Download or read book Frequency Synthesizers and Oscillator Architectures Based on Multi order Harmonic Generation written by Mohammed Abdul-Latif and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Frequency synthesizers are essential components for modern wireless and wireline communication systems as they provide the local oscillator signal required to transmit and receive data at very high rates. They are also vital for computing devices and microcontrollers as they generate the clocks required to run all the digital circuitry responsible for the high speed computations. Data rates and clocking speeds are continuously increasing to accommodate for the ever growing demand on data and computational power. This places stringent requirements on the performance metrics of frequency synthesizers. They are required to run at higher speeds, cover a wide range of frequencies, provide a low jitter/phase noise output and consume minimum power and area. In this work, we present new techniques and architectures for implementing high speed frequency synthesizers which fulfill the aforementioned requirements. We propose a new architecture and design approach for the realization of wideband millimeter-wave frequency synthesizers. This architecture uses two-step multi-order harmonic generation of a low frequency phase-locked signal to generate wideband mm-wave frequencies. A prototype of the proposed system is designed and fabricated in 90nm Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) technology. Measurement results demonstrated that a very wide tuning range of 5 to 32 GHz can be achieved, which is costly to implement using conventional techniques. Moreover the power consumption per octave resembles that of state-of-the art reports. Next, we propose the N-Push cyclic coupled ring oscillator (CCRO) architecture to implement two high performance oscillators: (1) a wideband N-Push/M-Push CCRO operating from 3.16-12.8GHz implemented by two harmonic generation operations using the availability of different phases from the CCRO, and (2) a 13-25GHz millimeter-wave N-Push CCRO with a low phase noise performance of -118dBc/Hz at 10MHz. The proposed oscillators achieve low phase noise with higher FOM than state of the art work. Finally, we present some improvement techniques applied to the performance of phase locked loops (PLLs). We present an adaptive low pass filtering technique which can reduce the reference spur of integer-N charge-pump based PLLs by around 20dB while maintaining the settling time of the original PLL. Another PLL is presented, which features very low power consumption targeting the Medical Implantable Communication Standard. It operates at 402-405 MHz while consuming 600microW from a 1V supply.
Download or read book Microwave and Wireless Synthesizers written by Ulrich L. Rohde and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-04-27 with total page 818 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The new edition of the leading resource on designing digital frequency synthesizers from microwave and wireless applications, fully updated to reflect the most modern integrated circuits and semiconductors Microwave and Wireless Synthesizers: Theory and Design, Second Edition, remains the standard text on the subject by providing complete and up-to-date coverage of both practical and theoretical aspects of modern frequency synthesizers and their components. Featuring contributions from leading experts in the field, this classic volume describes loop fundamentals, noise and spurious responses, special loops, loop components, multiloop synthesizers, and more. Practical synthesizer examples illustrate the design of a high-performance hybrid synthesizer and performance measurement techniques—offering readers clear instruction on the various design steps and design rules. The second edition includes extensively revised content throughout, including a modern approach to dealing with the noise and spurious response of loops and updated material on digital signal processing and architectures. Reflecting today's technology, new practical and validated examples cover a combination of analog and digital synthesizers and hybrid systems. Enhanced and expanded chapters discuss implementations of direct digital synthesis (DDS) architectures, the voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO), crystal and other high-Q based oscillators, arbitrary waveform generation, vector signal generation, and other current tools and techniques. Now requiring no additional literature to be useful, this comprehensive, one-stop resource: Provides a fully reviewed, updated, and enhanced presentation of microwave and wireless synthesizers Presents a clear mathematical method for designing oscillators for best noise performance at both RF and microwave frequencies Contains new illustrations, figures, diagrams, and examples Includes extensive appendices to aid in calculating phase noise in free-running oscillators, designing VHF and UHF oscillators with CAD software, using state-of-the-art synthesizer chips, and generating millimeter wave frequencies using the delay line principle Containing numerous designs of proven circuits and more than 500 relevant citations from scientific journal and papers, Microwave and Wireless Synthesizers: Theory and Design, Second Edition, is a must-have reference for engineers working in the field of radio communication, and the perfect textbook for advanced electrical engineering students.
