Download or read book Fully Integrated CMOS Ultrasound Transceiver Chip for High frequency High resolution Ultrasonic Imaging Systems written by In Soo Kim and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 157 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ultrasound techniques are common for diagnostic imaging and often supersede X-ray imaging in medical sectors. Recently studies for imaging smaller organs or surfaces, such as skin, the gastrointestinal tract, and intravascular blood vessels, have emerged utilizing ultrasounds with frequencies over 20 MHz. A need remains for better clinical ultrasound imaging for detecting tumors and micro-sized tissues in vivo without the use of biopsy. In addition, a recent demand for portable ultrasound imaging systems in medical services has emerged. However, conventional ultrasound imaging systems have complicated electronics and high voltage transducers connected via bulky and expensive cables. Thus, over two decades many researchers have tried to miniaturize ultrasound imaging systems, and applied mixed-signal IC design techniques for integrating the front-end electronics on a single IC chip. However, no one has yet achieved an ultrasound imaging system with a fully integrated, custom-designed front-end IC chip that combines transmitters and receivers with high-resolution A/D converters and high-capacity on-chip memory devices. The proposed CMOS ultrasound transceiver chip enables development of portable high-resolution, high-frequency ultrasonic imaging systems. The transceiver chip design incorporates closed-coupled thin film ultrasound transducer array which operates with a 3.3 V power supply. In addition, a prototype chip, supported by digital beamforming system architecture, contains 16 receive and transmit channels with preamplifiers, Time-Gain compensation amplifiers, multiplexed Analog-to-Digital (A/D) converter with 3 Kbyte on-chip SRAM, and 50-MHz resolution time-delayed excitation pulse generators. By utilizing a shared A/D converter architecture, the numbers of A/D converters and SRAMs are reduced to one, although typical digital beamforming systems need 16 A/D converter for 16 receive channels. The carefully designed preamplifier minimizes stray capacitance and resistance between the transducers and the transceiver chip for ease of impedance matching and shows 100 MHz bandwidth at a gain of 20 dB. The VGA shows 23 dB linear gain, control range with 250 MHz bandwidth. The implemented TIQ ADC (Threshold Quantization Inverter A/D converter) achieves fast data conversion speed. Specified 6-bit resolution at a conversion speed of 250 MS/s was achieved. Further, this study presents a highly efficient TIQ comparator design methodology based on an analytical model for TIQ ADCs. The TIQ technique has gained importance in high speed flash A/D converters due to their fast data conversion speeds. The key to TIQ comparators' designs is to generate different-sized TIQ comparators for an n-bit A/D converter; however, this technique is difficult and time-consuming for a higher-bit A/D converter. Thus, this thesis suggests a design algorithm based on MOSFET's current SPICE model, and a customized program that automatically generates the TIQ comparators. The proposed methodology improves TIQ ADC design accuracy by 55% and reduces design time by approximately by 75%. To substantiate the technology, ultrasound signal acquisition experiments include pitch mode, catch mode, and pitch-catch mode tests, using the thin film ultrasound transducer arrays and the high frequency composite transducer arrays. The experimental results demonstrate the viability of the proposed chip architecture and designs, and the feasibility of the proposed ultrasound imaging system.

Download or read book Integrated Microsystems written by Krzysztof Iniewski and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-12-19 with total page 760 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As rapid technological developments occur in electronics, photonics, mechanics, chemistry, and biology, the demand for portable, lightweight integrated microsystems is relentless. These devices are getting exponentially smaller, increasingly used in everything from video games, hearing aids, and pacemakers to more intricate biomedical engineering and military applications. Edited by Kris Iniewski, a revolutionary in the field of advanced semiconductor materials, Integrated Microsystems: Electronics, Photonics, and Biotechnology focuses on techniques for optimized design and fabrication of these intelligent miniaturized devices and systems. Composed of contributions from experts in academia and industry around the world, this reference covers processes compatible with CMOS integrated circuits, which combine computation, communications, sensing, and actuation capabilities. Light on math and physics, with a greater emphasis on microsystem design and configuration and electrical engineering, this book is organized in three sections—Microelectronics and Biosystems, Photonics and Imaging, and Biotechnology and MEMs. It addresses key topics, including physical and chemical sensing, imaging, smart actuation, and data fusion and management. Using tables, figures, and equations to help illustrate concepts, contributors examine and explain the potential of emerging applications for areas including biology, nanotechnology, micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS), microfluidics, and photonics.

