Download or read book From Citizen Militia to Professional Military written by Robert Verlic and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2013-10-01 with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The late Roman Republic faced what looked unsolvable social problems and all attempts made by the politicians from all parties failed or made the situation even worse. Finally the crisis was so deep that the security and survival of the state was at stake. Professionalization of the Roman military brought back stability to the state destabilized from internal conflicts and civil wars. The army became more efficient and expended Roman Empire through the most of the known world of the time, and reached its greatest extent in A.D.116 only two centuries after first military reforms brought the army toward professionalization. The state hierarchy became clearer with the Emperor who was commander in chief and patron of all military forces, and who was now able to conduct all necessary reforms which brought relative peace and stability to the people of Rome. Augustus success and his greatness were only possible because he had a standing army backing up his political work as well as suppressing his opponents.
Download or read book Citizens in Arms written by Lawrence Delbert Cress and published by UNC Press Books. This book was released on 2017-10-10 with total page 253 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This first study to discuss the important ideological role of the military in the early political life of the nation examines the relationship between revolutionary doctrine and the practical considerations of military planning before and after the American Revolution. Americans wanted and effective army, but they realized that by its very nature the military could destroy freedom as well as preserve it. The security of the new nation was not in dispute but the nature of republicanism itself. Originally published 1982. A UNC Press Enduring Edition -- UNC Press Enduring Editions use the latest in digital technology to make available again books from our distinguished backlist that were previously out of print. These editions are published unaltered from the original, and are presented in affordable paperback formats, bringing readers both historical and cultural value.
Download or read book From Citizen Militia to Professional Military written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 107 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The late Roman Republic faced what seemed to be unsolvable social problems, and all the attempts made by politicians from all parties failed or made the situation worse. The civil crisis became so serious that the security and survival of the state were at stake. The key to societal stability was professionalization of the Roman military. This reform brought back stability to a state destabilized by internal conflicts and civil wars. The Roman army grew, and it achieved a level of efficiency and competence that allowed it to expand the Roman Empire throughout most of the known world. The Roman Empire reached its zenith in A.D. 116, only two centuries after the first military reforms began. After an introductory chapter, Chapter 2 describes the beginning of the Roman Republic, its government, and its military forces. Chapter 3 addresses the decline of the Roman Republic, including reforms by the Gracchus; Gaius Marius and reforms of the Roman military; and civil war, including social war, Lucius Cornelius Sulla, the First Triumvirate, and the Second Triumvirate. Chapter 4 discusses the age of Augustus, the Roman Imperial Army, and the security of the Roman Empire.
Download or read book The Citizen Soldier in War and Peace written by James Biser Whisker and published by Universal-Publishers. This book was released on 2021-09-15 with total page 246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Citizen Soldier in War and Peace is a is a short historical look at the use of firearms in America and throughout the world this book appeals to anybody who believes in the Second Amendment or who is interested in the historical use of firearms. It begins with the use of guns for hunting and self-protection ad well as personal property and of course national defense early in our country‘s early history . It also analyzes the philosophical standpoint of the idea of the armed citizen and its relationship to freedom. A freeman with a gun, an armed citizenry means a free country The book also does a thorough job of examining other countries and other philosophical aspects of arming the citizenry. This book clearly defines the Militias in other countries. It touches on China and the Soviet Union and their philosophy as well. The book is extremely readable and would be advised reading for anyone from high school to grad school. Those interested in history political science or current events will find this book a must for their personal library.
Download or read book Citizen Soldiers in the War of 1812 written by Carl Edward Skeen and published by University Press of Kentucky. This book was released on with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Armed Citizens written by Noah Shusterman and published by University of Virginia Press. This book was released on 2020-09-01 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although much has changed in the United States since the eighteenth century, our framework for gun laws still largely relies on the Second Amendment and the patterns that emerged in the colonial era. America has long been a heavily armed, and racially divided, society, yet few citizens understand either why militias appealed to the founding fathers or the role that militias played in North American rebellions, in which they often functioned as repressive—and racist—domestic forces. In Armed Citizens, Noah Shusterman explains for a general reader what eighteenth-century militias were and why the authors of the Constitution believed them to be necessary to the security of a free state. Suggesting that the question was never whether there was a right to bear arms, but rather, who had the right to bear arms, Shusterman begins with the lessons that the founding generation took from the history of Ancient Rome and Machiavelli’s reinterpretation of those myths during the Renaissance. He then turns to the rise of France’s professional army during seventeenth-century Europe and the fear that it inspired in England. Shusterman shows how this fear led British writers to begin praising citizens’ militias, at the same time that colonial America had come to rely on those militias as a means of defense and as a system to police enslaved peoples. Thus the start of the Revolution allowed Americans to portray their struggle as a war of citizens against professional soldiers, leading the authors of the Constitution to place their trust in citizen soldiers and a "well-regulated militia," an idea that persists to this day.
