Download or read book Formal But Less Equal written by Sarra Ben Yahmed and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Linking the Formal and Informal Economy written by Basudeb Guha-Khasnobis and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2006-09-21 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The concepts of formal and informal remain central to the theory and practice of development more than half a century after they were introduced into the debate. They help structure the way that statistical services collect data on the economies of developing countries, the development of theoretical and empirical analysis, and, most important, the formulation and implementation of policy. This volume brings together a significant new collection of studies on formality and informality in developing countries. The volume is multidisciplinary in nature, with contributions from anthropologists, economists, sociologists, and political scientists. It contains contributions from among the very best analysts in development studies. Between them the chapters argue for moving beyond the formal-informal dichotomy. Useful as it has proven to be, a more nuanced approach is needed in light of conceptual and empirical advances, and in light of the policy failures brought about by a characterization of the 'informal' as 'disorganized'. The wealth of empirical information in these studies, and in the literature more widely, can be used to develop guiding principles for intervention that are based on ground level reality.
Download or read book A Critical Introduction to Formal Epistemology written by Darren Bradley and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2015-08-27 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Formal methods are changing how epistemology is being studied and understood. A Critical Introduction to Formal Epistemology introduces the types of formal theories being used and explains how they are shaping the subject. Beginning with the basics of probability and Bayesianism, it shows how representing degrees of belief using probabilities informs central debates in epistemology. As well as discussing induction, the paradox of confirmation and the main challenges to Bayesianism, this comprehensive overview covers objective chance, peer disagreement, the concept of full belief, and the traditional problems of justification and knowledge. Subjecting each position to a critical analysis, it explains the main issues in formal epistemology, and the motivations and drawbacks of each position. Written in an accessible language and supported study questions, guides to further reading and a glossary, positions are placed in an historic context to give a sense of the development of the field. As the first introductory textbook on formal epistemology, A Critical Introduction to Formal Epistemology is an invaluable resource for students and scholars of contemporary epistemology.
Download or read book Analogical classification in formal grammar written by Matías Guzmán Naranjo and published by Language Science Press. This book was released on 2019 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The organization of the lexicon, and especially the relations between groups of lexemes is a strongly debated topic in linguistics. Some authors have insisted on the lack of any structure of the lexicon. In this vein, Di Sciullo & Williams (1987: 3) claim that “[t]he lexicon is like a prison – it contains only the lawless, and the only thing that its inmates have in commonis lawlessness”. In the alternative view, the lexicon is assumed to have a rich structure that captures all regularities and partial regularities that exist between lexical entries.Two very different schools of linguistics have insisted on the organization of the lexicon. On the one hand, for theories like HPSG (Pollard & Sag 1994), but also some versions of construction grammar (Fillmore & Kay 1995), the lexicon is assumed to have a very rich structure which captures common grammatical properties between its members. In this approach, a type hierarchy organizes the lexicon according to common properties between items. For example, Koenig (1999: 4, among others), working from an HPSG perspective, claims that the lexicon “provides a unified model for partial regularties, medium-size generalizations, and truly productive processes”. On the other hand, from the perspective of usage-based linguistics, several authors have drawn attention to the fact that lexemes which share morphological or syntactic properties, tend to be organized in clusters of surface (phonological or semantic) similarity (Bybee & Slobin 1982; Skousen 1989; Eddington 1996). This approach, often called analogical, has developed highly accurate computational and non-computational models that can predict the classes to which lexemes belong. Like the organization of lexemes in type hierarchies, analogical relations between items help speakers to make sense of intricate systems, and reduce apparent complexity (Köpcke & Zubin 1984). Despite this core commonality, and despite the fact that most linguists seem to agree that analogy plays an important role in language, there has been remarkably little work on bringing together these two approaches. Formal grammar traditions have been very successful in capturing grammatical behaviour, but, in the process, have downplayed the role analogy plays in linguistics (Anderson 2015). In this work, I aim to change this state of affairs. First, by providing an explicit formalization of how analogy interacts with grammar, and second, by showing that analogical effects and relations closely mirror the structures in the lexicon. I will show that both formal grammar approaches, and usage-based analogical models, capture mutually compatible relations in the lexicon.