Download or read book Mobile Point of Care Monitors and Diagnostic Device Design written by Walter Karlen and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-09-03 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Efficient mobile systems that allow for vital sign monitoring and disease diagnosis at the point of care can help combat issues such as rising healthcare costs, treatment delays in remote and resource-poor areas, and the global shortage of skilled medical personnel. Covering everything from sensors, systems, and software to integration, usability, and regulatory challenges, Mobile Point-of-Care Monitors and Diagnostic Device Design offers valuable insight into state-of-the-art technologies, research, and methods for designing personal diagnostic and ambulatory healthcare devices. Presenting the combined expertise of contributors from various fields, this multidisciplinary text: Gives an overview of the latest mobile health and point-of-care technologies Discusses portable diagnostics devices and sensors, including mobile-phone-based health systems Explores lab-on-chip systems as well as energy-efficient solutions for mobile point-of-care monitors Addresses computer vision and signal processing for real-time diagnostics Considers interface design for lay healthcare providers and home users Mobile Point-of-Care Monitors and Diagnostic Device Design provides important background information about the design process of mobile health and point-of-care devices, using practical examples to illustrate key aspects related to instrumentation, information processing, and implementation.

Download or read book Basic Physics of Ultrasonographic Imaging written by N. M. Tole and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2005 with total page 106 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The present volume on basic physics of ultrasonographic imaging procedures provides clear and concise information on the physics behind ultrasound examinations in diagnostic imaging. It attempts to present the subject from a simple approach that should make it possible for the target groups to comprehend the important concepts which form the physical basis of ultrasonic imaging. The main target group of this manual is radiological technologists and radiographers working with diagnostic ultrasound in developing countries. Clinicians and nurse practitioners may also find the simple presentation appealing. A conscious effort has been made to avoid detailed mathematical treatment of the subject. The emphasis is on simplicity.

Download or read book Volumetric Ultrasound Imaging Systems Using Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducer CMUT Arrays written by Anshuman Bhuyan and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Medical imaging has become very important in the proper diagnosis of a disease. It has eliminated the need for invasive surgery for evaluation purposes, which can be painful to the patient. There are many modes of medical imaging, ultrasound being one of the most common. Ultrasound imaging provides various advantages compared to other modes that make it very attractive for diagnostic purposes. Conventional ultrasound systems provide real-time 2-D images of the human anatomy and have been used for decades. However, 4-D ultrasound imaging is becoming increasingly popular due to the additional information it provides over conventional 2-D imaging. It makes the imaging procedure less susceptible to the errors of the sonographer and 2-D image slices can be taken at various orientations with respect to the imaging probe allowing convenient offline analysis by the doctor. There are however, several challenges in building such a system. This is because of the requirement of the frontend electronics (typically consisting of LNAs) needing to be very close to the transducer array and the large number of elements that need to be interfaced to the backend system. Also, imaging a volume space requires image processing of a very large dataset that could eventually limit the imaging volume rate. The first part of this dissertation describes a 4-D ultrasound imaging system using Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducer (CMUT) technology. Use of CMUTs enables us to address most of the challenges in building such a 4-D ultrasound system. Integrated circuits (IC) with a transmit beamformer and receive signal conditioning circuit were designed and fabricated, and were integrated tightly with the transducer array using flip-chip bonding technology. Different techniques of integration are demonstrated, and the choice between them is dictated by the targeted application. Multi-beam transmit functionality is incorporated in the IC that addresses the issue of limited imaging volume rate in a 4-D ultrasound system. Imaging experiments are presented that illustrate a true real-time volumetric imaging capability of the system. Two other ultrasound systems are also described. One is an extension of the work presented in the first part by incorporating capabilities of therapy using High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU), in the same 4-D ultrasound imaging system. This would allow physicians to use the same probe for imaging as well as therapy. This system uses an IC similar in design to that used for developing the 4-D ultrasound imaging system. It also consists of a switch network to allow external pulsers to provide a continuous wave sinusoidal excitation to the CMUT transducer. A new high-voltage switch circuit design is presented that is used in the switch network. Finally, a wearable ultrasound probe is presented that is capable of performing 2-D imaging in real-time. Such a probe is useful for applications that require constant or periodic monitoring of body functions and therefore can be worn by the patient at all times. Again, ICs were designed and integrated closely to a 1-D CMUT array. The assembly process is described and imaging results are presented.