Download or read book Demystifying the Citizen Soldier written by Raphael S. Cohen and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 39 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The National Guard is often portrayed as the modern heir to the colonial militia and retaining at least three of the latter's defining attributes -- a key instrument of American national security, a check on federal power, and home of today's 'citizen soldiers.' This report explores how the term citizen soldier has been defined in academic literature -- as compulsory, universal, legitimate service by civilians -- and then looks at how the National Guard has evinced these attributes at various periods in its history. Since the United States' founding, the militia -- and later, the National Guard -- slowly evolved into an increasingly formidable warfighting force and increasingly important tool for national security. This evolution, however, has come at the expense of two other attributes of the colonial militia -- serving as a check on federal power and filling its ranks with citizen soldiers. The report concludes that there are inherent and increasing tensions among being a warfighting force, serving as a check on federal power, and embodying the ideals of a citizen soldier, and it is not clear that the Guard -- or any other force for that matter -- can fully reconcile them. Ultimately, the Guard's transformation from citizen soldiers to a professional force may very well be inevitable and is likely a positive development for American national security. It is, however, important to realize that this trend is occurring, to demystify the citizen soldier, and to see the force for what it is"--Publisher's web site.
Download or read book The Militia and the Right to Arms or How the Second Amendment Fell Silent written by H. Richard Uviller and published by Duke University Press. This book was released on 2003-01-20 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed." —Amendment II, United States Constitution The Second Amendment is regularly invoked by opponents of gun control, but H. Richard Uviller and William G. Merkel argue the amendment has nothing to contribute to debates over private access to firearms. In The Militia and the Right to Arms, or, How the Second Amendment Fell Silent, Uviller and Merkel show how postratification history has sapped the Second Amendment of its meaning. Starting with a detailed examination of the political principles of the founders, the authors build the case that the amendment's second clause (declaring the right to bear arms) depends entirely on the premise set out in the amendment's first clause (stating that a well-regulated militia is necessary to the security of a free state). The authors demonstrate that the militia envisioned by the framers of the Bill of Rights in 1789 has long since disappeared from the American scene, leaving no lineal descendants. The constitutional right to bear arms, Uviller and Merkel conclude, has evaporated along with the universal militia of the eighteenth century. Using records from the founding era, Uviller and Merkel explain that the Second Amendment was motivated by a deep fear of standing armies. To guard against the debilitating effects of militarism, and against the ultimate danger of a would-be Caesar at the head of a great professional army, the founders sought to guarantee the existence of well-trained, self-armed, locally commanded citizen militia, in which service was compulsory. By its very existence, this militia would obviate the need for a large and dangerous regular army. But as Uviller and Merkel describe the gradual rise of the United States Army and the National Guard over the last two hundred years, they highlight the nation's abandonment of the militia ideal so dear to the framers. The authors discuss issues of constitutional interpretation in light of radically changed social circumstances and contrast their position with the arguments of a diverse group of constitutional scholars including Sanford Levinson, Carl Bogus, William Van Alstyne, and Akhil Reed Amar. Espousing a centrist position in the polarized arena of Second Amendment interpretation, this book will appeal to those wanting to know more about the amendment's relevance to the issue of gun control, as well as to those interested in the constitutional and political context of America's military history.
Download or read book The Minuteman written by Gary Hart and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 1998 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Former Senator Hart, "propoes a return to the oldest principles of the republic, making an impassioned case for replacing the present Cold War military with a smaller standing armu and a musch larger, well-trained citizen reserve."
Download or read book The Rise of the National Guard written by Jerry M. Cooper and published by U of Nebraska Press. This book was released on 1997-01-01 with total page 6 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the beginning of our republic the concept of a citizen soldiery, organized through militias, has undergirded American military philosophy. This nation fought the Revolution, the War of 1812, and the Mexican War, and began the Civil War, relying on volunteer militias and only a skeletal professional military force. The Civil War demonstrated the need to adapt state militias to the requirements of modern war, yet the United States retained its original philosophy in what became the National Guard. ø The Rise of the National Guard describes in thorough detail the evolution of the state militia system to a more federally controlled National Guard during the crucial years of development. The subject is important because the "citizen soldier" and "militia-national guard" traditions form one of the two pillars on which American military policy is built; a professional, regular military force is the other. Jerry Cooper's detailed research, unique examination of the experience of individual states, and careful analysis make this work the standard treatment of the subject.