Download or read book Frequency Synthesizers written by Alexander Chenakin and published by Artech House. This book was released on 2011 with total page 235 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A frequency synthesizer is an electronic system for generating any of a range of frequencies from a single fixed oscillator. They are found in modern devices like radio receivers, mobile phones, and GPS systems. This comprehensive resource offers RF and microwave engineers a thorough overview of both well-established and recently developed frequency synthesizer design techniques. Professionals find expert guidance on all design aspects, including main architectures, key building blocks, and practical circuit implementation. Engineers learn the development process and gain a solid understanding of how to build a synthesizer from a basic diagram to the final product.Starting with a simple single-loop PLL example, the book progressively examines various alternatives -- fractional-N, DDS, frequency offset, multiloop and more OCo to achieve required performance objectives. This unique volume gathers a collection of block diagrams, clever circuits, design recipes, and other hard-to-find information that is usually treated as OC design secretsOCO. Written in a simple yet rigorous style with numerous illustrations, the book is an all-in-one reference for both beginner and experienced designers.
Download or read book Fast Hopping Frequency Generation in Digital CMOS written by Mohammad Farazian and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-10-12 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Overcoming the agility limitations of conventional frequency synthesizers in multi-band OFDM ultra wideband is a key research goal in digital technology. This volume outlines a frequency plan that can generate all the required frequencies from a single fixed frequency, able to implement center frequencies with no more than two levels of SSB mixing. It recognizes the need for future synthesizers to bypass on-chip inductors and operate at low voltages to enable the increased integration and efficiency of networked appliances. The author examines in depth the architecture of the dividers that generate the necessary frequencies from a single base frequency and are capable of establishing a fractional division ratio. Presenting the first CMOS inductorless single PLL 14-band frequency synthesizer for MB-OFDMUWB makes this volume a key addition to the literature, and with the synthesizer capable of arbitrary band-hopping in less than two nanoseconds, it operates well within the desired range on a 1.2-volt power supply. The author’s close analysis of the operation, stability, and phase noise of injection-locked regenerative frequency dividers will provide researchers and technicians with much food for developmental thought.
Download or read book Millimeter Wave Digitally Intensive Frequency Generation in CMOS written by Wanghua Wu and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2015-09-23 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes the digitally intensive time-domain architectures and techniques applied to millimeter-wave frequency synthesis, with the objective of improving performance and reducing the cost of implementation. Coverage includes system architecture, system level modeling, critical building block design, and digital calibration techniques, making it highly suitable for those who want to learn about mm-wave frequency generation for communication and radar applications, integrated circuit implementation, and time-domain circuit and system techniques. Highlights the challenges of frequency synthesis at mm-wave band using CMOS technology Compares the various approaches for mm-wave frequency generation (pros and cons) Introduces the digitally intensive synthesizer approach and its advantages Discusses the proper partitioning of the digitally intensive mm-wave frequency synthesizer into mm-wave, RF, analog, digital and software components Provides detailed design techniques from system level to circuit level Addresses system modeling, simulation techniques, design-for-test, and layout issues Demonstrates the use of time-domain techniques for high-performance mm-wave frequency synthesis
Download or read book Modelling Simulation and Architecture Modification of Delta sigma Fractional N Frequency Synthesizers written by Zhipeng Ye and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 161 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The wireless communication market has been growing rapidly in recent decades. The frequency synthesizer is a key building block in wireless transceivers. It is used as a local oscillator for frequency translation and channel selection. In this thesis, we provide a brief review of PLL frequency synthesizers. A simulation environment for delta-sigma fractional-N frequency synthesizers is built using Verilog-AMS. The digital delta-sigma modulator is modeled as a finite state machine in order to evaluate how the performance of a frequency synthesizer is affected by the cyclic behavior of the DDSM. In addition, jitter and nonlinearities are considered and added to the model. The spur-minimizing effect of an odd initial condition on the first accumulator of a MASH delta-sigma modulator is demonstrated. A noise reduction technique for a fractional-N frequency synthesizer using a multiphase voltage-controlled oscillator is proposed. We have shown that both in-band and out-of-band phase noise can be reduced by 6 dB for every two-fold increase in the number of phases. The multi-phase VCO is also applied in a dual-loop frequency synthesizer. We show that this dual loop frequency synthesizer achieves a similar power spectrum but with superior frequency resolution compared to a conventional dual-loop frequency synthesizer. We have built an experimental platform based on a Xilinx Virtex-5 FPGA board and have used it to confirm the theoretical analysis and simulations. In order to reduce the hardware consumption of a digital delta-sigma modulator, and consequently the power and area consumption, we propose a reduced complexity architecture which can achieve similar spectral performance compared with a conventional DDSM but with up to 20% lower hardware consumption. We have elaborated a rigorous design methodologies based on this idea of error masking. Individual design strategies are derived for MASH DDSMs and SQ DDSMs, both with and without dither.
