Download or read book Sentimental Rules written by Shaun Nichols and published by Oxford University Press on Demand. This book was released on 2004-11-04 with total page 239 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Shaun Nichols' theory is that emotions play a critical role in both the psychological and the cultural underpinnings of basic moral judgement, in that the norms prohibiting the harming of others are fundamentally associated with our emotional responses to those harms.
Download or read book Standards and Expectancies written by Monica Biernat and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2012-10-12 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines how standards and expectancies affect judgments of others and the self. Standards are points of comparison, expectancies are beliefs about the future, and both serve as frames of reference against which current events and people (including the self) are experienced. The central theme of the book is that judgments can be characterized as either assimilative or contrastive in nature. Assimilation occurs when the target of evaluation (another person, the self) is pulled toward or judged consistently with the standard or expectation, and contrast occurs when the target is differentiated from (judged in a direction opposite) the comparative frame. The book considers factors that determine whether assimilation versus contrast occurs, and focuses on the roles of contextual cues, the self, and stereotypes as standards for judging others, and the roles of internalized guides, stereotypes, and other people for judging the self.
Download or read book Rational Rules written by Shaun Nichols and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2021-02-11 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Moral systems, like normative systems more broadly, involve complex mental representations. Rational Rules proposes that moral learning can be understood in terms of general-purpose rational learning procedures. Nichols argues that statistical learning can help answer a wide range of questions about moral thought: Why do people think that rules apply to actions rather than consequences? Why do people expect new rules to be focused on actions rather than consequences? How do people come to believe a principle of liberty, according to which whatever is not expressly prohibited is permitted? How do people decide that some normative claims hold universally while others hold only relative to some group? The resulting account has both empiricist and rationalist features: since the learning procedures are domain-general, the result is an empiricist theory of a key part of moral development, and since the learning procedures are forms of rational inference, the account entails that crucial parts of our moral system enjoy rational credentials. Moral rules can also be rational in the sense that they can be effective for achieving our ends, given our ecological settings. Rational Rules argues that at least some central components of our moral systems are indeed ecologically rational: they are good at helping us attain common goals. Nichols argues that the account might be extended to capture moral motivation as a special case of a much more general phenomenon of normative motivation. On this view, a basic form of rule representation brings motivation along automatically, and so part of the explanation for why we follow moral rules is that we are built to follow rules quite generally.
Download or read book The Practice of Moral Judgment written by Barbara Herman and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 1993 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Barbara Herman argues for a radical shift in the way we perceive Kant's ethics. She convincingly reinterprets the key texts, at once allowing Kant to mean what he says while showing that what Kant says makes good moral sense. She urges us to abandon the tradition that describes Kantian ethics as a deontology, a moral system of rules of duty. She finds the central idea of Kantian ethics not in duty but in practical rationality as a norm of unconditioned goodness. This book both clarifies Kant's own theory and adds programmatic vitality to modern moral philosophy.
Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Accurate Personality Judgment written by Tera D. Letzring and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2021-02-02 with total page 520 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Each day, we make judgments about the personality characteristics of those around us, and we routinely rely on them to guide our behavior in interpersonal interactions and relationships. This handbook provides a review of theory and research on the accuracy of personality judgments. After a historical review, the first section presents the major theoretical models that guide research in this area and describes methodological approaches to evaluating accuracy. The second section reviews the research findings relevant to four moderators of accuracy, and the third section focuses on judgments people make of themselves. The fourth section examines various types of information used in making personality judgments, while the fifth section provides examples of some of the domains to which accuracy research can be applied, including romantic relationships and clinical practice. Learning about the process of accurate judgments can be used to help people understand when and how they are more likely to make accurate judgments, and this handbook offers a thorough, evidence-based, and up-to-date review of this research field.
Download or read book Kant s Theory of Normativity written by Konstantin Pollok and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2017-02-02 with total page 343 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A milestone in Kant scholarship, this interpretation of his critical philosophy makes sense of his notorious 'synthetic judgments a priori'.
Download or read book A Study of the Influence of Custom on the Moral Judgment written by Frank Chapman Sharp and published by . This book was released on 1908 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Blackwell Handbook of Judgment and Decision Making written by Derek J. Koehler and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-04-15 with total page 680 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Blackwell Handbook of Judgment and Decision Making is a state-of-the art overview of current topics and research in the study of how people make evaluations, draw inferences, and make decisions under conditions of uncertainty and conflict. Contains contributions by experts from various disciplines that reflect current trends and controversies on judgment and decision making. Provides a glimpse at the many approaches that have been taken in the study of judgment and decision making and portrays the major findings in the field. Presents examinations of the broader roles of social, emotional, and cultural influences on decision making. Explores applications of judgment and decision making research to important problems in a variety of professional contexts, including finance, accounting, medicine, public policy, and the law.
Download or read book Wise Choices Apt Feelings written by Allan Gibbard and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 1992 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This treatise explores what is at issue in narrowly moral questions, and in questions of rational thought and conduct in general. It helps to explain why normative thought and talk so pervade human life, and why our highly social species might have evolved to be gripped by these questions. The author asks how, if his theory is right, we can interpret our normative puzzles, and thus proceed toward finding answers to them.
