Download or read book Fuels Combustion Research Supercritical Fuel Pyrolysis written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Supercritical pyrolysis experiments were conducted with toluene, methyl cyclohexane, and n-heptane at temperatures up to 585 C, pressures up to 100 atm, and residence times up to 550 sec Analysis, by HPLC/UV, of the toluene reaction products led to the unequivocal identification of 27 individual PAH, up to 10 rings in size. The experiments showed that PAH yields increased exponentially with pressure. For each of the product PAH, values of the preexponential factor. A arid the activation volume V ̂were determined for the pressure-dependent global first-order kinetic rate constant. PAH yields were also extremely sensitive to temperature. At 100 atm and 480 C, PAH of only up to 2 rings were observed; at 535 C, PAH up to 10 rings were formed; at 585 C, solid deposits formed, plugging the reactor. Similar pressure and temperature sensitivities were exhibited by the PAH produced by methyl cyclohexane. The nature of the PAH product distributions suggested that condensation reactions, involving the addition of aromatic structures and hydrogen loss, were a dominant mechanism for PAH formation in the supercritical environment.
Download or read book AASERT95 Science and Engineering Training in Combustion and Propulsion written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: AASERT support permitted an additional graduate student to be added to AFOSR's "Fuels Combustion Research" program at Princeton. This support allowed fuel pyrolysis and combustion to be studied under both sub and supercritical conditions. This newly integrated program, with AASERT support, proved to be an enormous success. It was found that under supercritical conditions the pyrolysis rate of fuels have a pre-exponential rate A factor order of magnitudes greater than results obtained at 1 atm. The activation energies of the complete energy range tested remained the same. Further, due to the phenomenon known as "caging" for the fuels studied, cyclic hydrocarbons formed under supercritical conditions, but not at 1 atm, and these cyclic hydrocarbons led to polynuclear aromatics (PAH) that are the precursors to particulate formation.
Download or read book Fuels Combustion Research written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 22 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The general effort in understanding the oxidation of aromatic components of JP fuels led to the completion of a study of the oxidation of 1-methylnaphthalene, a species known to contribute to soot formation. The results were the first to report detailed oxidation kinetics for any PAH despite the presence of PAH's in many practical fuels. Results have also been reported on the understanding of aliphatic fuel pyrolysis and oxidation on methyl- cyclohexane (MCH). an endothermic fuel, and its blend with toluene. Sooting diffusion flame experiments have led to the conclusion that under combustion conditions a critical temperature for soot partide nucleation exists irrespective of the fuel species. This study explained why a smoke height occurs. New degradation studies of 'liquid' toluene, MCH and toluene/MCH blends have been reported at unique combinations of T and P in a sub/supercritical flow reactor. Nickel partides in the presence of supercritical MCH were found to facilitate the growth of graphitic filaments which could contribute to fuel line clogging. These smooth continuous filaments created under low temperature supercritical conditions are unique in their own right.
