Download or read book FREZCHEM A Chemical Thermodynamic Model for Aqueous Solutions at Subzero Temperatures written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report documents a FORTRAN version of the Spencer-Moller-Weare chemical thermodynamic model for aqueous electrolyte solutions at sub-zero temperatures (FREZCHEM). FREZCHEM is structured to predict the chemical composition and unfrozen water of aqueous solutions between -60 deg and +25 deg C at atmospheric pressure (0.101325 MPa). FREZCHEM includes two reaction pathways: freezing at variable temperature and fixed total water and evaporation at variable water and fixed temperature. Activity coefficients and the activity of water are calculated using the Pitzer equations, which are valid to high solution ionic strengths (approx. 20 mol k-1). Fifteen chloride and sulfate salts of sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium are included in the model. Predicted and experimental measurements of solute molalities and the unfrozen water fraction during sea water freezing are in good agreement. At -50 deg C, 0.3 % of sea water remains unfrozen with 99.7% of Na and 95.5% of Cl having precipitated into one of four salts. FREZCHEM should find many applications in physicochemical studies of aqueous solutions and freezing.
Download or read book FREZCHEM A Chemical Thermodynamic Model for Aqueous Solutions at Subzero Temperatures written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report documents a FORTRAN version of the Spencer-Moller-Weare chemical thermodynamic model for aqueous electrolyte solutions at sub-zero temperatures (FREZCHEM). FREZCHEM is structured to predict the chemical composition and unfrozen water of aqueous solutions between -60 deg and +25 deg C at atmospheric pressure (0.101325 MPa). FREZCHEM includes two reaction pathways: freezing at variable temperature and fixed total water and evaporation at variable water and fixed temperature. Activity coefficients and the activity of water are calculated using the Pitzer equations, which are valid to high solution ionic strengths (approx. 20 mol k-1). Fifteen chloride and sulfate salts of sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium are included in the model. Predicted and experimental measurements of solute molalities and the unfrozen water fraction during sea water freezing are in good agreement. At -50 deg C, 0.3 % of sea water remains unfrozen with 99.7% of Na and 95.5% of Cl having precipitated into one of four salts. FREZCHEM should find many applications in physicochemical studies of aqueous solutions and freezing.
Download or read book FREZCHEM written by Giles M. Marion and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 35 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book FREZCHEM2 A Chemical Thermodynamic Model for Electrolyte Solutions at subzero Temperatures written by Giles M. Marion and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 1994 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book FREZCHEM2 written by Mikhail V. Mironenko and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report documents a Fortran version of a chemical thermodynamic model for aqueous electrolyte solutions at subzero temperatures, FREZCHEM2, which is a further development of the FREZCHEM model. The model uses thermodynamic data of Spencer-Moller- Weare that permit the calculation of chemical equilibria in the Na-K-Ca-Mg-Cl-S04-H2O system between -60 and 25 deg. C at atmospheric pressure. It applies the Gibbs energy minimization method for chemical equilibrium computation combined with Pitzer equations for activity coefficients and water activity calculation. phases.
Download or read book FREZCHEM2 A Chemical Thermodynamic Model for Electrolyte Solutions at Subzero Temperatures written by Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (U.S.) and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report documents a Fortran version of a chemical thermodynamic model for aqueous electrolyte solutions at subzero temperatures, FREZCHEM2, which is a further development of the FREZCHEM model. The model uses thermodynamic data of Spencer-Moller- Weare that permit the calculation of chemical equilibria in the Na-K-Ca-Mg-Cl-S04-H2O system between -60 and 25 deg. C at atmospheric pressure. It applies the Gibbs energy minimization method for chemical equilibrium computation combined with Pitzer equations for activity coefficients and water activity calculation. phases.
Download or read book Cold Aqueous Planetary Geochemistry with FREZCHEM written by Giles M. Marion and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-12-20 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written by two of the best US researchers in the field, this text investigates issues of astrobiological relevance in the context of cold aqueous planetary geochemistry. At the core of the technical chapters is the FREZCHEM model, initially developed over many years by one of the authors to quantify aqueous electrolyte properties and chemical thermodynamics at subzero temperatures. FREZCHEM is of huge relevance to scientists in a number of fields, including biogeochemists.
Download or read book Special Report written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Water and Aqueous Solutions at Subzero Temperatures written by Felix Franks and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 495 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Volume, the last of the series, is devoted to water in its metastable forms, especially at sub-zero temperatures. The past few years have wit nessed an increasing interest in supercooled water and amorphous ice. If the properties of liquid water in the normal temperature range are already eccentric, then they become exceedingly so below the normal freezing point, in the metastable temperature range. Water can be supercooled to -39°C without too much effort, and most of its physical properties show a re markable temperature dependence under these conditions. Although ade quate explanations are still lacking, the time has come to review available knowledge. The study of amorphous ice, that is, the solid formed when water vapor is condensed on a very cold surface, is of longer standing. It has achieved renewed interest because it may serve as a model for the liquid state. There is currently a debate whether or not a close structural relation ship exists between amorphous ice and supercooled water. The nucleation and growth of ice in supercooled water and aqueous solutions is also still one of those grey areas of research, although these topics have received considerable attention from chemists and physicists over the past two decades. Even now, the relationships between degree of supercooling, nucleation kinetics, crystal growth kinetics, cooling rate and solute concentration are somewhat obscure. Nevertheless, at the empirical level much progress has been made, because these topics are of considerable importance to biologists, technologists, atmospheric physicists and gla ciologists.