Download or read book Fallacies and Judgments of Reasonableness written by Frans H. van Eemeren and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-08-05 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Fallacies and Judgments of Reasonableness, Frans H. van Eemeren, Bart Garssen and Bert Meuffels report on their systematic empirical research of the conventional validity of the pragma-dialectical discussion rules. The experimental studies they carried out during more than ten years start from the pragma-dialectical theory of argumentation developed at the University of Amsterdam, their home university. In these studies they test methodically the intersubjective acceptability of the rules for critical discussion proposed in this theory by confronting ordinary arguers who have not received any special education in argumentation and fallacies with discussion fragments containing both fallacious and non-fallacious argumentative moves. The research covers a wide range of informal fallacies. In this way, the authors create a basis for comparing the theoretical reasonableness conception of pragma-dialectics with the norms for judging argumentative moves prevailing in argumentative practice. Fallacies and Judgments of Reasonableness provides a unique insight into the relationship between theoretical and practical conceptions of reasonableness, supported by extensive empirical material gained by means of sophisticated experimental research.
Download or read book Affective Norms Deviance and Moral Judgment written by Lauren Szczurek and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The present research provides support for Affective Norm Theory (ANT), a new theory proposing that cultural context and situational norms interact to define both what is considered an appropriate affective display, and how observers respond to affective norm violations, or instances where the affect a person displays is inconsistent with both situational norms and observer expectations. A series of studies supports the hypotheses put forward by ANT: that in European American cultural contexts, (H1) observers notice affective deviance and (H2) negatively evaluate individuals who display deviant affect, that (H3) one reason affective displays are so powerful is because observers can use deviant displays to draw inferences about moral values, and that (H4) observers narrow the range of affective expressions they find appropriate in response to a stimulus when they interpret it as having moral content. Discussion focuses on the role of beliefs about the meaning of affective displays, individual difference measures, and the importance of gender and cultural context in defining and understanding affective norms and expectations.
Download or read book Through the Eyes of Judgment written by Mia R Wellington and published by Independently Published. This book was released on 2024-02-23 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Take a deep and introspective exploration into the heart of our thought processes with ""Through the Eyes of Judgment: A Study of Prejudice"". This comprehensive study underscores the pervasive nature of judgment, its origins, and its profound impact on the personal and societal levels. The first section takes the reader on a journey of ""Understanding Judgment,"" where you will explore the concept and history of human judgment. Further, in the ""Unmasking Judgmental Behavior"" section, delve into the types of judgment and the psychological perspectives that contribute to it. The book explores the ""Cognitive Mechanisms of Judgments,"" examining how cognitive biases and perception influence judgment. It also brings to light the role of society, stereotypes, and various social constructs in molding individual judgment. Incorporating a rich understanding of emotions and their interplay in forming judgments, the book navigates the significant role of moral ethics and emotions in our judgments. Moreover, it highlights how judgment can swing the pendulum of self-esteem, fuel anxiety and shape our relationships with others. The book offers practical and effective strategies to manage judgment and mitigate its consequences in interpersonal relations. ""Through the Eyes of Judgment"" acknowledges the influence of culture, laying bare the norms and a comparison of judgment across various cultures. It stands out by offering a practical roadmap to combating judgmental behavior, emphasizing empathy's role, and managing personal bias. The book illuminates the influence of judgment in decision making, and effectively discusses potential methods to tackle personal biases and change perceptions to improve judgment. In ""Through the Eyes of Judgment: A Study of Prejudice"", you will find a blend of psychology, sociology, and ethics with practical, actionable insights to nurture more thoughtful, empathetic, and non-judgmental thinking. This book is an invaluable resource for anyone who wishes to understand and navigate the labyrinth of judgment with wisdom and compassion. Unmask the pervasive nature of prejudice and bias, and walk the path toward understanding, empathy, and respect for diversity. CONTENTS: - Understanding Judgment ◦ Conceptualizing Judgment ◦ History and Evolution of Judgment - Unmasking Judgemental Behavior ◦ Types of Judgment ◦ Psychological Perspectives of Judgment - Cognitive Mechanisms of Judgments ◦ Cognitive Biases in Judgment ◦ Influence of Perception in Judgment - Social Constructs and Judgement ◦ The Role of Society in Judgment Formation ◦ Societal Conditioning and Stereotypes - Judgments and Emotions ◦ Interplay of Emotions in Judgment Formation ◦ Impact of Emotional Intelligence on Judgment - The Role of Morality in Judgement ◦ Ethics and Judgment ◦ Dynamics of Moral Judgments - Psychological Challenges of Being Judgemental ◦ Anxiety and Judgment ◦ Impact of Judgment on Self-Esteem - Judgment and Interpersonal Relationships ◦ Effects of Judgments on Relationships ◦ Strategies of Managing Judgment in Relationships - Cultural Influence on Judgement ◦ Cultural Norms and Judgment ◦ Comparative Analysis of Judgment Across Cultures - Overcoming Judgmental Behavior ◦ Methods of Reducing Judgemental Behavior ◦ Practices for Nurturing Non-judgmental Thinking - The Role of Empathy in Non-judgment ◦ Understanding Empathy ◦ Empathetic Interaction to Counter Judgment - Understanding and Dealing with Judgemental People ◦ Identifying Judgemental Behaviors ◦ Coping Strategies for Dealing with Judgemental People - Managing Personal Bias ◦ Unconscious Biases and Their Effect on Judgements +MORE
Download or read book Patterns of Personality Judgment written by Rudolf Cohen and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-10-22 with total page 377 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Patterns of Personality Judgment focuses on the significant lines of development that deals with systematic tendencies in personality judgments. This book consists of four chapters. Chapter 1 deals with the meaning of judgments in terms of their structural interrelations. The second chapter examines what degrees of agreement and extent different judges evaluate one another or evaluate persons whom they know only by photographs, handwriting, and self-descriptions. The utilization of individual items of information in judgment is deliberated in Chapter 3, while the subjective patterns of judgment are described in Chapter 4. This publication is a good source for students and researchers intending to acquire knowledge of personality judgment.