Download or read book Radio frequency Integrated circuit Design for CMOS Single chip UWB Systems written by Yalin Jin and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Low cost, a high-integrated capability, and low-power consumption are the basic requirements for ultra wide band (UWB) system design in order for the system to be adopted in various commercial electronic devices in the near future. Thus, the highly integrated transceiver is trended to be manufactured by companies using the latest silicon based complimentary metal-oxide-silicon (CMOS) processes. In this dissertation, several new structural designs are proposed, which provide solutions for some crucial RF blocks in CMOS for UWB for commercial applications. In this dissertation, there is a discussion of the development, as well as an illustration, of a fully-integrated ultra-broadband transmit/receive (T/R) switch which uses nMOS transistors with deep n-well in a standard 0.18-[micron] CMOS process. The new CMOS T/R switch exploits patterned-ground-shield on-chip inductors together with MOSFET's parasitic capacitances in order to synthesize artificial transmission lines which result in low insertion loss over an extremely wide bandwidth. Within DC-10 GHz, 10-18 GHz, and 18-20 GHz, the developed CMOS T/R switch exhibits insertion loss of less than 0.7, 1.0 and 2.5 dB and isolation between 32-60 dB, 25-32 dB, and 25-27 dB, respectively. The measured 1-dB power compression point and input third-order intercept point reach as high as 26.2 and 41 dBm, respectively. Further, there is a discussion and demonstration of a tunable Carrier-based Time-gated UWB transmitter in this dissertation which uses a broadband multiplier, a novel fully integrated single pole single throw (SPST) switch designed by the CMOS process, where a tunable instantaneous bandwidth from 500 MHz to 4 GHz is exhibited by adjusting the width of the base band impulses in time domain. The SPST switch utilizes the synthetic transmission line concept and multiple reflections technique in order to realize a flat insertion loss less than 1.5 dB from 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz and an extremely high isolation of more than 45 dB within this frequency range. A fully integrated complementary LC voltage control oscillator (VCO), designed with a tunable buffer, operates from 4.6 GHz to 5.9 GHz. The measurement results demonstrate that the integrated VCO has a very low phase noise of -117 dBc/ Hz at 1 MHz offset. The fully integrated VCO achieves a very high figure of merit (FOM) of 183.5 using standard CMOS process while consuming 4 mA DC current.

Download or read book Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microfabricated ultrasonic transducers have been generated which operate in both liquids and gases. Air coupled through transmission of aluminum was observed for the first time using a pair of 2.3 MHz transducers. The dynamic range of the transducers was 110 dB, and the received signal had an SNR of 30 dB. Air coupled through transmission of steel and glass has also been observed. A theoretical model for the transducers has been refined and agrees well with experimental results. A robust microfabrication process has been developed and was used to generate air transducers which resonate from 2 to 12 MHz, as well as immersion transducers that operate in water from 1 to 20 MHz with a 60 dB dynamic range. Optimized immersion and air transducers have been designed and a dynamic range above 110 dB is anticipated. This development effort finds applications in hydrophones, medical ultrasound, nondestructive evaluation, ranging, flow metering, and scanning tip force sensing and lithography.

Download or read book Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Engineering written by Cam Nguyen and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-03-03 with total page 898 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Radio-Frequency Integrated-Circuit Engineering addresses the theory, analysis and design of passive and active RFIC's using Si-based CMOS and Bi-CMOS technologies, and other non-silicon based technologies. The materials covered are self-contained and presented in such detail that allows readers with only undergraduate electrical engineering knowledge in EM, RF, and circuits to understand and design RFICs. Organized into sixteen chapters, blending analog and microwave engineering, Radio-Frequency Integrated-Circuit Engineering emphasizes the microwave engineering approach for RFICs. * Provides essential knowledge in EM and microwave engineering, passive and active RFICs, RFIC analysis and design techniques, and RF systems vital for RFIC students and engineers * Blends analog and microwave engineering approaches for RFIC design at high frequencies * Includes problems at the end of each chapter

Download or read book Transducers and Arrays for Underwater Sound written by Charles Sherman and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-01-05 with total page 610 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The most comprehensive book on electroacoustic transducers and arrays for underwater sound Includes transducer modeling techniques and transducer designs that are currently in use Includes discussion and analysis of array interaction and nonlinear effects in transducers Contains extensive data in figures and tables needed in transducer and array design Written at a level that will be useful to students as well as to practicing engineers and scientists

