Download or read book Fiscal Aspects of Evolving Federations written by David E. Wildasin and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1998 with total page 35 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: February 1998 Establishing hard rather than soft budget constraints in intergovernmental fiscal relations is perhaps the most important challenge facing developing economies as they decentralize. Recent experience with fiscal decentralization in many developing and transition economies has led many observers to question whether fiscal decentralization undermines macroeconomic stability. In several countries, transfers from central to lower-level governments have increased fiscal deficits at the central level, creating pressures on central banks to monetize additional debt, thus jeopardizing price stability. In other countries, central governments trying to control their deficits have reduced transfers to lower-level governments, creating fiscal distress at lower levels. These issues of macroeconomic fiscal stability have not featured prominently in North American policy debates about fiscal federalism, nor has much academic research been devoted to them. In a world where the state's basic political organization is undergoing rapid reform and restructuring, the tensions and opportunities created by fiscal interactions among levels of government are of critical concern. Much of the literature on fiscal federalism has been geared to the situation in such industrial countries as Canada and the United States. Policymakers and researchers should identify the institutional structures of stable, mature federations that help sustain satisfactory macro-economic performance. But different policy problems are likely to arise in different settings, especially in the developing world. Among topics that deserve further research attention: * The interplay between intergovernmental grants and government borrowing. * What is the difference in effect on lower-level governments between hard and soft budget constraints? What economic distortions are associated with soft budget constraints? What institutional reforms might help to establish hard budget constraints? * Is the country still the appropriate unit of analysis for important economic issues? What economic benefits or costs result from including several regions within one jurisdictional structure? What economic considerations determine the optimal size of a country and what are the crucial economic functions of national governments? * Demographic change, changes in communication and transportation technology, and the development of market institutions may alter the optimal or equilibrium boundaries of political units over time. Such change invariably raises questions about the organization of the public sector and the assignment of expenditures and revenues to different levels of government. The patterns of gains and losses from reorganizing factor markets and jurisdictional structures can be complex. To understand them fully requires understanding the economic consequences of changes in both market organization and policy outcomes resulting from reorganization of the public sector. This paper-a product of Public Economics, Development Research Group-is part of a larger effort in the group to study fiscal decentralization and the organization of government.

Download or read book Intergovernmental Transfers in Federations written by Serdar Yilmaz and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2020-01-31 with total page 375 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Intergovernmental Transfers in Federations presents a synthesis of international experience of large federations in the most recent times in addressing the most fundamental issue of horizontal and vertical imbalances in their countries through the prism of intergovernmental transfers. Contributors delve into the various aspects of policy making as well as policy choices in selecting an efficiency path for a meaningful fiscal devolution aimed at integrating performance and incentives to reach an expenditure mix that facilitates better service delivery.

Download or read book Externalities and Bailouts written by David E. Wildasin and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1997 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Public Finance in a Changing World written by Peter Birch Sorensen and published by Springer. This book was released on 1998-04-15 with total page 315 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This non-technical volume analyses topical problems of public finance in a changing world characterized by growing mobility of production factors, liberalized economic policy regimes, and the formation of new nations. It discusses alternative views of government and the way we measure its activities; the modern welfare state and its impact on entrepreneurship and employment; issues of fiscal coordination and income redistribution in a world with many jurisdictions; and the problems of raising government revenue and of allocating property rights in transition economies.

