Download or read book Abstracting Away the Machine written by Mark Jones Lorenzo and published by Independently Published. This book was released on 2019-08-22 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At the dawn of the computer age, an elite development team at IBM built the most influential computer programming language in history: FORTRAN. Abstracting Away the Machine tells the epic story of how they did it--and what happened next. Over the past six decades, programming languages like ALGOL, BASIC, C/C++, COBOL, Java, LISP, LOGO, Pascal, PL/I, Python, Visual Basic, and many others opened up the field of computer science, and of computer programming in general, to the masses. But all of these high-level languages (HLLs)--computer languages that automate, hide, or otherwise abstract away the underlying operations of the machine--owe a huge debt of gratitude to FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation), the first HLL to achieve widespread adoption. Many programming practices that we take for granted now came about as a result of FORTRAN. Created over a three-year period at IBM by a development team led by a brilliant but wayward mathematician named John W. Backus, FORTRAN was implemented initially on the IBM 704 mainframe computer in the mid-1950s, with dialects of the language quickly spreading thereafter to other platforms. FORTRAN's powerful compiler, which translated human-readable code into code a computer could understand, produced incredibly clean and optimized standalone executable programs, all of which could be run independently of the compiler, setting the standard for decades to come--and overcoming the doubts of many skeptics along the way, who thought the FORTRAN project would never succeed. In the 1960s the language was standardized, with machine-dependent commands excised, and many platform-independent implementations followed. With the language now portable, able to run on any computer (at least in theory), FORTRAN, almost by accident, secured a stranglehold in the fields of science and engineering. The language also came to dominate in the supercomputing industry. But FORTRAN, a blue-collar workhorse more concerned with results than with style, was a victim of its own success--the language sowed the seeds of its own demise. New high-level languages sprouted up, stealing the good bits from FORTRAN while simultaneously defining themselves in opposition to it. FORTRAN had become the foil. As these new languages pierced the cutting edge of the programming landscape, they redefined computing paradigms (e.g., with structured programming, object-oriented programming, and the like), and FORTRAN--though eventually (and repeatedly) modernized and formally renamed Fortran--struggled to keep up through multiple standardization efforts, finally ceding significant ground to its successors as it slowly withdrew from the spotlight. To add insult to injury, even John Backus eventually turned against his creation. This is not a book on how to program in FORTRAN, nor is it a technical manual. Rather, the focus in Abstracting Away the Machine, which chronicles the complete history and development of the FORTRAN programming language, is set squarely on telling three interlocking stories: (1) How an elite group of computing trailblazers built FORTRAN, (2) Why the conditions at the time were ripe for them to succeed, and (3) What happened after they did. Tracing the long arc of FORTRAN's development and maturation is integral to understanding not only the history of programming but also the state of computer science today. The birth of FORTRAN planted a seed that led to the full flowering of high-level languages, since FORTRAN overcame initial skepticism by demonstrating to the world that a well-made HLL really could abstract away the machine.

Download or read book History of Programming Languages written by Richard L. Wexelblat and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2014-05-27 with total page 784 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: History of Programming Languages presents information pertinent to the technical aspects of the language design and creation. This book provides an understanding of the processes of language design as related to the environment in which languages are developed and the knowledge base available to the originators. Organized into 14 sections encompassing 77 chapters, this book begins with an overview of the programming techniques to use to help the system produce efficient programs. This text then discusses how to use parentheses to help the system identify identical subexpressions within an expression and thereby eliminate their duplicate calculation. Other chapters consider FORTRAN programming techniques needed to produce optimum object programs. This book discusses as well the developments leading to ALGOL 60. The final chapter presents the biography of Adin D. Falkoff. This book is a valuable resource for graduate students, practitioners, historians, statisticians, mathematicians, programmers, as well as computer scientists and specialists.

Download or read book The Fortran 2003 Handbook written by Jeanne C. Adams and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-09-18 with total page 713 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Fortran 2003 Handbook is a definitive and comprehensive guide to Fortran 2003 and its use. Fortran 2003, the latest standard version of Fortran, has many excellent features that assist the programmer in writing efficient, portable and maintainable programs. This all-inclusive volume offers a reader-friendly, easy-to-follow and informal description of Fortran 2003, and has been developed to provide not only a readable explanation of features, but also some rationale for the inclusion of features and their use. This highly versatile handbook is intended for anyone who wants a comprehensive survey of Fortran 2003.