Download or read book The Practical Photographer written by and published by . This book was released on 1904 with total page 496 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Practical Photographer written by Frederick Charles Lambert and published by . This book was released on 1904 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Formal Methods and Software Engineering written by Karin Breitman and published by Springer. This book was released on 2009-11-18 with total page 770 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Formal methods for development of computer systems have been extensively studied over the years. A range of semantic theories, speci?cation languages, design techniques, and veri?cation methods and tools have been developed and applied to the construction of programs used in critical applications. The ch- lenge now is to scale up formal methods and integrate them into engineering - velopment processes for the correct and e?cient construction and maintenance of computer systems in general. This requires us to improve the state of the art on approaches and techniques for integration of formal methods into industrial engineering practice, including new and emerging practice. The now long-established series of International Conferences on Formal - gineering Methods brings together those interested in the application of formal engineering methods to computer systems. Researchers and practitioners, from industry, academia, and government, are encouraged to attend and to help - vance the state of the art. This volume contains the papers presented at ICFEM 2009, the 11th International Conference on Formal Engineering Methods, held during December 9–11, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Download or read book Formal logic written by F.C. Schiller and published by Рипол Классик. This book was released on 1912 with total page 449 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book FME 2001 Formal Methods for Increasing Software Productivity written by Jose N. Oliveira and published by Springer. This book was released on 2003-06-29 with total page 641 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: FME 2001 is the tenth in a series of meetings organized every eighteen months by Formal Methods Europe (FME), an independent association whose aim is to stimulate the use of, and research on, formal methods for software development. It follows four VDM Europe Symposia, four other Formal Methods Europe S- posia, and the 1999 World Congress on Formal Methods in the Development of Computing Systems. These meetings have been notably successful in bringing - gether a community of users, researchers, and developers of precise mathematical methods for software development. FME 2001 took place in Berlin, Germany and was organized by the C- puter Science Department of the Humboldt-Universit ̈at zu Berlin. The theme of the symposium was Formal Methods for Increasing Software Productivity. This theme recognizes that formal methods have the potential to do more for industrial software development than enhance software quality { they can also increase productivity at many di erent points in the software life-cycle. The importance of the theme is borne out by the many contributed papers showing how formal methods can make software development more e cient. There is an emphasis on tools that nd errors automatically, or with relatively little human e ort. There is also an emphasis on the use of formal methods to assist with critical, labor-intensive tasks such as program design and test-case generation.
Download or read book Education Equality and Human Rights written by Mike Cole and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2006-08-21 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With a new Preface by leading educationist Peter McLaren, the updated second edition of this comprehensive book provides an important educational perspective on world-wide equality issues for student teachers and teachers at all stages. Each of the five equality issues of gender, race, sexuality, disability and social class are covered as areas in their own right, and in relation to education. Written by experts in each particular field, the chapters trace the history of the various issues up to the present and enable readers to assess their continuing relevance in the future.
Download or read book The Future of Post Human Formal Science written by Peter Baofu and published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing. This book was released on 2010-02-19 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What exactly is so appealing in formal science, such that its influence can be seen in numerous disciplines nowadays, for practical purposes like better functionality, performance, and so on—as Pythagoras already famously said in antiquity: “Number is the ruler of forms and ideas and the cause of gods and demons”? This contemporary addiction to practical convenience in formal science has turned a blind eye to its other side, which has impoverished both our knowledge of reality and the well-being of our lifeworld. Contrary to conventional wisdom, the other side of this appealing addiction has yet to be comprehensively understood, nor has the fact that its practical convenience is neither possible nor desirable to the extent that the proponents of formal science would like us to believe. Needless to say, this by no means suggests that formal science should not be used for practical purposes, or that the literature in formal science (and other related fields like computer science, information theory, microeconomics, decision theory, statistics, and linguistics, just to cite a few of them) should be dismissed. Of course, neither of these two extreme views is reasonable either. Instead, this book provides an alternative (better) way to understand the nature of formal science, especially in relation to systems theory for practical convenience—while learning from different approaches in the literature but without favoring any one of them (nor integrating them, since they are not necessarily compatible with each other). In the end, this book offers a new theory to transcend the existing approaches in the literature in a new direction not thought of before. This seminal project is to fundamentally alter the way that we think about formal science, from the combined perspectives of the mind, nature, society, and culture, with enormous implications for the human future and what I originally called its “post-human” fate.