Download or read book Frequency Synthesizers written by Vadim Manassewitsch and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 1976 with total page 552 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Architectures for RF Frequency Synthesizers written by Cicero S. Vaucher and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-04-18 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This text describes a conceptual framework for analyzing the performance of PLL frequency synthesizers, and presents optimization procedures for the different performance aspects. It contains basic information and in-depth knowledge, widely illustrated with practical design examples used in industrial products.
Download or read book Frequency Synthesis Theory Design Applications written by Věnceslav F. Kroupa and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 1973 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book CMOS Single Chip Fast Frequency Hopping Synthesizers for Wireless Multi Gigahertz Applications written by Taoufik Bourdi and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-03-14 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book, the authors outline detailed design methodology for fast frequency hopping synthesizers for RF and wireless communications applications. There is great emphasis on fractional-N delta-sigma based phase locked loops from specifications, system analysis and architecture planning to circuit design and silicon implementation. The developed techniques in the book can help in designing very low noise, high speed fractional-N frequency synthesizers.
Download or read book Integrated RF CMOS Frequency Synthesizers and Oscillators for Wireless Applications written by Adem Aktas and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: PLL (Phase-Locked Loop) frequency synthesizers are used in wireless transceivers for frequency conversion. Recent directions in PLL frequency synthesizer research and development are to fully integrate PLL synthesizers in CMOS technology, to improve phase noise performance, and to operate wide range of frequency bands and channel bandwidths. Fully integration of synthesizers in CMOS technology is desired for low cost, low power consumption and small size in mobile wireless terminals. Low phase noise is required by digital modulation techniques which have been used in new mobile standards for the efficient use of the frequency spectrum. Operation over a wide range of frequency bands and channel bandwidths are required to support migration and backward compatibility in the wireless standard evolution. This work investigates the PLL frequency synthesizer design and implementation in CMOS technology with focus on integration of wideband VCOs (Voltage-Controlled Oscillators). Phase noise of a PLL synthesizer is a major design parameter. A PLL noise model is developed for noise optimization purposes. Wideband RF VCO design with sub-bands is investigated. Frequency planning, synthesizer architecture and technology considerations are also explored for wideband VCO design. Band switching techniques VCO tuning range presented. Active VCO circuit topologies and resonator design are also presented. The PLL frequency synthesizers are designed and implemented for a multi-band/standard(IEEE 802.11a/b/g) WLAN radio in 0.18um CMOS. Phase noise trade-offs for PLL design are explored in this application. Development and design of a wideband VCO for this application is also presented. An auto calibration circuit is developed for VCO tuning band selection. Another application of the wideband PLL frequency synthesizer is designed and implemented for a fully integrated dual-mode frequency synthesizer for GSM and WCDMA standards in 0.5um CMOS. A hybrid integer-N/fractional-N architecture is developed to meet the multi-standard requirements. Design and implementation of high performance RF VCO depends on the RF models of the devices. RF CMOS characterization and modeling techniques are explored. Microwave wafer measurement and calibration techniques are also investigated for CMOS technology.
