Download or read book Fundamental Mechanisms of Unconfined Detonation of Fuel Air Explosions written by and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 101 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Research during the past year has led to some significant results which have profound implications in the area of vapor cloud explosion in general, and in the area of 'shockless' initiation of detonation in particular. In brief we have; (1) demonstrated experimentally that initiation of detonation can be achieved by injecting a chemical catalyst into a fuel-air mixture, (ii) demonstrated experimentally that direct initiation can be achieved by seeding an explosive mixture with free radicals of the appropriate concentration and spatial distribution, (iii) demonstrated experimentally that direct initiation can be achieved via turbulent mixing between an explosive mixture and its combustion products, (iv) demonstrated experimentally that unconfined turbulent flame speeds exceeding 400 m/s can readily be achieved in a mixture as inert as methane air, (v) clarified through experiments the role of confinement on the propagation of detonations near the detonability limits, and (vi) assessed the far field destructive potential of FAE weapons by calculating numerically the effective blast energy of non-ideal blast waves generated by vapor cloud explosions. (Author).
Download or read book FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS OF UNCONFINED EXPLOSIONS written by and published by . This book was released on with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Fundamental Aspects of Unconfined Explosions written by J.A. Nicholls, M. Sichel, R.S. Fry, C. Hu, D.R. Glass, R. De Sara, K. Kearney and published by . This book was released on with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Dynamics of Detonations and Explosions written by and published by AIAA. This book was released on 1991 with total page 422 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Major Research Topics in Combustion written by M.Y. Hussaini and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 668 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Institute for Computer Applications in Science and Engineer ing (ICASE) and NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) brought together on October 2-4, 1989 experts in the various areas of com bustion with a view to expose them to some combustion problems of technological interest to LaRC and possibly foster interaction with the academic community in these research areas. The top ics chosen for this purpose were flame structure, flame stability, flame holding/extinction, chemical kinetics, turbulence-kinetics in teraction, transition to detonation, and reacting free shear layers. The lead paper set the stage by discussing the status and issues of supersonic combustion relevant to scramjet engine. Then the ex perts were called upon i) to review the current status of knowledge in the aforementioned ;:I. reas, ii) to focus on how this knowledge can be extended and applied to high-speed combustion, and iii) to suggest future directions of research in these areas. Each topic was then dealt with in a position paper followed by formal discussion papers and a general discussion involving the participants. The position papers discussed the state-of-the-art with an emphasis on key issues that needed to be resolved in the near future. The discussion papers crit ically examined these issues and filled in any lacunae therein. The edited versions of the general discussions in the form of questions from the audience and answers from the speakers are included wher ever possible to give the reader the flavor of the lively interactions that took place.
Download or read book Gaseous Detonations written by M.A. Nettleton and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: My introduction to the fascinating phenomena associated with detonation waves came through appointments as an external fellow at the Department of Physics, University College of Wales, and at the Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds. Very special thanks for his accurate guidance through the large body of information on gaseous detonations are due to Professor D. H. Edwards of University College of Wales. Indeed, the onerous task of concisely enumerating the key features of unidimensional theories of detonations was undertaken by him, and Chapter 2 is based on his initial draft. When the text strays to the use of we, it is a deserved acknow ledgement of his contribution. Again, I should like to thank Professor D. Bradley of Leeds University for his enthusiastic encouragement of my efforts at developing a model of the composition limits of detonability through a relationship between run-up distance and composition of the mixture. The text has been prepared in the context of these fellowships, and I am grateful to the Central Electricity Generating Board for its permission to accept these appointments.