Download or read book Formal Modeling and Analysis of Timed Systems written by Krishnendu Chatterjee and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-08-30 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book constitutes the proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Formal Modeling and Analysis of Timed Systems, FORMATS 2010, held in Klosterneuburg, Austria in September 2010. The 14 papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 31 submissions. In addition, the volume contains 3 invited talks and 2 invited tutorials.The aim of FORMATS is to promote the study of fundamental and practical aspects of timed systems, and to bring together researchers from different disciplines that share an interest in the modeling and analysis of timed systems. Typical topics include foundations and semantics, methods and tools, and applications.
Download or read book Formal Methods in Artificial Intelligence written by Allan Ramsay and published by CUP Archive. This book was released on 1988 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book covers the background of classical logic, including the major meta-theorems, and the state of the art in theorem proving.
Download or read book Formal and Early Section 7 Endangered Species Consultation on the Coordinated Operations of the Central Valley Project and State Water Project and the Operational Criteria and Plan written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Tense and Aspects in Discourse written by Co Vet and published by Walter de Gruyter. This book was released on 2011-06-01 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: TRENDS IN LINGUISTICS is a series of books that open new perspectives in our understanding of language. The series publishes state-of-the-art work on core areas of linguistics across theoretical frameworks as well as studies that provide new insights by building bridges to neighbouring fields such as neuroscience and cognitive science. TRENDS IN LINGUISTICS considers itself a forum for cutting-edge research based on solid empirical data on language in its various manifestations, including sign languages. It regards linguistic variation in its synchronic and diachronic dimensions as well as in its social contexts as important sources of insight for a better understanding of the design of linguistic systems and the ecology and evolution of language. TRENDS IN LINGUISTICS publishes monographs and outstanding dissertations as well as edited volumes, which provide the opportunity to address controversial topics from different empirical and theoretical viewpoints. High quality standards are ensured through anonymous reviewing.
Download or read book Formal Methods for Industrial Applications written by Jean-Raymond Abrial and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1996-10-30 with total page 536 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book, with the CD-ROM included, is the documentation of a unique collaborative effort in evaluating formal methods for usage under industrial constraints: the major techniques for formally supported specification, design, and verification of large programs and complex systems are applied to a non-trivial and non-academic problem which is typical for industrial informal requirements specifications. The 21 papers included in the book, together with an introduction and competition report, were selected from 33 candidate solutions. This book comes with a CD-ROM containing, besides the printed papers, executable code, full definitions of all parts of the specifications, and detailed descriptions of foundational matters where appropriate.
Download or read book The WTO after Hong Kong written by Donna Lee and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2007-05-07 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: After the World Trade Organization’s (WTO) critical December 2005 Hong Kong ministerial meeting, negotiations to implement the Doha Development Agenda (DDA) broke down completely in the summer of 2006. This book offers a detailed and critical evaluation of how and why the negotiations arrived at this point and what the future holds for the WTO. It brings together leading scholars in the field of trade from across the social sciences who address the key issues at stake, the principal players in the negotiations, the role of fairness and legitimacy in the Doha Round, and the prospects for the DDA’s conclusion. The WTO after Hong Kong is the most comprehensive account of the current state of the World Trade Organization and will be of enormous interest to students of trade politics, international organizations, development and international political economy.
