likely present at all mineral-water interfaces. The interaction of water with minerals surfaces induces ordering and the development of a nanoscale water phase. Chapters 2 through 4 concern the reaction of forsterite with water-bearing (wet) supercritical CO2 (scCO2). The carbonation reactions take place in an ~2 nm-thick interfacial water film that forms when water from the scCO2 partitions onto the forsterite. Chapter 2 focuses on how naturally-occurring organic ligands may be mobilized and transported by wet scCO2 to mineral interfaces, where they influence carbonation pathways. Chapters 3 and 4 continue this line of inquiry and delve into the underlying mechanism of how organic ligands influence mineral carbonation in interfacial water films. Chapter 5 focuses on how the water film thickness, or degree of nanoconfinement, influences forsterite carbonation rates, pathways, and energy barriers. This chapter places wet scCO2 investigations in a new context where they can provide insight into reactions in other confined environments, including pores, fractures, and grain boundaries. Chapter 6 concerns the aqueous geochemistry of the reaction of shale and CO2-acidified brine. In the context of the dissertation, shale is a naturally occurring, economically important, nanoporous, and organic-rich substrate. This chapter indicates that aqueous geochemistry correlates with fluid-rock reaction-induced pore network architecture reorganization. It has set the stage for ongoing and future work that will provide insight into coupled physicochemical processes.

Download or read book Geological Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide written by Luigi Marini and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2006-10-12 with total page 471 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The contents of this monograph are two-scope. First, it intends to provide a synthetic but complete account of the thermodynamic and kinetic foundations on which the reaction path modeling of geological CO2 sequestration is based. In particular, a great effort is devoted to review the thermodynamic properties of CO2 and of the CO2-H2O system and the interactions in the aqueous solution, the thermodynamic stability of solid product phases (by means of several stability plots and activity plots), the volumes of carbonation reactions, and especially the kinetics of dissolution/precipitation reactions of silicates, oxides, hydroxides, and carbonates. Second, it intends to show the reader how reaction path modeling of geological CO2 sequestration is carried out. To this purpose the well-known high-quality EQ3/6 software package is used. Setting up of computer simulations and obtained results are described in detail and used EQ3/6 input files are given to guide the reader step-by-step from the beginning to the end of these exercises. Finally, some examples of reaction-path- and reaction-transport-modeling taken from the available literature are presented. The results of these simulations are of fundamental importance to evaluate the amounts of potentially sequestered CO2, and their evolution with time, as well as the time changes of all the other relevant geochemical parameters (e.g., amounts of solid reactants and products, composition of the aqueous phase, pH, redox potential, effects on aquifer porosity). In other words, in this way we are able to predict what occurs when CO2 is injected into a deep aquifer.* Provides applications for investigating and predicting geological carbon dioxide sequestration* Reviews the geochemical literature in the field* Discusses the importance of geochemists in the multidisciplinary study of geological carbon dioxide sequestration

Download or read book Mineral Water Interface Geochemistry written by Michael F. Hochella and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2018-12-17 with total page 620 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Volume 23 of Reviews in Mineralogy and accompanying MSA short course covers chemical reactions that take place at mineral-water interfaces. We believe that this book describes most of the important concepts and contributions that have driven mineral-water interface geochemistry to its present state. We begin in Chapter 1 with examples of the global importance of mineral-water interface reactions and a brief review of the contents of the entire book. Thereafter, we have divided the book into four sections, including atomistic approaches (Chapters 2- 3), adsorption (Chapters 4-8), precipitation and dissolution (Chapters 9-11), and oxidation-reduction reactions (Chapters 11-14).

Download or read book Carbon Capture written by Jennifer Wilcox and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-03-28 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book approaches the energy science sub-field carbon capture with an interdisciplinary discussion based upon fundamental chemical concepts ranging from thermodynamics, combustion, kinetics, mass transfer, material properties, and the relationship between the chemistry and process of carbon capture technologies. Energy science itself is a broad field that spans many disciplines -- policy, mathematics, physical chemistry, chemical engineering, geology, materials science and mineralogy -- and the author has selected the material, as well as end-of-chapter problems and policy discussions, that provide the necessary tools to interested students.