Download or read book Fuel air Explosions written by C. M. Guirao and published by Solid Mechanics Division, University of Waterloo. This book was released on 1982 with total page 1032 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book INITIATION OF DETONATION IN UNCONFINED NATURAL GAS AIR CLOUDS written by J.A. NICHOLLS and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book A Study of the Growing Danger of Detonation in Unconfined Gas Cloud Explosions written by John A. Brown and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 110 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There is a real and growing danger of detonation of unconfined fuel-air clouds formed by massive industrial gas spills, and the danger increases with the size of the spill. A simple flame is probably not enough to initiate detonation of an unconfined gas cloud no matter how large the scale; but small contributory explosions such as a bursting pressure vessel or a muffler backfire can initiate detonations if strategically located, and gas clouds burning under confinement can undergo spontaneous transition to detonation and initiate open-air clouds. Large scale spills present a greater likelihood of detonation than do smaller spills simply because they entail more opportunities for confined burning to occur or for the cloud to reach an initiation source. Their burning phenomena do not appear to be intrinsically different from those of smaller spills. The most serious hitherto-unrecognized hazard in a refinery is the widespread existence of confined spaces in which a gas cloud can burn to detonation. They include spaces under floors and behind panels, the sewer system, stacks of empty pipe lengths and numerous others. Theoretically, a large spill of flammable gas could mix with the stoichiometric amount of air and possess the explosive power of a small atomic bomb; but experience has shown that the actual yield seldom exceeds 5% of the potential yield - although gas which does not participate in an explosion can still contribute to damage by participating in a subsequent firestorm. Techniques are available to make a quantitative assessment of the damage potential of a given spill in a given situation, and such an assessment would provide top management with the information needed to make an informed risk decision. Techniques are also available to reduce the risk of explosion in the event of a spill. They include limiting the scale of processing, limiting the growth of spill clouds by pilot lights, elimination of confined spaces in which a flame can grow to detonation, greater use of flame arrestors and the installation of gas quench systems. This report is a scouting and planning study intended to give an appreciation for the kind and amount of information that exists and to assess what might be accomplished by a full-scale safety R & D program. It presents a recommended program in sufficient detail for management evaluation and action; with the data and evidential basis for the recommendation.
Download or read book Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports written by and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 1134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Initiation and Growth of Explosion in Liquids and Solids written by Frank Philip Bowden and published by CUP Archive. This book was released on 1985-10-24 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes the research of Bowden, Yoffe and their collaborators on explosive initiation. What Bowden and Yoffe showed was that explosives are ignited almost invariably by thermal processes and though other processes have been identified their work still holds.
Download or read book The Mechanisms of Explosions written by Jacques Chaineaux and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2023-05-09 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The risk of explosion is inseparable from industrial activity, as we are often reminded by the news. In order to avoid an explosion, it is necessary to understand the phenomena surrounding it, and take the necessary preventive measures to protect society if it comes to the worst-case scenario. This book will detail these phenomena. The Mechanisms of Explosions presents theoretical aspects from a physicochemical point of view and proposes various methods adapted to each type of explosion, including ATEX explosions. The author shares his knowledge of the mechanisms of explosions, acquired during numerous investigations. These 27 case studies – detailing circumstances, mechanisms and the nature and intensity of explosive effects – were selected to cover all of the possible physical or chemical phenomena, substances and mechanisms, without limiting themselves to the most common situations. This book, packed full of information, is designed to benefit those who analyze and investigate explosions, particularly insurance and judicial experts, prevention engineers, security managers and trainers.
Download or read book Technical Abstract Bulletin written by and published by . This book was released on with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Explosive Shocks in Air written by Gilbert F. Kinney and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A purpose of science is to organize diversified factual knowledge into a coherent body of information, and to present this from the simplest possible viewpoint. This is a formidable task where our knowledge is incomplete, as it is with explosions. Here one runs the risk of oversimplification, naivete, and incom pleteness. Nevertheless a purpose of this work is to present as simply as possible a general description of the basic nature of explosions. This treatise should be of interest to all who are working with explosives such as used in construction or in demolition work, in mining operations, or in military applications. It should also be of interest to those concemed with disasters such as explosions or earthquakes, to those involved in civil defense precautions, and to those concemed with defense against terrorists. That is, this material should be of interest to all who wish to utilize, or to avoid, the effects of explosions as weil as to those whose interest is primarily scientific in nature.