Download or read book Militia Myths written by James A. Wood and published by UBC Press. This book was released on 2010 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The image of farmers and workers called to the colours endures in Canada’s social memory of the First World War. But is the ideal of being a citizen first and a soldier only by necessity as recent as our histories and memories suggest? Militia Myths brings to light a military culture that consistently employed the citizen soldier as its foremost symbol, but was otherwise in a state of profound transition. At the time of Confederation, the defence of Canada itself represented the country’s only real obligation to the British Empire, but by the early twentieth century Canadians were already fighting an imperial war in South Africa. In 1914, they began raising an army to fight on the Western Front. By the end of the First World War, the ideological transition was complete: for better or for worse, the untrained civilian who had answered the call-to-arms in 1914 replaced the long-serving volunteer militiaman of the past as the archetypical Canadian citizen soldier. Militia Myths traces the evolution of a uniquely Canadian amateur military tradition -- one that has had an enormous impact on the country’s experience of the First and Second World Wars. Published in association with the Canadian War Museum.
Download or read book The Militia written by James B. Whisker and published by Edwin Mellen Press. This book was released on 1992 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a succinct comparative study of civilian militias, covering large amounts of material often overlooked in conventional military history. It not only examines American, European, Asian, and Middle East militias, but also discusses the traditions of political thinking about the role of citizen soldiers as distinct from professional or mercenary military class.
Download or read book Maniple to Cohort written by United States Army Command and General S and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2015-04-08 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gaius Marius changed the Roman army in 105 B.C.E. These changes were instrumental in changing the military system. Marius took a citizen militia force and slowly transitioned it into a professional army. Crisis, political power, and military experience allowed Marius to change the military system. Marius created a modular soldier capable of completing various tasks to meet any new threat. This modular soldier system became the basis of Roman military organization for the next 300 years. This thesis argues that professional armies rather than citizen militia forces are more successful on the battlefield. Furthermore, it concludes that instituting military change is a complex problem requiring the right contributing factors for implementation. Finally, the thesis analyzes current issues facing the U.S. Army as it struggles to find a balance between the National Guard, regular forces, and preparing for the next war.
Download or read book Killing for the Republic written by Steele Brand and published by Johns Hopkins University Press. This book was released on 2019-09-10 with total page 393 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A sweeping political and cultural history, Killing for the Republic closes with a compelling argument in favor of resurrecting the citizen-soldier ideal in modern America.
Download or read book Manhood Citizenship and the National Guard written by Eleanor L. Hannah and published by Ohio State University Press. This book was released on 2007 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "During the Gilded Age and the Progressive Era, thousands upon thousands of American men devoted their time and money to the creation of an unsought - and in some quarters unwelcome - revived state militia. In this book, Eleanor L. Hannah studies the social history of the National Guard, focusing on issues of manhood and citizenship as they relate to the rise of the state militias." "The implications of this book are far-reaching, for it offers historians a fresh look at a long-ignored group of men and unites social and cultural history to explore changing notions of manhood and citizenship during years of frenetic change in the American landscape."--BOOK JACKET.
Download or read book The Armed Forces Officer written by Richard Moody Swain and published by Government Printing Office. This book was released on 2017 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1950, when he commissioned the first edition of The Armed Forces Officer, Secretary of Defense George C. Marshall told its author, S.L.A. Marshall, that "American military officers, of whatever service, should share common ground ethically and morally." In this new edition, the authors methodically explore that common ground, reflecting on the basics of the Profession of Arms, and the officer's special place and distinctive obligations within that profession and especially to the Constitution.
Download or read book Citizen Soldiers in the War of 1812 written by C. Edward Skeen and published by University Press of Kentucky. This book was released on 2014-07-11 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winner of the Army Historical Foundation Book Award During the War of 1812, state militias were intended to be the primary fighting force. Unfortunately, while militiamen showed willingness to fight, they were untrained, undisciplined, and ill-equipped. These raw volunteers had no muskets, and many did not know how to use the weapons once they had been issued. Though established by the Constitution, state militias found themselves wholly unprepared for war. The federal government was empowered to use these militias to "execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions;" but in a system of divided responsibility, it was the states' job to appoint officers and to train the soldiers. Edward Skeen reveals states' responses to federal requests for troops and provides in-depth descriptions of the conditions, morale, and experiences of the militia in camp and in battle. Skeen documents the failures and successes of the militias, concluding that the key lay in strong leadership. He also explores public perception of the force, both before and after the war, and examines how the militias changed in response to their performance in the War of 1812. After that time, the federal government increasingly neglected the militias in favor of a regular professional army.