Download or read book Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Water Rock Interaction written by Eric H. Oelkers and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2018-12-17 with total page 588 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Volume 70 of Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry represents an extensive review of the material presented by the invited speakers at a short course on Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Water-Rock Interaction held prior to the 19th annual V. M. Goldschmidt Conference in Davos, Switzerland (June 19-21, 2009). Contents: Thermodynamic Databases for Water-Rock Interaction Thermodynamics of Solid Solution-Aqueous Solution Systems Mineral Replacement Reactions Thermodynamic Concepts in Modeling Sorption at the Mineral-Water Interface Surface Complexation Modeling: Mineral Fluid Equilbria at the Molecular Scale The Link Between Mineral Dissolution/Precipitation Kinetics and Solution Chemistry Organics in Water-Rock Interactions Mineral Precipitation Kinetics Towards an Integrated Model of Weathering, Climate, and Biospheric Processes Approaches to Modeling Weathered Regolith Fluid-Rock Interaction: A Reactive Transport Approach Geochemical Modeling of Reaction Paths and Geochemical Reaction Networks

Download or read book Carbon Dioxide Mineralization and Utilization written by Pen-Chi Chiang and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-03-04 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on an important technology for mineralizing and utilizing CO2 instead of releasing it into the atmosphere. CO2 mineralization and utilization demonstrated in the waste-to-resource supply chain can “reduce carbon dependency, promote resource and energy efficiency, and lessen environmental quality degradation,” thereby reducing environmental risks and increasing economic benefits towards Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). In this book, comprehensive information on CO2 mineralization and utilization via accelerated carbonation technology from theoretical and practical considerations was presented in 20 Chapters. It first introduces the concept of the carbon cycle from the thermodynamic point of view and then discusses principles and applications regarding environmental impact assessment of carbon capture, storage and utilization technologies. After that, it describes the theoretical and practical considerations for “Accelerated Carbonation (Mineralization)” including analytical methods, and systematically presents the carbonation mechanism and modeling (process chemistry, reaction kinetics and mass transfer) and system analysis (design and analysis of experiments, life cycle assessment and cost benefit analysis). It then provides physico-chemical properties of different types of feedstock for CO2 mineralization and then explores the valorization of carbonated products as green materials. Lastly, an integral approach for waste treatment and resource recovery is introduced, and the carbonation system is critically assessed and optimized based on engineering, environmental, and economic (3E) analysis. The book is a valuable resource for readers who take scientific and practical interests in the current and future Accelerated Carbonation Technology for CO2 Mineralization and Utilization.

Download or read book A Novel Approach to Experimental Studies of Mineral Dissolution Kinetics written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Currently, DOE is conducting pilot CO2 injection tests to evaluate the concept of geological sequestration. The injected CO2 is expected to react with the host rocks and these reactions can potentially alter the porosity, permeability, and mechanical properties of the host or cap rocks. Reactions can also result in precipitation of carbonate-containing minerals that favorably and permanently trap CO2 underground. Many numerical models have been used to predict these reactions for the carbon sequestration program. However, a firm experimental basis for predicting silicate reaction kinetics in CO2 injected geological formations is urgently needed to assure the reliability of the geochemical models used for the assessments of carbon sequestration strategies. The funded experimental and theoretical study attempts to resolve this outstanding scientific issue by novel experimental design and theoretical interpretation of silicate dissolution rates at conditions pertinent to geological carbon sequestration. In this four year research grant (three years plus a one year no cost extension), seven (7) laboratory experiments of CO2-rock-water interactions were carried out. An experimental design allowed the collection of water samples during experiments in situ and thus prevented back reactions. Analysis of the in situ samples delineated the temporal evolution of aqueous chemistry because of CO2-rock-water interactions. The solid products of the experiments were retrieved at the end of the experimental run, and analyzed with a suite of advanced analytical and electron microscopic techniques (i.e., atomic resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron microprobe, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)). As a result, the research project probably has produced one of the best data sets for CO2-rock-water interactions in terms of both aqueous solution chemistry and solid characterization. Three experiments were performed using the Navajo sandstone. Navajo sandstone is geologically equivalent to the Nugget sandstone, which is a target formation for a regional partnership injection project. Our experiments provided the experimental data on the potential CO2-rock-water interactions that are likely to occur in the aquifer. Geochemical modeling was performed to interpret the experimental results. Our single mineral (feldspar) experiments addressed a basic research need. i.e., the coupled nature of dissolution and precipitation reactions, which has universal implication to the reaction kinetics as it applied to CO2 sequestration. Our whole rock experiments (Navajo sandstone) addressed the applied research component, e.g., reacting Navajo sandstone with brine and CO2 has direct relevance on the activities of a number of regional partnerships. The following are the major findings from this project: (1) The project generated a large amount of experimental data that is central to evaluating CO2-water-rock interactions and providing ground truth to predictive models, which have been used and will inevitably be increasingly more used in carbon sequestration. (2) Results from the feldspar experiments demonstrated stronger coupling between dissolution and precipitation reactions. We show that the partial equilibrium assumption did not hold in the feldspar hydrolysis experiments (Zhu and Lu, submitted, Appendix A-2). The precipitation of clay minerals influenced dissolution of primary silicate in a much stronger way as previously envisioned. Therefore, our experimental data indicated a much more complex chemical kinetics as it has been applied to carbon sequestration program in terms of preliminary predictive models of CO2-rock-water interactions. Adopting this complexity (strong coupling) may influence estimates of mineral trapping and porosity/permeability for geological carbon sequestration. In general, our knowledge of the coupling of different reactions is poor, and we must consider the uncertainties resulting from our poor knowledge on this regard. (3) Our experimental results concur with previous findings that the role of dissolved CO2 is mostly to acidify the brine, but not change the mechanisms of reactions. This conclusion is based on careful paired experiments with and without CO2. (4) We observed strong chemical reactions between CO2 acidified brine with the Navajo sandstone. The laboratory experiments were conducted at a higher temperature (200 C) than that in the field ((almost equal to)90 C) in order to induce measurable chemical changes in the laboratory. However, field conditions are more acidic and reaction time is much longer (1000 years versus 10-80 days in the laboratory). Therefore, the conclusions on extensive reactions are relevant. We observed extensive dissolution of feldspars, and precipitation of clay minerals.