Download or read book Dynamic Response of Structures and Materials to Impulsive Loads written by C. Allen Ross and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 90 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report is divided into three main subjects, e. g., beam response to impulsive loads of fuel-air explosions (FAE), effect of fuel-air explosions in confined unpressurized containers, and the effect of intense impulsive loads from surface blasts on material removal and degradation of a concrete semi-half space. Investigation into the response of small ductile beam elements subjected to blast loadings indicates a need for analysis of beams including gross deformation, axial constraints, and complete failure. The response of small beams to fuel-air explosions fall in a transition between a static mechanism and a traveling plastic hinge mechanism. Equations of motion, based on a strength of material approach, are derived for both mechanisms. The same general shock transmission and reflection of detonation waves are found to be operative in both confined and unconfined fuel-air explosions. The ratio of the reflected pressure to the static pressure of a detonation wave is dependent only on the ratio of specific heats and reaches a maximum of 2.6 for a specific heat ratio of infinity. Computational models are available and have been used with some success for prediction of cratering, material removal and material degradation for certain rock media and could be used for concrete; however, development of constitutive models for concrete is still in the fundamental stage. More fundamental research, especially experimental and theoretical work on material characterization, is needed before a reasonable damage estimation of concrete subjected to intense impulsive loads can be obtained. (Author).
Download or read book Investigation of Explosion Characteristics of Multiphase Fuel Mixtures with Air written by Emmanuel Kwasi Addai and published by Western Engineering, Inc.. This book was released on 2016-10-10 with total page 265 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explosion hazards involving mixtures of different states of aggregation continue to occur in facilities where dusts, gases or solvents are handled or processed. In order to prevent or mitigate the risk associated with these mixtures, more knowledge of the explosion behavior of hybrid mixtures is required. The aim of this study is to undertake an extensive investigation on the explosion phenomenon of hybrid mixtures to obtain insight into the driving mechanisms and the explosion features affecting the course of hybrid mixture explosions. This was accomplished by performing an extensive experimental and theoretical investigation on the various explosion parameters such as: minimum ignition temperature, minimum ignition energy, limiting oxygen concentration, lower explosion limits and explosion severity. Mixtures of twenty combustible dusts ranging from food substances, metals, plastics, natural products, fuels and artificial materials; three gases; and six solvents were used to carry out this study. Three different standard equipments: the 20-liter sphere (for testing lower explosion limits, limiting oxygen concentration and explosion severity), the modified Hartmann apparatus (for testing minimum ignition energy) and the modified Godbert–Greenwald (GG) furnace (for testing minimum ignition temperature) were used. The test protocols were in accordance with the European standard procedures for dust testing for each parameter. However, modifications were made on each equipment in order to test the explosion properties of gases, solvents, and hybrid mixtures. The experimental results demonstrated a significant decrease of the minimum ignition temperature, minimum ignition energy and limiting oxygen concentration of gas or solvent and increase in the likelihood of explosion when a small amount of dust, which was either below the minimum explosion concentration or not ignitable by itself, was mixed with gas or solvent and vice versa. For example, methane with minimum ignition temperature of 600 °C decreased to 530 °C when 30 g/m3 of toner dust, which is 50 % below its minimum explosible concentration was, added. A similar explosion behavior was observed for minimum ignition energy and limiting oxygen concentration. Furthermore, it was generally observed that the addition of a non-explosible concentration of flammable gas or spray to a dust-air mixture increases the maximum explosion pressure to some extent and significantly increases the maximum rate of pressure rise of the dust mixture, even though the added concentrations of gases or vapor are below its lower explosion limit. Finally, it could be said that, one cannot rely on the explosion properties of a single substance to ensure full protection of an equipment or a process if substances with different states of aggregate are present.
Download or read book Unconfined Fuel Air Explosions and Other Combustion written by Atlantic Research Corporation and published by . This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