Download or read book A Dual mode Ultrasound System for Imaging and High Intensity Focused Ultrasound HIFU with a Single 2 D Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducer CMUT Array written by Ji Hoon Jang and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ultrasound imaging technology has many applications for the medical field and for the public. Thanks to ultrasound imaging, parents can meet their precious child even before the baby is born. In clinical applications, ultrasound is inexpensive, portable and reveals the structure and movement of organs in real time, allowing physicians to monitor the growth and physical development of a fetus. Because there is no ionizing radiation exposure to the patient, it is a very safe technology. In addition to diagnostic applications, ultrasound has been used for therapeutic treatment. High intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) has been widely used to treat different types of tumors, including those of prostate, liver, breast, kidney, bone and pancreas because of its non-invasive and precise approach for tissue ablation. The basic concept of using HIFU is to focus continuous ultrasound at the focal point and a temperature increase beyond a certain point creates a lesion without damaging the surrounding tissue. For successful HIFU operation, it is important to have a reliable method for guidance and monitoring of the treatment such as ultrasound imaging. Most ultrasound image-guided HIFU systems need separate imaging and HIFU transducers, and require a cooling system due to properties of piezoelectric transducers such as narrow fractional bandwidth and self-heating. As an alternative, capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs) have a distinctive advantage over piezoelectric transducers in respect to self-heating and a wide fractional bandwidth. Thus, CMUTs are especially beneficial in dual-mode operations where a single transducer is used for both imaging and therapy. By taking advantage of this CMUT technology, I developed a compact dual-mode ultrasound system that can perform both ultrasound imaging and HIFU with a single 2-D CMUT array. A dual-mode ultrasound probe is equipped with a dual-mode application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) and a 2-D 32x32-element CMUT array. The dual-mode ASIC consists of pulsers, transmit beamforming circuitry, and low-noise amplifiers for imaging mode and high voltage (HV) switches for HIFU mode. By turning HV switches on and off, the system can alternately operate imaging mode and HIFU mode on demand. A 2-D 32x32-element CMUT array was fabricated to have a center frequency of 5 MHz in immersion. Both ASIC and CMUT array were flip-chip bonded to a custom-designed flexible printed circuit board (flex PCB). After polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) encapsulation, the acoustic performance of the probe was evaluated. I successfully demonstrated the imaging mode of the dual-mode probe using nylon wire phantom. Using HIFU mode, I measured 7.4 MPa peak-to-peak pressure at 8 mm focal depth. To get higher pressure for the ablation, high AC and DC voltage were used, and CMUT arrays got shorted due to the insulator breakdown. With this probe, obtaining high pressure levels needed for tissue ablation was problematic with CMUTs due to device failure at high voltages. Therefore, I re-optimized a CMUT design that can produce higher output pressure without breakdown or device failure. With CMUT simulation software, the design parameters of CMUT element were optimized with a gap height of 0.13 um and a top plate thickness of 1 um. After it was fabricated and integrated, the dual-mode probe was tested again in an acoustic setup. Compared with previous results, the device shows improved performance without device failure. The focused pressure at F-1 (8 mm) was measured to 16 MPa peak-to-peak. More importantly, most of the device can produce high pressure levels reliably without device failure. Using HIFU simulation software, the specification for HIFU ablation was explored if the dual-mode probe can ablate the tissue. It shows that even with 10 MPa peak-to-peak the dual-mode probe can create the lesion. An ablation test was successfully performed on HIFU phantom gel and ex-vivo tissue using HIFU mode of the dual-mode probe. Another important evaluation as a HIFU probe was the heating of the device. While CMUT array has very low self-heating, because of the power dissipation on HV switches of dual-mode ASIC, the ASIC was heated during HIFU mode. To reduce the heating of dual-mode ASIC, the copper heat sink rod, the chiller, and the water circulation heat sink were added to the system and it significantly reduced the heating. With the thermal management system, the probe was thermally stable around the body temperature during HIFU mode and imaging mode. Lastly, I successfully demonstrated ultrasound image-guided HIFU on HIFU phantom gel with guide wires by switching between imaging mode and HIFU mode using dual-mode ultrasound system. Our studies established a dual-mode HIFU system that will improve the non invasive ablation of tissue. This work of the dual mode system certainly shows the possibility of the new treatment application that was impossible to achieve using the conventional image-guided HIFU system.