Download or read book Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 602 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lists citations with abstracts for aerospace related reports obtained from world wide sources and announces documents that have recently been entered into the NASA Scientific and Technical Information Database.
Download or read book Treatise on Geochemistry written by and published by Newnes. This book was released on 2013-10-19 with total page 14787 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This extensively updated new edition of the widely acclaimed Treatise on Geochemistry has increased its coverage beyond the wide range of geochemical subject areas in the first edition, with five new volumes which include: the history of the atmosphere, geochemistry of mineral deposits, archaeology and anthropology, organic geochemistry and analytical geochemistry. In addition, the original Volume 1 on "Meteorites, Comets, and Planets" was expanded into two separate volumes dealing with meteorites and planets, respectively. These additions increased the number of volumes in the Treatise from 9 to 15 with the index/appendices volume remaining as the last volume (Volume 16). Each of the original volumes was scrutinized by the appropriate volume editors, with respect to necessary revisions as well as additions and deletions. As a result, 27% were republished without major changes, 66% were revised and 126 new chapters were added. In a many-faceted field such as Geochemistry, explaining and understanding how one sub-field relates to another is key. Instructors will find the complete overviews with extensive cross-referencing useful additions to their course packs and students will benefit from the contextual organization of the subject matter Six new volumes added and 66% updated from 1st edition. The Editors of this work have taken every measure to include the many suggestions received from readers and ensure comprehensiveness of coverage and added value in this 2nd edition The esteemed Board of Volume Editors and Editors-in-Chief worked cohesively to ensure a uniform and consistent approach to the content, which is an amazing accomplishment for a 15-volume work (16 volumes including index volume)!
Download or read book High Temperature Aqueous Solutions written by Roberto Fernandez-Prini and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1991-12-19 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a thorough discussion of the thermodynamics of aqueous solutions and presents tools for analyzing and solving scientific and practical problems arising in this area. It also presents methods that can be used to deal with ionic and nonionic aqueous solutions under sub- or supercritical conditions. Illustrations and tables give examples of procedures employed to predict thermodynamic quantities of the solutions, and an appendix summarizing statistical mechanical equations used to describe the systems is also provided. High-Temperature Aqueous Solutions: Thermodynamic Properties contains essential information for physical chemists, geochemists, geophysicists, chemical technicians, and scientists involved in electric power generation.
Download or read book Bibliography on Cold Regions Science and Technology written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Solution Thermodynamics and Its Application to Aqueous Solutions written by Yoshikata Koga and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2017-03-28 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Solution Thermodynamics and its Application to Aqueous Solutions: A Differential Approach, Second Edition introduces a differential approach to solution thermodynamics, applying it to the study of aqueous solutions. This valuable approach reveals the molecular processes in solutions in greater depth than that gained by spectroscopic and other methods. The book clarifies what a hydrophobe, or a hydrophile, and in turn, an amphiphile, does to H2O. By applying the same methodology to ions that have been ranked by the Hofmeister series, the author shows that the kosmotropes are either hydrophobes or hydration centers, and that chaotropes are hydrophiles. This unique approach and important updates make the new edition a must-have reference for those active in solution chemistry. Unique differential approach to solution thermodynamics allows for experimental evaluation of the intermolecular interaction Incorporates research findings from over 40 articles published since the previous edition Numerical or graphical evaluation and direct experimental determination of third derivatives, enthalpic and volumetric AL-AL interactions and amphiphiles are new to this edition Features new chapters on spectroscopic study in aqueous solutions as well as environmentally friendly and hostile water aqueous solutions
Download or read book Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 610 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Ion Partitioning in Ambient Temperature Aqueous Systems written by H. Stoll and published by The Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland. This book was released on 2010-11-15 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Understanding in detail the ion partitioning in mineralwater interactions is of fundamental importance to geochemical studies and ultimately to society. The solid-solution properties of minerals are a significant part of the complexity, and also the importance, of these ion-partitioning reactions.
Download or read book The Quaternary Period in the United States written by A.R. Gillespie and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2003-12-17 with total page 595 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book reviews advances in understanding of the past ca. two million years of Earth history - the Quaternary Period - in the United States. It begins with sections on ice and water - as glaciers, permafrost, oceans, rivers, lakes, and aquifers. Six chapters are devoted to the high-latitude Pleistocene ice sheets, to mountain glaciations of the western United States, and to permafrost studies. Other chapters discuss ice-age lakes, caves, sea-level fluctuations, and riverine landscapes. With a chapter on landscape evolution models, the book turns to essays on geologic processes. Two chapters discuss soils and their responses to climate, and wind-blown sediments. Two more describe volcanoes and earthquakes, and the use of Quaternary geology to understand the hazards they pose. The next part of the book is on plants and animals. Five chapters consider the Quaternary history of vegetation in the United States. Other chapters treat forcing functions and vegetation response at different spatial and temporal scales, the role of fire as a catalyst of vegetation change during rapid climate shifts, and the use of tree rings in inferring age and past hydroclimatic conditions. Three chapters address vertebrate paleontology and the extinctions of large mammals at the end of the last glaciation, beetle assemblages and the inferences they permit about past conditions, and the peopling of North America. A final chapter addresses the numerical modeling of Quaternary climates, and the role paleoclimatic studies and climatic modeling has in predicting future response of the Earth's climate system to the changes we have wrought.