Download or read book Federalism in a Changing World written by Raoul Joseph Blindenbacher and published by McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. This book was released on 2003 with total page 622 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Federalism in a Changing World contains the scientific background papers, proceedings, and plenary speeches presented at the International Conference on Federalism 2002 held in St Gallen, Switzerland, in August 2002. The three principal topics of the conference were federalism and foreign relations; federalism, decentralization and conflict management in multicultural societies; and assignment of responsibilities and fiscal federalism. The volume comprises texts by more than seventy authors from twenty countries throughout the world. Contributors include Dauda Abubakar (University of Maiduguri, Nigeria), José Roberto Afonso (Brazilian Bank of Development, Brazil), Giuliano Amato (vice-president of the European Convention, Italy), Nicholas Aroney (University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia), Lidija Basta-Fleiner (University of Fribourg, Switzerland), Richard Bird (University of Toronto, Canada), Raoul Blindenbacher (executive director, International Conference on Federalism 2002, Switzerland), Jean Chrétien (prime minister of Canada), Richard Crook (University of Sussex, UK), Bernard Dafflon (University of Fribourg, Switzerland), Joseph Deiss (head of the Federal Department of Foreign Affairs, Switzerland), Udo Diedrichs (University of Cologne, Germany), Bernhard Ehrenzeller Bernhard (University of St. Gallen, Switzerland), Lars Feld (University of Marburg, Germany), George Fernandes (minister of Defence of the Republic of India), Sergio Ferreira (Brazilian Bank of Development, Brazil), Thomas Fleiner (University of Fribourg, Switzerland), Xóchitl Gálvez (Presidential Office for Indigenous People, United Mexican States), Beat Habegger (University of St Gallen, Switzerland), Nicholas R.L. Haysom (Wits University and former legal advisor to the President, South Africa), William John Hopkins (University of Hull, UK), Rudolf Hrbek (University of Tübingen, Germany), Thomas O. Hueglin (Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada), Claude Jeanrenaud (University of Neuchatel, Switzerland), Isabelle Joumard (Economics Department of the OECD, France), Wlater Kälin (University of Berne, Switzerland), Jakob Kellenberger (former secretary of state of the Federal Department of Foreign Affairs, Switzerland), Michael J. Kelly (Military Law Centre Department of Defence of Australia, Australia), Rahmatullah Kahn (Raoul Wallenberg Institute, Lund, Sweden/India), John Kincaid (Lafayette College, USA), Gebhard Kirchgässner (University of St Gallen, Switzerland), Arnold Koller (former president of the Swiss Confederation), Vojislav Kostunica (president of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia), Yves Lejeune (Catholic University of Louvain, Belgium), Wolf Linder (University of Berne, Switzerland), Giorgio Malinverni (University of Geneva, Switzerland), Tim McCormack (University of Melbourne, Australia), Ruth Metzler-Arnold (Federal Department of Justice and Police, Switzerland), Flora Musonda (Economic and Social Research Foundation, Tanzania), Radmila Nakarada (Institute of European Studies, Belgrade, Yugoslavia), Wallace Oates (University of Maryland, College Park, USA), Luigi Pedrazzini (Conference of Cantonal Governments, Switzerland), Martin Polaschek (University of Graz, Austria), Bob Rae (Forum of Federations, Canada), Johannes Rau (President of the Federal Republic of Germany), Ash Narain Roy (Institute of Social Sciences, New Delhi, India), Nafis Sadik (special advisor to the United Nations Secretary General and former UNFPA executive director, Pakistan), Cheryl Saunders (University of Melbourne, Australia), Antonin Scalia (associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States of America), Benjamin Schindler (Federal Office of Justice, Switzerland), Nicolas Schmitt (University of Fribourg, Switzerland), Wolfgang Schüssel (chancellor of the Republic of Austria), Anwar Shah (lead economist of the World Bank, USA/ Pakistan), Daniel Thürer (University of Zürich, Switzerland), Touré Toumani (president of the Republic of Mali), François Vaillancourt (University of Montreal, Canada), Ricardo Varsano (Institute for Applied Economic Research, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), Guy Verhofstadt (prime minister of the Kingdom of Belgium), Jürgen von Hagen (University of Bonn, Germany), Ronald Watts (Queen's University Kingston, Canada), Joseph H.H. Weiler (New York University School of Law, USA), and Wolfgang Wessels (University of Cologne, Germany).

Download or read book OECD Tax Policy Studies Taxing Powers of State and Local Government written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 1999-10-27 with total page 87 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume contains a description of fiscal relations between levels of government and it provides a set of detailed tables for each country, with revenues split by 1) level of sub-central government; 2) OECD classification of taxes; and 3) category of tax autonomy.

Download or read book Defining Russian Federalism written by Elizabeth Pascal and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2003-10-30 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Russia, as in other new federations and those undergoing constitutional reform, wealthy and politically cohesive regions can substantially alter the rules of intergovernmental relations to their benefit within the context of bilateral bargaining. The end result is institutionalized asymmetry, and potentially unstable federal structures. In this book the author explores the role of center-periphery bargaining in the stability and sustainability of post-Soviet Union Russia.

Download or read book Fiscal Federalism and European Economic Integration written by Mark Baimbridge and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2005-06-28 with total page 207 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The pace of economic integration amongst European Union (EU) member states has accelerated considerably during the past decade, highlighted by the process of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). Many aspects of the EU's apparatus, however, have failed to evolve in order to meets these new challenges. This book explores the issue of fiscal federalism within the context of EU integration from theoretical, historical, policy and global perspectives. It contrasts the pace of integration amongst EU member states with the failure of financial and administrative apparatus to evolve to encompass fiscal federalism, i.e. the development of a centralised budgetary system. This impressive collection, with contributions from a range of internationally respected authors, shall interest students and researchers involved with European economics and economic integration. Its accessible style will also make it extremely useful to policy-makers and professionals for whom European economic integration is a daily topic of conversation.