Download or read book High Frequency Ultrasound Transducer for Real Time Ultrasound Biomicroscopy with Optoacoustic Arrays written by Xinqing Guo and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) is a high resolution biomedical imaging technique using high frequency ultrasound waves. Fabricating highly populated detector arrays represents a major technical challenge for real-time UBM systems. A potential solution is optoacoustic technology, where high frequency ultrasound is detected with optical methods. The advantages of optoacoustic detection are large bandwidth, good sensitivity, and the capability for large scale parallel read-out. In this thesis, the receiving and transmitting part of a UBM imaging array are investigated separately. Optoacoustic detection is explored with a thin film etalon consisting of two gold films separated by a transparent layer. Simulations and experiments demonstrate that optoacoustic detection sensitivity is maximized with a gold layer thickness of 45 nm. Various transparent layer materials were investigated, including polystyrene microspheres, SU-8 2005 photoresist, and parylene. Experiments demonstrate that parylene is the best material due to its precise thickness control and uniformity. Ideally, the ultrasound transmitter and optoacoustic etalon are integrated into a single device. Piezoelectric materials are the most efficient emitters of ultrasound, but optical transparency is required to facilitate integration with an etalon. Lithium niobate (LiNbO3) is chosen for its high piezoelectricity and excellent optical transparency. Initial efforts with LiNbO3 concentrated on fabricating a "conventional" transducer that is not optically transparent. An unfocused transducer was fabricated that produces 25 MHz ultrasound with a -6 dB bandwidth of 15 MHz and a two-way insertion loss of 27.6 dB. An optically transparent LiNbO3 transducer with indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes is currently under development. An approach to combine the optically transparent LiNbO3 emitter with an optoacoustic etalon is proposed.

Download or read book Neurocytology written by Ennio Pannese and published by Thieme. This book was released on 1994 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the vast field of neuroscience, the introduction over the last 30 years of new investigative techniques (such as transmission and scanning electron microscopy, freeze-fracturing technique, cell organelle isolation by differential centrifugation, autoradiography, tracing techniques and immunocytochemistry) has greatly expanded our knowledge of neurocytology. This new information, however, is generally dispersed in the specialist journals or collected in reviews on specific topics. As a result, those whose interests lie in neurocytology have difficulty not only in finding data relative to their particular research, but also and above all, in gaining an overall and systematic vision of their discipline. It was this situation which prompted Ennio Pannese to systematize the major acquisitions on the minute structure of nerve and neuroglial cells and their interrelationships, correlate them with the classical concepts of light microscopy and integrate them, where possible, with elements of biochemistry and cell physiology.

Download or read book Ultrasound Imaging Systems Using Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducer CMUT Arrays with In Probe Electronic Circuits written by Jean Lunsford Sanders and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 107 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Multimodality Imaging written by Qifa Zhou and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a state-of-the-art overview of the combined use of imaging modalities to obtain important functional and morphological information on intravascular disease and enhance disease detection. It discusses the integration of intravascular ultrasound (IVUS, intravascular optical coherence tomography (OCT), intravascular photoacoustic imaging (IVPA) and acoustic radiation force optical coherence elastography (ARF-OCE), and introduces the integration of multimodality imaging systems, such as IR and florescence. It includes the latest research advances and numerous imaging photos to offer readers insights into current intravascular applications. It is a valuable resource for students, scientists and physicians wanting to gain a deeper understanding of multimodality imaging tools.

Download or read book A High frequency Transimpedance Amplifier for CMOS Integrated 2D CMUT Array Towards 3D Ultrasound Imaging written by and published by . This book was released on with total page 4 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Medical Imaging Systems written by Andreas Maier and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-08-02 with total page 263 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book gives a complete and comprehensive introduction to the fields of medical imaging systems, as designed for a broad range of applications. The authors of the book first explain the foundations of system theory and image processing, before highlighting several modalities in a dedicated chapter. The initial focus is on modalities that are closely related to traditional camera systems such as endoscopy and microscopy. This is followed by more complex image formation processes: magnetic resonance imaging, X-ray projection imaging, computed tomography, X-ray phase-contrast imaging, nuclear imaging, ultrasound, and optical coherence tomography.

Download or read book Diagnostic Ultrasound written by K. Kirk Shung and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2005-09-19 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ultrasound imaging is one of the most important and widely used diagnostic tools in modern medicine, second only to the conventional x-ray. Although considered a mature field, research continues for improving the capabilities and finding new uses for ultrasound technology while driving down the cost of newer, more complicated procedures such as int