Download or read book Biomass Gasification Pyrolysis and Torrefaction written by Prabir Basu and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2013-07-18 with total page 551 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biomass is the most widely used non-fossil fuel in the world. Biomass resources show a considerable potential in the long-term given the increasing proliferation of dedicated energy crops for biofuels. The second edition of Biomass Gasification and Pyrolysis is enhanced with new topics, such as torrefaction and cofiring, making it a versatile resource that not only explains the basic principles of energy conversion systems, but also provides valuable insight into the design of biomass conversion systems. This book will allow professionals, such as engineers, scientists, and operating personnel of biomass gasification, pyrolysis or torrefaction plants, to gain a better comprehension of the basics of biomass conversion. The author provides many worked out design problems, step-by-step design procedures and real data on commercially operating systems. With a dedicated focus on the design, analysis, and operational aspects of biomass gasification, pyrolysis, and torrefaction, Biomass Gasification, Pyrolysis and Torrefaction, Second Edition offers comprehensive coverage of biomass in its gas, liquid, and solid states in a single easy-to-access source. Contains new and updated step-by-step process flow diagrams, design data and conversion charts, and numerical examples with solutions Includes chapters dedicated to evolving torrefaction technologies, practicing option of biomass cofiring, and biomass conversion economics Expanded coverage of syngas and other Fischer-Tropsch alternatives Spotlights advanced processes such as supercritical water gasification and torrefaction of biomass Provides available research results in an easy-to-use design methodology
Download or read book Biomass Gasification and Pyrolysis written by Prabir Basu and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2010-07-19 with total page 377 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers comprehensive coverage of the design, analysis, and operational aspects of biomass gasification, the key technology enabling the production of biofuels from all viable sources--some examples being sugar cane and switchgrass. This versatile resource not only explains the basic principles of energy conversion systems, but also provides valuable insight into the design of biomass gasifiers. The author provides many worked out design problems, step-by-step design procedures and real data on commercially operating systems. After fossil fuels, biomass is the most widely used fuel in the world. Biomass resources show a considerable potential in the long term if residues are properly handled and dedicated energy crops are grown. Includes step-by-step design procedures and case studies for Biomass GasificationProvides worked process flow diagrams for gasifier design. Covers integration with other technologies (e.g. gas turbine, engine, fuel cells)
Download or read book Army Research Office and Air Force Office of Scientific Research 2002 Contractors Meeting in Chemical Propulsion written by David M. Mann and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstracts are given for 6.1 basic research in chemical propulsion sponsored by the Army Research Office and the Air Force Office of Scientific Research.
Download or read book Combustion Chemistry and the Carbon Neutral Future written by Kenneth Brezinsky and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2023-02-16 with total page 666 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the demands for cleaner, more efficient, reduced and zero carbon emitting transportation increase, the traditional focus of Combustion Chemistry research is stretching and adapting to help provide solutions to these contemporary issues. Combustion Chemistry and the Carbon Neutral Future: What will the Next 25 Years of Research Require? presents a guide to current research in the field and an exploration of possible future steps as we move towards cleaner, greener and reduced carbon combustion chemistry. Beginning with a discussion of engine emissions and soot, the book goes on to discuss a range of alternative fuels, including hydrogen, ammonia, small alcohols and other bio-oxygenates, natural gas, syngas and synthesized hydrocarbon fuels. Methods for predicting and improving efficiency and sustainability, such as low temperature and catalytic combustion, chemical looping, supercritical fluid combustion, and diagnostic monitoring even at high pressure, are then explored. Some novel aspects of biomass derived aviation fuels and combustion synthesis are also covered. Combining the knowledge and experience of an interdisciplinary team of experts in the field, Combustion Chemistry and the Carbon Neutral Future: What will the Next 25 Years of Research Require? is an insightful guide to current and future focus areas for combustion chemistry researchers in line with the transition to greener, cleaner technologies. Provides insight on current developments in combustion chemistry as a tool for supporting a reduced-carbon future Reviews modeling and diagnostic tools, in addition to key approaches and alternative fuels Includes projections for the future from leaders in the field, pointing current and prospective researchers to potentially fruitful areas for exploration
Download or read book Pyrolysis and Gasification written by G.L. Ferrero and published by Springer. This book was released on 1989-12-31 with total page 704 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Biomass Pyrolysis Liquids Upgrading and Utilization written by A.V. Bridgwater and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 381 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biomass pyrolysis has been practised for centuries in the manufacture of charcoal for industry and leisure. Only in the last two decades, however, has attention focussed on a better understanding of the science and technology, with the resultant benefits of better designed and controlled processes that give high yields of liquid products. These liquids, or 'bio-oil' as it is referred to, can be used in a variety of ways: -combustion to replace conventional fuel oil in boilers, process equipment such as kilns and in gas turbines for power generation; -upgrading by hydrotreating or with zeolites to gasoline, diesel and other hydrocarbon fuels, of chemicals; --extraction and upgrading to fuel additives and chemical specialities. Any charcoal produced can also be utilised to form char- water slurries, analogous to coal-water slurries, or bioi-oil slurries which may be used as liquid fuels in many combustion applications. A group of experts was set up in the EC Energy from Biomass programme to evaluate the status and opportunities for deriving useful liquid products from biomass pyrolysis. This book is a report of their findings and conclusions. It forms an authoritative guide to the wide range of technologies employed in biomass pyrolysis, and product upgrading, utilisation and characterisation. Recommendations and conclusions are included to identify promising areas of research and development that will be of value to researchers, planners and companies throughout the world.