Download or read book Development Centre Seminars Fiscal Decentralisation in Emerging Economies Governance Issues written by OECD Development Centre and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 1999-04-22 with total page 247 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This collection of experiences of fiscal decentralisation across a wide range of OECD-Member and non-member economies reveals lessons which are equally of relevance to both groups of countries.

Download or read book Decentralization in Regional Fiscal Systems in Russia written by Lev M. Freinkman and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1999 with total page 57 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: April 1999 - Considering the positive impact decentralization has had on regional economic performance and expenditure structure, Russia's federal government should: Decisively protect local self-governance and budget autonomy; Make intergovernmental fiscal relations more transparent; Develop universal models of interactions between regional and municipal governments; Impose stricter limits on total debt and budget deficits of subnational governments. To shed light on decentralization in Russia, Freinkman and Yossifov examine intergovernmental fiscal relations within regions. To analyze trends, they review channels of fiscal allocation within regions-tax sharing and local transfer schemes. To evaluate the potential impact of various fiscal decentralization patterns on regional economic performance (including growth and the budget deficit), they study data on the structure of 89 Russian consolidated regional budgets for 1992-96. They find that local governments' relative share of Russia's consolidated budget, although substantive (roughly a quarter of the total budget), did not expand after 1994. The federal government's relative role in financing public goods and services declined as the relative role of local governments increased substantially. Local governments collected more revenues in 1996 (6.4 percent of GDP) and spent more than regional governments. They also substantially increased social financing (including health, education, and social protection). Russia made no progress toward a more transparent system for tax assignments. The average level of expenditure decentralization is similar for ethnically Russian regions and national republics and okrugs but revenue arrangements differ greatly. True decentralization has taken place in oblasts and krais, where local authorities are provided with a bigger share of subnational tax revenues. A redistribution model applies in republics and autonomous okrugs, where greater local outlays have been financed through larger transfers from regional governments. Regions near each other tend to have similar budget arrangements-the result of intensive interactions between neighbors and probably supported by the activities of regional associations. The size of a region's territory does not influence decentralization outcomes. Fiscal decentralization seems positively related to the share of education spending in regional budgets. And regions with more decentralized finances tend to experience less economic decline. But budget control is weaker in more decentralized regions. Instability and lack of transparency in intergovernmental fiscal relations provide subnational governments little incentive for responsible fiscal policy. Further decentralization without greater transparency could bring greater debt and deficits. This paper-a product of the Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Sector Unit, Europe and Central Asia Region - is part of a larger effort in the unit to study fiscal decentralization in transition economies. Lev Freinkman may be contacted at [email protected].

Download or read book Fiscal Policy in Economic and Monetary Union written by Marco Buti and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2005-01-01 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book has many merits, and represents an important contribution to the controversial topic of European fiscal policy. I appreciated in particular the high quality and rigor of the analysis and the fact that the pros and cons of the contending opinions are presented in a fair way. It is a rewarding reading. EAEPE Newsletter Buti and Franco present a series of interesting analytical information which should be read by as broad an audience as possible. . . the book is a good buy. László Csaba, Acta Oeconomica This book explores the origins, rationale, problems and prospects of the European fiscal policy framework. It provides the reader with a roadmap to EMU s budgetary framework by exploring its theoretical and empirical foundations, uncovering its historical roots and emphasising its supranational nature. The authors, who have been at the forefront of the academic and policy debate on economic policy in Europe, argue that fiscal policy has always been at the core of the EMU debate. The Maastricht criteria and the Stability and Growth Pact are the most contentious building blocks of EMU s institutional architecture: they have aroused heated controversies between academics and policymakers ever since their adoption. As EMU s budgetary rules undergo their first severe shock, Europe is still searching for its fiscal soul. The book s basic premise is that one cannot fully understand EMU s fiscal framework and the recent debate on its reform without placing them in a historical and institutional perspective and abstracting from the uniqueness of EMU, where sovereign countries retain a large degree of fiscal independence, and monetary policy is entrusted to an independent central bank with the overriding mission of maintaining price stability. Analysing all aspects of EMU s fiscal rules and institutions, this book will strongly appeal to students, academics and researchers of macroeconomic policy and European integration. Policymakers and fiscal policy experts at both national and international levels will also find the book to be of great interest.