Download or read book Fortran 90 Programming written by T. M. R. Ellis and published by Addison Wesley Publishing Company. This book was released on 1994 with total page 825 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Offering a clear tutorial guide for the new Fortran 90 language, this book highlights Fortran 90's role as a powerful tool for problem-solving in engineering and science. Having been involved in the development of the new standard, the authors provide (as a bonus) an inside perspective on the design rationale behind the major features of Fortran 90.Features comprehensive coverage of all the major language features, with clear guidelines on the differences between the 77 and 90 standards case studies illustrating its applications in scientific problem-solving two authoritative chapters in coding numerical methods in Fortran 90 an early introduction to procedures and modules to encourage a structural approach to programming 0201544466B04062001

Download or read book Fortran 2018 with Parallel Programming written by Subrata Ray and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2019-08-22 with total page 683 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The programming language Fortran dates back to 1957 when a team of IBM engineers released the first Fortran Compiler. During the past 60 years, the language had been revised and updated several times to incorporate more features to enable writing clean and structured computer programs. The present version is Fortran 2018. Since the dawn of the computer era, there had been a constant demand for a “larger” and “faster” machine. To increase the speed there are three hurdles. The density of the active components on a VLSI chip cannot be increased indefinitely and with the increase of the density heat dissipation becomes a major problem. Finally, the speed of any signal cannot exceed the velocity of the light. However, by using several inexpensive processors in parallel coupled with specialized software and hardware, programmers can achieve computing speed similar to a supercomputer. This book can be used to learn the modern Fortran from the beginning and the technique of developing parallel programs using Fortran. It is for anyone who wants to learn Fortran. Knowledge beyond high school mathematics is not required. There is not another book on the market yet which deals with Fortran 2018 as well as parallel programming. FEATURES Descriptions of majority of Fortran 2018 instructions Numerical Model String with Variable Length IEEE Arithmetic and Exceptions Dynamic Memory Management Pointers Bit handling C-Fortran Interoperability Object Oriented Programming Parallel Programming using Coarray Parallel Programming using OpenMP Parallel Programming using Message Passing Interface (MPI) THE AUTHOR Dr Subrata Ray, is a retired Professor, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata.

Download or read book Modern Fortran written by Milan Curcic and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2020-10-07 with total page 414 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Modern Fortran teaches you to develop fast, efficient parallel applications using twenty-first-century Fortran. In this guide, you’ll dive into Fortran by creating fun apps, including a tsunami simulator and a stock price analyzer. Filled with real-world use cases, insightful illustrations, and hands-on exercises, Modern Fortran helps you see this classic language in a whole new light. Summary Using Fortran, early and accurate forecasts for hurricanes and other major storms have saved thousands of lives. Better designs for ships, planes, and automobiles have made travel safer, more efficient, and less expensive than ever before. Using Fortran, low-level machine learning and deep learning libraries provide incredibly easy, fast, and insightful analysis of massive data. Fortran is an amazingly powerful and flexible programming language that forms the foundation of high performance computing for research, science, and industry. And it's come a long, long way since starting life on IBM mainframes in 1956. Modern Fortran is natively parallel, so it's uniquely suited for efficiently handling problems like complex simulations, long-range predictions, and ultra-precise designs. If you're working on tasks where speed, accuracy, and efficiency matter, it's time to discover—or re-discover—Fortran.. About the technology For over 60 years Fortran has been powering mission-critical scientific applications, and it isn't slowing down yet! Rock-solid reliability and new support for parallel programming make Fortran an essential language for next-generation high-performance computing. Simply put, the future is in parallel, and Fortran is already there. Purchase of the print book includes a free eBook in PDF, Kindle, and ePub formats from Manning Publications. About the book Modern Fortran teaches you to develop fast, efficient parallel applications using twenty-first-century Fortran. In this guide, you'll dive into Fortran by creating fun apps, including a tsunami simulator and a stock price analyzer. Filled with real-world use cases, insightful illustrations, and hands-on exercises, Modern Fortran helps you see this classic language in a whole new light. What's inside Fortran's place in the modern world Working with variables, arrays, and functions Module development Parallelism with coarrays, teams, and events Interoperating Fortran with C About the reader For developers and computational scientists. No experience with Fortran required. About the author Milan Curcic is a meteorologist, oceanographer, and author of several general-purpose Fortran libraries and applications. Table of Contents PART 1 - GETTING STARTED WITH MODERN FORTRAN 1 Introducing Fortran 2 Getting started: Minimal working app PART 2 - CORE ELEMENTS OF FORTRAN 3 Writing reusable code with functions and subroutines 4 Organizing your Fortran code using modules 5 Analyzing time series data with arrays 6 Reading, writing, and formatting your data PART 3 - ADVANCED FORTRAN USE 7 Going parallel with Fortan coarrays 8 Working with abstract data using derived types 9 Generic procedures and operators for any data type 10 User-defined operators for derived types PART 4 - THE FINAL STRETCH 11 Interoperability with C: Exposing your app to the web 12 Advanced parallelism with teams, events, and collectives

Download or read book Introduction to Programming with Fortran written by Ian Chivers and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-07-08 with total page 600 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive introduction which will be essential to the complete beginner who wants to learn the fundamentals of programming using a modern, powerful and expressive language; as well as those wanting to update their programming skills by making the move from earlier versions of Fortran.

Download or read book The F Programming Language written by Michael Metcalf and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 1996 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The F programming language is a dramatic new development in scientific programming. Building on the well-established strengths of the Fortran family of languages, it is carefully crafted to be both safe and regular, whilst retaining the enormously powerful numerical capabilities of its parentlanguage, Fortran 90, as well as its data abstraction capability. Thus, an array language becomes available as part of a medium-size, widely-available language for the first time. In this respect, the language is clearly superior to older ones such as Pascal, C, and Basic. The book begins with anintroductory chapter, then describes, in turn, the features of the language: language elements, expressions and assignments, control constructs, program units and procedures, array features, intrinsic procedures, and the input/output facilities. It is completed by six appendices, including thedifference between F and Fortran 90, and solutions to most of the exercises. In the absence of a formal standard for F, this book is the defining document for the language, setting out the complete syntax and semantics of the language in a readable but thorough way. It is essential reading forusers of F.