Download or read book Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass written by A. V. Bridgwater and published by Cpl Press. This book was released on 1999 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This edited and updated version of the final report of the IEA Bioenergy Pyrolysis Task, is useful both to newcomers to the subject area and those already involved in research, development, and implementation.
Download or read book Understanding the Role of Multifunctional Nanoengineered Particulate Additives on Supercritical Pyrolysis and Combustion of Hydrocarbon Fuels propellants written by Hyung Sim and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation aims to understand the fundamental effects of colloidal nanostructured materials on the supercritical pyrolysis, injection, ignition, and combustion of hydrocarbon fuels/propellants. As a fuel additive, functionalized graphene sheets (FGS) without or with the decoration of metal catalysts, such as platinum (Pt) or polyoxometalates (POM) nanoparticles, were examined against conventional materials including nanometer sized fumed silica and aluminum particles. Supercritical pyrolysis experiments were performed as a function of temperature, residence time, and particle type, using a high pressure and temperature flow reactor designed to provide isothermal and isobaric flow conditions. Supercritical pyrolysis results showed that the addition of FGS-based particles at a loading concentration of 50 ppmw increased the conversion rates and reduced apparent activation energies for methylcyclohexane (MCH) and n-dodecane (n-C12H26) fuels. For example, conversion rates, and formations of C1-C5 n-alkanes and C2-C6 1-alkenes were significantly increased by 43.5 %, 59.1 %, and 50.0 % for MCH decomposition using FGS19 (50 ppmw) at a temperature of 820 K and reduced pressure of 1.36. In addition, FGS decorated with 20 wt % Pt (20wt%Pt@FGS) at a loading concentration of 50 ppmw exhibited additional enhancement in the conversion rate of n-C12H26 by up to 24.0 % compared to FGS. Especially, FGS-based particles seem to alter initiation mechanisms, which could result in higher hydrogen formation. Hydrogen selectivities for both MCH and n-C12H26 decompositions were observed to increase by nearly a factor of 2 and 10, respectively. Supercritical injection and combustion experiments were conducted using a high pressure and temperature windowed combustion chamber coupled to the flow reactor through a feed system. Supercritical injection/combustion experiments indicated that the presence of a small amount of particles (100 ppmw) in the fuel affected the injection, ignition, and subsequent combustion for hydrocarbon fuels. For instance, the addition of Pt@FGS reduced the core lengths of the supercritical jets by up to 56.7 % (MCH) and 68.8 % (n-C12H26) depending on flow rate. Supercritical combustion studies demonstrated that the addition of 100 ppmw 20wt%Pt@FGS to n-C12H26 fuel reduced ignition delay times by nearly a factor of 3 (12.4 to 4.1 ms), increased spreading angles by approximately 32.0 % (15.4 to 20.3o), reduced the flame lift-off length by 54.0 % (1.74 to 0.8 mm), and demonstrated an increase in conversion by 35.0 % relative to the pure fuel baseline at a volumetric flow rate of 5.0 mL/min. The enhancing mechanisms of FGS-based materials on pyrolysis and combustion were studied using ReaxFF molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The simulation results were in good agreement with the experimental observations, showing enhanced conversion rates and lowered activation energies in the presence of the particles. A combination of Pt and FGS facilitated catalytic dehydrogenation forming a n-C12H25 radical. Another catalytic initiation step is hydrogenation of the fuel molecule resulting in production of an alkanium ion, as a free hydrogen atom is donated to the fuel molecule. Furthermore, hydroxyl radical (OH), which is dissociated from FGS, was found to participate in dehydrogenation of the fuel forming water molecules. The recovery of the catalyst was observed, resulting from dissociation of H2 molecule from the surface of the Pt. Using the ReaxFF embedded with nudged elastic band (NEB) method, it was found that the bicomposite structure of Pt@FGS served to lower the reaction energy and energy barrier for dehydrogenation, which could result in the enhanced conversion rates and increased product yields. These results demonstrate that a low mass loading of a high surface area material employed either as an additive or a means of distributing another additive can significantly enhance, and be used to tailor, the conversion of liquid hydrocarbon fuels/propellants under supercritical conditions, resulting in reduced ignition delay time and improved combustion. Such enhancements benefit practical propulsion systems which require high conversion efficiency in a short residence time.