Download or read book Practices and Principles written by Mark Tunick and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2021-03-09 with total page 251 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A Japanese woman living in California attempts parent-child suicide, an ancient Japanese custom called "oyako-shinju," in order to rid herself of shame upon learning that her husband has a mistress. She survives, but her two children are drowned in the attempt. Since her attempt was made in accordance with the standards of Japanese culture, should she be tried by the standards and laws of the United States? Are there universally valid moral principles that dictate what is right? Or are moral judgments culturally relative, ultimately dictated by conventions and practices that vary among societies? In Practices and Principles, Mark Tunick takes up the debate between universalists and relativists, and, in political philosophy, between communitarians and liberals, each of which has roots in an earlier debate between Kant and Hegel. Tunick focuses on three case studies: promises, contract law, and the Fourth Amendment issue of privacy. In his analysis, he rejects both uncritical deference to social practice and draconian adherence to principles when making legal and ethical judgments. He argues that we do not always need to choose between abstract principles and social practices. Sometimes we appeal to both; sometimes we need to appeal to shared social norms; and sometimes, where there is no ethical community, we can appeal only to principles. Ultimately, Tunick rejects simplified arguments that force us to choose between either practices or principles, universalism or relativism, and liberalism or communitarianism.
Download or read book Explaining Norms written by Geoffrey Brennan and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2013-09-05 with total page 301 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the concept of norms by four different philosophers. They discuss how norms emerge, persist, change, and how they serve to explain what we do.
Download or read book Expert Political Judgment written by Philip E. Tetlock and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2017-08-29 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since its original publication, Expert Political Judgment by New York Times bestselling author Philip Tetlock has established itself as a contemporary classic in the literature on evaluating expert opinion. Tetlock first discusses arguments about whether the world is too complex for people to find the tools to understand political phenomena, let alone predict the future. He evaluates predictions from experts in different fields, comparing them to predictions by well-informed laity or those based on simple extrapolation from current trends. He goes on to analyze which styles of thinking are more successful in forecasting. Classifying thinking styles using Isaiah Berlin's prototypes of the fox and the hedgehog, Tetlock contends that the fox--the thinker who knows many little things, draws from an eclectic array of traditions, and is better able to improvise in response to changing events--is more successful in predicting the future than the hedgehog, who knows one big thing, toils devotedly within one tradition, and imposes formulaic solutions on ill-defined problems. He notes a perversely inverse relationship between the best scientific indicators of good judgement and the qualities that the media most prizes in pundits--the single-minded determination required to prevail in ideological combat. Clearly written and impeccably researched, the book fills a huge void in the literature on evaluating expert opinion. It will appeal across many academic disciplines as well as to corporations seeking to develop standards for judging expert decision-making. Now with a new preface in which Tetlock discusses the latest research in the field, the book explores what constitutes good judgment in predicting future events and looks at why experts are often wrong in their forecasts.
Download or read book Oxford Studies in Agency and Responsibility written by David Shoemaker and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2015-09-17 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Oxford Studies in Agency and Responsibility is a series of volumes presenting outstanding new work on a set of connected themes, investigating such questions as: · What does it mean to be an agent? · What is the nature of moral responsibility? Of criminal responsibility? What is the relation between moral and criminal responsibility (if any)? · What is the relation between responsibility and the metaphysical issues of determinism and free will? · What do various psychological disorders tell us about agency and responsibility? · How do moral agents develop? How does this developmental story bear on questions about the nature of moral judgment and responsibility? · What do the results from neuroscience imply (if anything) for our questions about agency and responsibility? OSAR thus straddles the areas of moral philosophy and philosophy of action, but also draws from a diverse range of cross-disciplinary sources, including moral psychology, psychology proper (including experimental and developmental), philosophy of psychology, philosophy of law, legal theory, metaphysics, neuroscience, neuroethics, political philosophy, and more. It is unified by its focus on who we are as deliberators and (inter)actors, embodied practical agents negotiating (sometimes unsuccessfully) a world of moral and legal norms.