Download or read book Fiscal Management in Federal Democracies written by William R. Dillinger and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1999 with total page 43 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: May 1999 - Argentina and Brazil-two of the most decentralized public sectors in Latin America and (along with Colombia and India) among the most decentralized democracies in the developing world-faced similar problems in the 1980s: excessive public deficits and high inflation exacerbated by subnational deficits. In the 1990s, Argentina was more successful at macroeconomic stabilization, partly because it imposed harder budget constraints on the public sector nationally and partly because it had stronger party control of both national legislators and subnational governments. In shifting to decentralized public finances, a country's central government faces certain fiscal management problems. First, during and soon after the transition, unless it reduces spending or increases its own tax resources, the central government tends to have higher deficits as it shifts fiscal resources to subnational governments through transfers, revenue sharing, or delegation of tax bases. Reducing spending is hard not only because cuts are always hard but because subnational governments might not take on expected tasks, leaving the central government with a legal or political obligation to continue spending for certain services. Second, after decentralization, the local or state government faces popular pressure to spend more and tax less, creating the tendency to run deficits. This tendency can be a problem if subnational governments and their creditors expect or rely on bailouts by the central government. Econometric evidence from 32 large industrial and developing countries indicates that higher subnational spending and deficits lead to greater national deficits. Dillinger and Webb investigate how, and how successfully, Argentina and Brazil dealt with these problems in the 1990s. In both countries, subnational governments account for about half of public spending and are vigorous democracies in most (especially the largest) jurisdictions. The return to democracy in the 1980s revived and strengthened long-standing federal practices while weakening macroeconomic performance, resulting in unsustainable fiscal deficits, high inflation, sometimes hyperinflation, and low or negative growth. Occasional stabilization plans failed within a few years. Then Argentina (in 1991) and Brazil (in 1994) introduced successful stabilization plans. National issues were important in preventing and then bringing about macroeconomic stabilization, but so were intergovernmental fiscal relations and the fiscal management of subnational governments. State deficits and federal transfers were often out of control in the 1980s, contributing to national macroeconomic problems. Stabilization programs in the 1990s needed to establish control, and self-control, over subnational spending and borrowing. This paper-a product of Poverty Reduction and Economic Management, Latin America and the Caribbean Region-is part of the LCR regional studies program on fiscal decentralization in Latin America. The authors may be contacted at [email protected] or [email protected].

Download or read book Applying a Simple Measure of Good Governance to the Debate on Fiscal Decentralization written by Jeff Huther and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1998 with total page 37 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: March 1998 Applying an index for the quality of governance reveals a surprisingly strong positive correlation between fiscal decentralization and quality of governance. Debates about the appropriate role, policies, and institutions of the state are often hampered by the lack of a definition for good government. To provide a quantifiable measure of good government, Huther and Shah develop an index for the quality of governance for a sample of 80 countries. They apply the index to the debate on the appropriate level of fiscal decentralization. In measuring the quality of governance, the authors develop indices for the government's ability to: * Ensure political transparency and a voice for all citizens (the citizen participation index measures political freedom and political stability). * Provide effective public services efficiently (the government orientation index measures judicial and bureaucratic efficiency and the absence of corruption). * Promote the health and well-being of its citizens (the social development index measures human development and equitable distribution of income). * Create a favorable climate for stable economic growth (the economic management index measures outward orientation, independence of the central bank, and an inverted debt-to-GDP ratio). In relating the index of governance quality to degree of fiscal decentralization for the 80 countries, Huther and Shah are not surprised to find a positive relationship between fiscal decentralization and quality of governance. But the strength of the correlation is surprising. This paper-a product of Country Evaluation and Regional Relations Division, Operations Evaluation Department-is part of a larger effort in the department to examine the role of the authorizing environment in public sector performance.

Download or read book Topics in Public Economics written by David Pines and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1998 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The evolving modern world is characterized by two opposing trends: integration and segregation. On the one hand, we witness strong forces for segregation on the basis of nationality, ethnicity, religion, and culture in the former Soviet Union, the former Czechoslovakia, the former Yugoslavia, as well as in Northern Ireland, Spain, and Canada. These forces are quite strong and, in some cases, violent. On the other hand, the European Union and NAFTA represent the tendency for integration motivated primarily by economic considerations (such as gains from trade and scale economies). In fact, these opposing trends can be explained by the concepts developed in modern club theory, local public finance, and international trade.