Download or read book Proceedings of the Multi Conference 2011 written by Himanshu B. Soni and published by Universal-Publishers. This book was released on 2011-06-06 with total page 1074 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The International Conference on Signals, Systems and Automation (ICSSA 2011) aims to spread awareness in the research and academic community regarding cutting-edge technological advancements revolutionizing the world. The main emphasis of this conference is on dissemination of information, experience, and research results on the current topics of interest through in-depth discussions and participation of researchers from all over the world. The objective is to provide a platform to scientists, research scholars, and industrialists for interacting and exchanging ideas in a number of research areas. This will facilitate communication among researchers in different fields of Electronics and Communication Engineering. The International Conference on Intelligent System and Data Processing (ICISD 2011) is organized to address various issues that will foster the creation of intelligent solutions in the future. The primary goal of the conference is to bring together worldwide leading researchers, developers, practitioners, and educators interested in advancing the state of the art in computational intelligence and data processing for exchanging knowledge that encompasses a broad range of disciplines among various distinct communities. Another goal is to promote scientific information interchange between researchers, developers, engineers, students, and practitioners working in India and abroad.
Download or read book Fast Hopping Frequency Generation in Digital CMOS written by Mohammad Farazian and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-10-12 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Overcoming the agility limitations of conventional frequency synthesizers in multi-band OFDM ultra wideband is a key research goal in digital technology. This volume outlines a frequency plan that can generate all the required frequencies from a single fixed frequency, able to implement center frequencies with no more than two levels of SSB mixing. It recognizes the need for future synthesizers to bypass on-chip inductors and operate at low voltages to enable the increased integration and efficiency of networked appliances. The author examines in depth the architecture of the dividers that generate the necessary frequencies from a single base frequency and are capable of establishing a fractional division ratio. Presenting the first CMOS inductorless single PLL 14-band frequency synthesizer for MB-OFDMUWB makes this volume a key addition to the literature, and with the synthesizer capable of arbitrary band-hopping in less than two nanoseconds, it operates well within the desired range on a 1.2-volt power supply. The author’s close analysis of the operation, stability, and phase noise of injection-locked regenerative frequency dividers will provide researchers and technicians with much food for developmental thought.
Download or read book Multi GHz Frequency Synthesis Division written by Hamid R. Rategh and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-05-08 with total page 157 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the past 10 years extensive effort has been dedicated to commercial wireless local area network (WLAN) systems. Despite all these efforts, however, none of the existing systems has been successful, mainly due to their low data rates. The increasing demand for WLAN systems that can support data rates in excess of 20 Mb/s enticed the FCC to create an unlicensed national information infrastructure (U–NII) band at 5 GHz. This frequency band provides 300 MHz of spectrum in two segments: a 200 MHz(5.15–5.35 GHz) and a 100 MHz (5.725–5.825 GHz) frequency band. This newly released spectrum, and the fast trend of CMOS scaling, provide an opportunity to design WLAN systems with high data rate and low cost. One of the existing standards at 5 GHz is the European high performance radio LAN (HIPERLAN) standard that supports data rates as high as 20 Mb/s. One of the main building blocks of each wireless system is the f- quency synthesizer. Phase–locked loops (PLLs) are universally used to design radio frequency synthesizers. Reducing the power consumption of the frequency dividers of a PLL has always been a challenge. In this book, we introduce an alternative solution for conventional flipflop based xiv MULTI–GHZ FREQUENCY SYNTHESIS & DIVISION frequency dividers. An injection–locked frequency divider (ILFD) takes advantage of the narrowband nature of the wireless systems and employs resonators to trade off bandwidth for power.
Download or read book Integrated Frequency Synthesizers for Wireless Systems written by Andrea Leonardo Lacaita and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2007-06-28 with total page 9 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The increasingly demanding performance requirements of communications systems, as well as problems posed by the continued scaling of silicon technology, present numerous challenges for the design of frequency synthesizers in modern transceivers. This book contains everything you need to know for the efficient design of frequency synthesizers for today's communications applications. If you need to optimize performance and minimize design time, you will find this book invaluable. Using an intuitive yet rigorous approach, the authors describe simple analytical methods for the design of phase locked loop (PLL) frequency synthesizers using scaled silicon CMOS and bipolar technologies. The entire design process, from system-level specification to layout, is covered comprehensively. Practical design examples are included, and implementation issues are addressed. A key problem-solving resource for practitioners in IC design, the book will also be of interest to researchers and graduate students in electrical engineering.