Download or read book Supercritical Fuel Pyrolysis written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 4 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The fuels used in the next generation of hypersonic aircraft will have to operate under very high pressures (beyond the critical pressures of most hydrocarbons) and will have to sustain very high heat loads in order to meet aircraft cooling requirements. Critical to the development of the fuel systems in these aircraft is an understanding of the fuel pyrolysis reaction mechanisms under the conditions that the fuels will be operating. Of particular interest are the reactions leading to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), which can serve as precursors to fuel-line deposits [3,4], a problem of critical importance to avoid, for safe aircraft operation. In order to better elucidate the mechanisms and kinetics of the reactions of fuel pyrolysis and PAH formation under supercritical conditions, pyrolysis experiments are being conducted, under the present research program, with model fuels at temperatures of 300-600 C, pressures of 20-100 atm, and residence times of 30-1000 sec. The model fuels include the jet fuel components toluene, 1-methylnaphthalene, and mixtures of toluene and n-heptane-as well as the "endothermic" fuel methylcyclohexane. The supercritical pyrolysis experiments are conducted in an isothermal silica-lined stainless-steel coil reactor specially designed [4,5] for such experiments, and PAH reaction products are analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography with diode-array ultraviolet-visible absorbance and mass spectrometric detection (HPLC/UV/MS), an isomer-specific technique ideally suited for the analysis of PAH [6]. It is anticipated that the results from this research will provide information of critical importance to the design and development of fuel systems for high-speed aircraft.
Download or read book Transformation of Biomass written by Andreas Hornung and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-07-02 with total page 478 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biomass is a key resource for meeting the energy and material demands of mankind in the future. As a result, businesses and technologies are developing around biomass processing and its applications. Transformation of Biomass: Theory to Practice explores the modern applications of biomass and bio-based residues for the generation of energy, heat and chemical products. The first chapter presents readers with a broad overview of biomass and its composition, conversion routes and products. The following chapters deal with specific technologies, including anaerobic digestion, pyrolysis and gasification, as well as hydrothermal and supercritical conversion. Each chapter details current practises, recent developments, business case models and comprehensive analysis of the problems associated with each approach, and how to optimize them. Topics covered include: Anaerobic digestion Reactor design Pyrolysis Catalysis in biomass transformation Engines for combined heat and power Influence of feedstocks on performance and products Bio-hydrogen from biomass Analysis of bio-oils Numerical simulation and formal kinetic parameters evaluation Business case development This textbook will provide students, researchers and industry professionals with a practical and accessible guide to the essential skills required to advance in the field of bioenergy.