Download or read book Fiscal Federalism and Macroeconomic Governance written by Anwar Shah and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1998 with total page 51 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: November 1998 Shah concludes that, contrary to a common misconception, decentralized fiscal systems offer more potential for improved macroeconomic governance than do centralized fiscal systems, because they require greater clarity about the roles of various players and decisionmakers and-to ensure fair play-greater transparency in rules governing interactions. In analyzing the institutional environment for macroeconomic management, Shah discusses monetary policy, fiscal policy, and subnational borrowing. In analyzing the macroeconomic dimensions of securing an economic union, he discusses the regulatory environment, tax coordination, transfer payments and social insurance, intergovernmental fiscal transfers, and regional equity. Finally, he discusses the challenges of globalization and draws lessons from experience about fiscal reform in developing countries: Among them: * Monetary policy is best entrusted to an independent central bank with a mandate for price stability. * Fiscal rules accompanied by gatekeeper intergovernmental councils or committees provide a useful framework for fiscal discipline and coordination of fiscal policy. * The integrity and independence of the financial sector contribute to fiscal prudence in the public sector. * To ensure fiscal discipline, governments at all levels must be made to face the financial consequences of their decisions. * Societal norms and consensus about the roles of various levels of government and limits to their authority are vital to the success of decentralized decisionmaking. * Tax decentralization is a prerequisite for subnational access to credit markets. * Higher-level institutional assistance may be needed to finance local capital projects. * An internal common market is best preserved by constitutional guarantees. * Intergovernmental transfers in developing countries undermine fiscal discipline and accountability while building transfer dependencies that cause a slow economic strangulation of fiscally disadvantaged regions. * Periodic review of jurisdictional assignments is essential to realign responsibilities with changing economic and political realities. * Finally, and contrary to a common misconception, decentralized fiscal systems offer more potential for improved macroeconomic governance than do centralized fiscal systems. This paper-a product of the Country and Regional Relations Division, Operations Evaluation Department-is part of a larger effort in the department to learn lessons of experience in improving public sector performance in developing countries. The author may be contacted at [email protected].

Download or read book World Bank Economists Forum written by Shantayanan Devarajan and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2001-01-01 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A collection of nine papers presented at the first World Bank economists' forum, dealing with research on operational issues in the fields of health, education, fiscal policy, labour, trade and governance.

Download or read book Local Public Finance in Europe written by Bernard Dafflon and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2002-01-01 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: '...the book contains a good deal of useful information about local government finance in Europe.' - John Fender, Local Government Studies '...I would like to thank you for publishing the great book Local Public Finance in Europe. It is a rare source of institutional information and also great insights on the subject.' - Andrey Timofeev, Georgia State University, US 'In respect of the hard budget constraint imposed by the stability pact for Maastricht...and the fact that European central governments can no longer bail out sub-federal obligations for more than 3% deficit to GNP annually and 60% debt to GDP...the volume edited by B. Dafflon is important and highly welcome.... Insofar, it represents an interesting and important milestone in the evaluation of the success of local budget rules in European countries.' - C.A. Schaltegger, Kyklos Most countries apply some form of restrictions to local government budgeting and borrowing, but in various forms and to varying degrees. These restrictions are considered necessary components of a fiscal federalism involving some sort of central government control in local affairs, a design which can be termed 'administrative federalism'. In this comprehensive book Bernard Dafflon introduces the reader to the institutional complexities of fiscal controls in European local public finance. The authors comprehensively explore the issues of government budgeting and borrowing, with the ultimate aim of understanding how mechanisms of fiscal discipline are established and function. Ten European countries are scrutinised on the basis of ten key issues including local budgetary policy-making, the policy effects of local budget deficits and public debt, the rules of amortisation and debt instalment, whether extensive fiscal controls promote budget accountability and discipline, and how the Maastricht criteria concerning deficit and debt can be implemented. They go on to highlight the complicated mix of rules, administrative routines and co-operative arrangements through which each country implements their individual budget controls. Although these arrangements have been successful in avoiding serious fiscal imbalance in the last twenty years, the authors argue that their impact on the broader goals of the government sector remains a more contentious question. This book offers a broad understanding of the rich institutional variations and elaborate fiscal designs in Europe from a comparative perspective. It will be welcomed by political scientists, public sector managers and economists, and scholars, practitioners and advanced students of public policy and fiscal studies.