Download or read book Design of VCO based ADCs written by Vishnu Unnikrishnan and published by Linköping University Electronic Press. This book was released on 2017-03-28 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Today's complex electronic systems with billions of transistors on a single die are enabled by the aggressive scaling down of the device feature size at an exponential rate as predicted by the Moore's law. Digital circuits benefit from technology scaling to become faster, more energy efficient as well as more area efficient as the feature size is scaled down. Moreover, digital design also benefits from mature CAD tools that simplify the design and cross-technology porting of complex systems, leveraging on a cell-based design methodology. On the other hand, the design of analog circuits is getting increasingly difficult as the feature size scales down into the deep nanometer regime due to a variety of reasons like shrinking voltage headroom, reducing intrinsic gain of the devices, increasing noise coupling between circuit nodes due to shorter distances etc. Furthermore, analog circuits are still largely designed with a full custom design ow that makes their design and porting tedious, slow, and expensive. In this context, it is attractive to consider realizing analog/mixed-signal circuits using standard digital components. This leads to scaling-friendly mixed-signal blocks that can be designed and ported using the existing CAD framework available for digital design. The concept is already being applied to mixed-signal components like frequency synthesizers where all-digital architectures are synthesized using standard cells as basic components. This can be extended to other mixed-signal blocks like digital-to-analog and analog to- digital converters as well, where the latter is of particular interest in this thesis. A voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO)-based analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is an attractive architecture to achieve all-digital analog-to digital conversion due to favorable properties like shaping of the quantization error, inherent anti-alias filtering etc. Here a VCO operates as a signal integrator as well as a quantizer. A converter employing a ring oscillator as the VCO lends itself to an all-digital implementation. In this dissertation, we explore the design of VCO-based ADCs synthesized using digital standard cells with the long-term goal of achieving high performance data converters built from low accuracy switch components. In a first step, an ADC is designed using vendor supplied standard cells and fabricated in a 65 nm CMOS process. The converter delivers an 8-bit ENOB over a 25 MHz bandwidth while consuming 3.3 mW of power resulting in an energy efficiency of 235 fJ/step (Walden FoM). Then we utilize standard digital CAD tools to synthesize converter designs that are fully described using a hardware description language. A polynomial-based digital post-processing scheme is proposed to correct for the VCO nonlinearity. In addition, pulse modulation schemes like delta modulation and asynchronous sigma-delta modulation are used as a signal pre-coding scheme, in an attempt to reduce the impact of VCO nonlinearity on converter performance. In order to investigate the scaling benefits of all-digital data conversion, a VCO-based converter is designed in a 28 nm CMOS process. The design delivers a 13.4-bit ENOB over a 5 MHz bandwidth achieving an energy efficiency of 4.3 fJ/step according to post-synthesis schematic simulation, indicating that such converters have the potential of achieving good performance in deeply scaled processes by exploiting scaling benefits. Furthermore, large conversion errors caused by non-ideal sampling of the oscillator phase are studied. An encoding scheme employing ones counters is proposed to code the sampled ring oscillator output into a number, which is resilient to a class of sampling induced errors modeled by temporal reordering of the transitions in the ring. The proposed encoding reduces the largest error caused by random reordering of up to six subsequent bits in the sampled signal from 31 to 2 LSBs. Finally, the impact of process, voltage, and temperature (PVT) variations on the performance while operating the converter from a subthreshold supply is investigated. PVT-adaptive solutions are suggested as a means to achieve energy-efficient operation over a wide range of PVT conditions.
Download or read book Digital Frequency Synthesis Demystified written by Bar-Giora Goldberg and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2000-02-20 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: · In-depth coverage of modern digital implementations of frequency synthesis architectures· Numerous design examples drawn from actual engineering projectsDigital frequency synthesis is used in modern wireless and communications technologies such as radar, cellular telephony, satellite communications, electronic imaging, and spectroscopy. This is book is a comprehensive overview of digital frequency synthesis theory and applications, with a particular emphasis on the latest approaches using fractional-N phase-locked loop technology. In-depth coverage of modern digital implementations of frequency synthesis architectures Numerous design examples drawn from actual engineering projects