Download or read book Advanced Biomass Gasification written by Steffen Heidenreich and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2016-06-07 with total page 142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advanced Biomass Gasification: New Concepts for Efficiency Increase and Product Flexibility provides a thorough overview on new concepts in biomass gasification and consolidated information on advances for process integration and combination, which could otherwise only be gained by reading a high number of journal publications. Heidenreich, Müller and Foscolo, highly respected experts in this field, start their exploration with the compact UNIQUE reactor, gasification and pyrolysis, gasification and combustion, and catalysts and membranes. The authors then examine biomass pre-treatment processes, taking into account the energy balance of the overall conversion process, and look into oxygen-steam gasification and solutions for air separation, including new options for integration of O2-membranes into the gasifier. Several polygeneration strategies are covered, including combined heat and power (CHP) production with synthetic natural gas (SNG), biofuels and hydrogen, and new cutting-edge concepts, such as plasma gasification, supercritical water gasification, and catalytic gasification, which allows for insights on the future technological outlook of the area. This book is then a valuable resource for industry and academia-based researchers, as well as graduate students in the energy and chemical sectors with interest in biomass gasification, especially in areas of power engineering, bioenergy, chemical engineering, and catalysis. Explores state-of-the-art technologies that allow for greater efficiency and flexibility in gasification, including process integration, combination, and polygeneration strategies Consolidates information that was, up until now, scattered among several sources, including journal articles Provides a valuable resource for industry and academia-based researchers, as well as graduate students in the energy and chemical sectors with interest in biomass gasification, especially in areas of power engineering, bioenergy, chemical engineering, and catalysis
Download or read book High Energy Density Fuels for Advanced Propulsion written by Ji-Jun Zou and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-11-09 with total page 514 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book comprehensively and systematically demonstrates the theory and practice of designing, synthesizing and improving the performance of fuels. The contents range from polycyoalkane fuels, strained fuels, alky-diamondoid fuels, hypergolic and nanofluid fuels derived from fossil and biomass. All the chapters together clearly describe the important aspects of high-energy-density fuels including molecular design, synthesis route, physiochemical properties, and their application in improving the aerocraft performance. Vivid schematics and illustrations throughout the book enhance the accessibility to the relevant theory and technologies. This book provides the readers with fundamentals on high-energy-density fuels and their potential in advanced aerospace propulsion, and also provides the readers with inspiration for new development of advanced aerospace fuels.
Download or read book Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass written by Robert C Brown and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2017-06-30 with total page 291 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fast pyrolysis and related catalytic pyrolysis are of increasing interest as pathways to advanced biofuels that closely mimic traditional petroleum products. Research has moved from empirical investigations to more fundamental studies of pyrolysis mechanisms. Theories on the chemical and physical pathways from plant polymers to pyrolysis products have proliferated as a result. This book brings together the latest developments in pyrolysis science and technology. It examines, reviews and challenges the unresolved and sometimes controversial questions about pyrolysis, helping advance the understanding of this important technology and stimulating discussion on the various competing theories of thermal deconstruction of plant polymers. Beginning with an introduction to the biomass-to-biofuels process via fast pyrolysis and catalytic pyrolysis, chapters address prominent questions such as whether free radicals or concerted reactions dominate deconstruction reactions. Finally, the book concludes with an economic analysis of fast pyrolysis versus catalytic pyrolysis. This book will be of interest to advanced students and researchers interested in the science behind renewable fuel technology, and particularly the thermochemical processing of biomass.
Download or read book Energy and Fuel Systems Integration written by Yatish T. Shah and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2015-10-15 with total page 470 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Energy and Fuel Systems Integration explains how growing energy and fuel demands, paired with the need for environmental preservation, require different sources of energy and fuel to cooperate and integrate with each other rather than simply compete. Providing numerous examples of energy and fuel systems integration success stories, this book: Discusses the use of different mixtures of fuels for combustion, gasification, liquefaction, pyrolysis, and anaerobic digestion processes Describes the use of hybrid nuclear and renewable energy systems for power and heat cogenerations with nonelectrical applications Details the holistic integration of renewable, nuclear, and fossil energy systems by gas, heat, and smart electrical grids Energy and Fuel Systems Integration emphasizes the many advantages of these integrated systems, including sustainability, flexibility for optimization and scale-up, and more efficient use of storage, transportation, and delivery infrastructures.