Download or read book Geological Carbon Storage written by Stéphanie Vialle and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-11-15 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Geological Carbon Storage Subsurface Seals and Caprock Integrity Seals and caprocks are an essential component of subsurface hydrogeological systems, guiding the movement and entrapment of hydrocarbon and other fluids. Geological Carbon Storage: Subsurface Seals and Caprock Integrity offers a survey of the wealth of recent scientific work on caprock integrity with a focus on the geological controls of permanent and safe carbon dioxide storage, and the commercial deployment of geological carbon storage. Volume highlights include: Low-permeability rock characterization from the pore scale to the core scale Flow and transport properties of low-permeability rocks Fundamentals of fracture generation, self-healing, and permeability Coupled geochemical, transport and geomechanical processes in caprock Analysis of caprock behavior from natural analogues Geochemical and geophysical monitoring techniques of caprock failure and integrity Potential environmental impacts of carbon dioxide migration on groundwater resources Carbon dioxide leakage mitigation and remediation techniques Geological Carbon Storage: Subsurface Seals and Caprock Integrity is an invaluable resource for geoscientists from academic and research institutions with interests in energy and environment-related problems, as well as professionals in the field.

Download or read book Understanding Geologic Carbon Sequestration and Gas Hydrate from Molecular Simulation written by Yongchen Song and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2024-03-09 with total page 544 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The development, storage and comprehensive utilization of energy is an important subject concerned by scientists all over the world. Carbon capture and storage technology is one of the most effective mitigation technologies for global climate change, accurate understanding of the migration of multiphase fluids in reservoirs is crucial for reservoir stock evaluation and safety evaluation. Understanding Carbon Geologic Sequestration and Gas Hydrate from Molecular Simulation systematically introduces CO2 geological sequestration and gas hydrate at the molecular-scale, with research including interfacial properties of multiphase, multicomponent systems, hydrogen bonding properties, adsorption characteristics of CO2 / CH4 in the pore, kinetic properties of decomposition/nucleation/growth of gas hydrate, the influence of additives on gas hydrate growth dynamics, and hydrate prevention and control technology. This book focuses on research-based achievements and provides a comprehensive look at global progress in the field. Because there are limited resources available on carbon geologic sequestration technology and gas hydrate technology at the molecular level, the authors wrote this book to fill a gap in scientific literature and prompt further research. - Distills learnings for fundamental and advanced knowledge of molecular simulation in carbon dioxide and gas hydrate storage - Synthesizes knowledge about the development status of CGS technology and hydrate technology in the molecular field – tackling these technologies from a microscopic perspective - Analyzes scientific problems related to CGS technology and hydrate technology based on molecular simulation methods - Explores challenges relative to carbon dioxide and hydrate storage - Provides hierarchical analysis combined with the authors' own research-based case studies for enhanced comprehension and application

Download or read book Carbon Dioxide Sequestration in Geological Media written by Matthias Grobe and published by AAPG. This book was released on 2010-03-01 with total page 702 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past 20 years, the concept of storing or permanently storing carbon dioxide in geological media has gained increasing attention as part of the important technology option of carbon capture and storage within a portfolio of options aimed at reducing anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases to the earths atmosphere. This book is structured into eight parts, and, among other topics, provides an overview of the current status and challenges of the science, regional assessment studies of carbon dioxide geological sequestration potential, and a discussion of the economics and regulatory aspects of carbon dioxide sequestration.