Download or read book Classical Fortran written by Michael Kupferschmid and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2009-01-14 with total page 546 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Classical FORTRAN: Programming for Engineering and Scientific Applications, Second Edition teaches how to write programs in the Classical dialect of FORTRAN, the original and still most widely recognized language for numerical computing. This edition retains the conversational style of the original, along with its simple, carefully chosen subset la

Download or read book Fortran 95 Language Guide written by Wilhelm Gehrke and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 411 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fortran is one of the most widely used programming languages in science and engineering. Fortran 90 replaced the outmoded FORTRAN 77 in 1991 and this recent version of the International Standard enhances this version. It also includes several new features to ensure that Fortran continues to be aligned with High Performance Fortran (HPF) for parallel computer architectures. Fortran 95 Language Guide will serve as a language reference manual for programmers, provide teaching material for introductory courses in Fortran programming, and give help to experienced Fortran programmers migrating to the new standard. Gehrke has provided a comprehensive and easy-to-understand description of the Fortran 95 programming language as defined by the ISO, which will be welcomed by both practitioners and students alike.

Download or read book Fundamentals of Engineering Programming with C and Fortran written by Harley R. Myler and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1998-06-28 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A 1998 beginner's guide to problem solving with computers - both a text for introductory-level engineering undergraduates and a self-study guide for practising engineers.

Download or read book Computing for Scientists written by R. J. Barlow and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 1998-09-16 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Strategien zur Lösung wissenschaftlicher Probleme mittels Fortran 90 und C++ sind Thema dieses Buches. Behandelt werden Fragestellungen, denen sich Naturwissenschaftler im Alltag häufig gegenübersehen, wie Simulationen, Graphik, Datenanalyse und die Manipulation von Datenstrukturen. Den Autoren kommt es nicht darauf an, zu zeigen, wie man ein Problem codiert - sie zielen eher auf die Vermittlung allgemeingültiger Prinzipien ab. Mit zahlreichen Beispielen. (8/98)

Download or read book Developing Statistical Software in Fortran 95 written by David R. Lemmon and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2005-12-15 with total page 327 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many books teach computational statistics. Until now, however, none has shown how to write a good program. This book gives statisticians, biostatisticians and methodologically-oriented researchers the tools they need to develop high-quality statistical software. Topics include how to: Program in Fortran 95 using a pseudo object-oriented style Write accurate and efficient computational procedures Create console applications Build dynamic-link libraries (DLLs) and Windows-based software components Develop graphical user interfaces (GUIs) Through detailed examples, readers are shown how to call Fortran procedures from packages including Excel, SAS, SPSS, S-PLUS, R, and MATLAB. They are even given a tutorial on creating GUIs for Fortran computational code using Visual Basic.NET. This book is for those who want to learn how to create statistical applications quickly and effectively. Prior experience with a programming language such as Basic, Fortran or C is helpful but not required. More experienced programmers will learn new strategies to harness the power of modern Fortran and the object-oriented paradigm. This may serve as a supplementary text for a graduate course on statistical computing. From the reviews: "This book should be read by all statisticians, engineers, and scientists who want to implement an algorithm as a computer program. The book is the best introduction to programming that I have ever read. I value it as one of my important reference books in my personal library." Melvin J. Hinich for Techonmetrics, November 2006 "Overall, the book is well written and provides a reasonable introduction to the use of modern versions of Fortran for statistical computation. The real thrust of the book is building COM interfaces using Fortran, and it will no doubt be most useful to anyone who needs to build such interfaces." Journal of the American Statistical Association, June 2006 "The book is well written and is divided into chapters and sections which are coherent...Overall the book seems like a good resource for someone that already knows some dialect of FORTRAN and wants to learn a bit about what is new in FORTRAN 95..." Robert Gentleman for the Journal of Statistical Software, December 2006

Download or read book Fortran Techniques with Special Reference to Non numerical Applications written by A. Colin Day and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1972-10-26 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a practical description of many of the commonly used programming techniques required in both numerical and non-numerical applications of Fortran. It is written for non-specialist users who have already completed a course in basic Fortran programming, but who may have only a minimum knowledge of mathematics.

Download or read book FORTRAN 90 Language Guide written by Wilhelm Gehrke and published by . This book was released on 1996-03-05 with total page 394 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book A Guide to Fortran IV Programming written by Daniel D. McCracken and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 1972 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This book is written for the person who wishes to gain a rapid grasp of the use of computers and of Fortran in the solution of problems in such fields as science, engineering, statistics, education and business." -- Preface.

Download or read book Fortran 8x Explained written by Michael Metcalf and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 1989 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A new edition of this work on FORTRAN 8X, covering language, programming and procedures. It is aimed at FORTRAN users and programming language specialists.