Download or read book Fluid rock Interactions in a Carbon Storage Site Analogue Green River Utah written by Niko Kampman and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reactions between CO2-charged brines and reservoir minerals might either enhance the long-term storage of CO2 in geological reservoirs or facilitate leakage by corroding cap rocks and fault seals. Modelling the progress of such reactions is frustrated by uncertainties in the absolute mineral surface reaction rates and the significance of other rate limiting steps in natural systems. This study uses the chemical evolution of groundwater from the Jurassic Navajo Sandstone, part of a leaking natural accumulation of CO2 at Green River, Utah, in the Colorado Plateau, USA, to place constraints on the rates and potential controlling mechanisms of the mineral-fluid reactions,under elevated CO2 pressures, in a natural system. The progress of individual reactions, inferred from changes in groundwater chemistry is modelled using mass balance techniques. The mineral reactions are close to stoichiometric with plagioclase and K-feldspar dissolution largely balanced by precipitation of clay minerals and carbonate. Mineral modes, in conjunction with published surface area measurements and flow rates estimated from hydraulic head measurements, are then used to quantify the kinetics of feldspar dissolution. Maximum estimated dissolution rates for plagioclase and K-feldspar are 2x10-14 and 4x10-16 mol·m-2·s-1, respectively. Fluid ion-activity products are close to equilibrium (e.g. DGr for plagioclase between -2 and -10 kJ/mol) and lie in the region in which mineral surface reaction rates show a strong dependence on DGr. Local variation in DGr is attributed to the injection and disassociation of CO2 which initially depresses silicate mineral saturation in the fluid, promoting feldspar dissolution. With progressive flow through the aquifer, feldspar hydrolysis reactions consume H+ and liberate solutes to solution which increase mineral saturation in the fluid and rates slow as a consequence. The measured plagioclase dissolution rates at low DGr would be compatible with far-from-quilibrium rates of ~1x10-13 mol·m-2·s-1 as observed in some experimental studies. This suggests that the discrepancy between field and laboratory reaction rates may in part be explained by the differences in the thermodynamic state of natural and experimental fluids, with field-scale reactions occurring close to equilibrium whereas most laboratory experiments are run far-from-equilibrium. Surface carbonate deposits and cementation within the footwall of the local fault systems record multiple injections of CO2 into the Navajo Aquifer and leakage of CO2 from the site over ca. 400,000 years. The d18O, d13C and 87Sr/86Sr of these deposits record rapid rates of CO2 leakage (up to ~1000 tonnes/a) following injection of CO2, but rates differ by an order of magnitude between each fault, due to differences in the fault architecture. Elevated pCO2 enhances rates of feldspar dissolution in the host aquifer and carbonate precipitation in fracture conduits. Silicate mineral dissolution rates decline and carbonate precipitation rates increase as pH and the CO2 charge dissipate. The Sr/Ca of calcite cements record average precipitation rates of ~2x10-6 mol/m2/s, comparable to laboratory derived calcite precipitation rates in fluids with elevated Mn/Ca and Fe/Ca, at cc of ~1 to 3. This suggests that far-from-equilibrium carbonate precipitation, which blocks fracture conduits and causes the leaking system to self-seal, driven by CO2 degassing in the shallow subsurface, can be accurately modeled with laboratory derived rates. Sandstones altered in CO2 leakage conduits exhibit extensive dissolution of hematite grain coatings and are chemically bleached as a result. Measurements of Eh-pH conditions in the modern fluid, and modeling of paleo-Eh-pH conditions using calcite Fe and Mn concentrations, suggests that the CO2-charged groundwaters are reducing, due to their low dissolved O2 content and that pH suppression due to high pCO2 is capable of dissolving and transporting large concentrations of metals. Exhumed paleo-CO2 reservoirs along the crest of the Green River anticline have been identified using volatile hosting fluid inclusions. Paleo-CO2-charged fluids mobilized hydrocarbons and CH4 from deeper formations, enhancing the reductive dissolution of hematite, which produced spectacular km-scale bleached patterns in these sediment.