Download or read book Finite State Machine Datapath Design Optimization and Implementation written by Justin Davis and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-05-31 with total page 113 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Finite State Machine Datapath Design, Optimization, and Implementation explores the design space of combined FSM/Datapath implementations. The lecture starts by examining performance issues in digital systems such as clock skew and its effect on setup and hold time constraints, and the use of pipelining for increasing system clock frequency. This is followed by definitions for latency and throughput, with associated resource tradeoffs explored in detail through the use of dataflow graphs and scheduling tables applied to examples taken from digital signal processing applications. Also, design issues relating to functionality, interfacing, and performance for different types of memories commonly found in ASICs and FPGAs such as FIFOs, single-ports, and dual-ports are examined. Selected design examples are presented in implementation-neutral Verilog code and block diagrams, with associated design files available as downloads for both Altera Quartus and Xilinx Virtex FPGA platforms. A working knowledge of Verilog, logic synthesis, and basic digital design techniques is required. This lecture is suitable as a companion to the synthesis lecture titled Introduction to Logic Synthesis using Verilog HDL. Table of Contents: Calculating Maximum Clock Frequency / Improving Design Performance / Finite State Machine with Datapath (FSMD) Design / Embedded Memory Usage in Finite State Machine with Datapath (FSMD) Designs

Download or read book Finite State Machine Datapath Design Optimization and Implementation written by Justin Davis and published by Morgan & Claypool Publishers. This book was released on 2008 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Finite State Machine Datapath Design, Optimization, and Implementation explores the design space of combined FSM/Datapath implementations. The lecture starts by examining performance issues in digital systems such as clock skew and its effect on setup and hold time constraints, and the use of pipelining for increasing system clock frequency. This is followed by definitions for latency and throughput, with associated resource tradeoffs explored in detail through the use of dataflow graphs and scheduling tables applied to examples taken from digital signal processing applications. Also, design issues relating to functionality, interfacing, and performance for different types of memories commonly found in ASICs and FPGAs such as FIFOs, single-ports, and dual-ports are examined. Selected design examples are presented in implementation-neutral Verilog code and block diagrams, with associated design files available as downloads for both Altera Quartus and Xilinx Virtex FPGA platforms. A working knowledge of Verilog, logic synthesis, and basic digital design techniques is required. This lecture is suitable as a companion to the synthesis lecture titled Introduction to Logic Synthesis using Verilog HDL.

Download or read book Finite State Machine Datapath Design Optimization and Implementation written by Justin Davis and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 113 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Designing Asynchronous Circuits using NULL Convention Logic NCL written by Scott Smith and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-06-01 with total page 86 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Designing Asynchronous Circuits using NULL Convention Logic (NCL) begins with an introduction to asynchronous (clockless) logic in general, and then focuses on delay-insensitive asynchronous logic design using the NCL paradigm. The book details design of input-complete and observable dual-rail and quad-rail combinational circuits, and then discusses implementation of sequential circuits, which require datapath feedback. Next, throughput optimization techniques are presented, including pipelining, embedding registration, early completion, and NULL cycle reduction. Subsequently, low-power design techniques, such as wavefront steering and Multi-Threshold CMOS (MTCMOS) for NCL, are discussed. The book culminates with a comprehensive design example of an optimized Greatest Common Divisor circuit. Readers should have prior knowledge of basic logic design concepts, such as Boolean algebra and Karnaugh maps. After studying this book, readers should have a good understanding of the differences between asynchronous and synchronous circuits, and should be able to design arbitrary NCL circuits, optimized for area, throughput, and power. Table of Contents: Introduction to Asynchronous Logic / Overview of NULL Convention Logic (NCL) / Combinational NCL Circuit Design / Sequential NCL Circuit Design / NCL Throughput Optimization / Low-Power NCL Design / Comprehensive NCL Design Example

Download or read book Embedded Systems Design with the Texas Instruments MSP432 32 bit Processor written by Dung Dang and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-06-01 with total page 545 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a thorough introduction to the Texas Instruments MPS432TM microcontroller. The MPS432 is a 32-bit processor with the ARM Cortex M4F architecture and a built-in floating point unit. At the core, the MSP432 features a 32-bit ARM Cortex-M4F CPU, a RISC-architecture processing unit that includes a built-in DSP engine and a floating point unit. As an extension of the ultra-low-power MSP microcontroller family, the MSP432 features ultra-low power consumption and integrated digital and analog hardware peripherals. The MSP432 is a new member to the MSP family. It provides for a seamless transition to applications requiring 32-bit processing at an operating frequency of up to 48 MHz. The processor may be programmed at a variety of levels with different programming languages including the user-friendly Energia rapid prototyping platform, in assembly language, and in C. A number of C programming options are also available to developers, starting with register-level access code where developers can directly configure the device's registers, to Driver Library, which provides a standardized set of application program interfaces (APIs) that enable software developers to quickly manipulate various peripherals available on the device. Even higher abstraction layers are also available, such as the extremely user-friendly Energia platform, that enables even beginners to quickly prototype an application on MSP432. The MSP432 LaunchPad is supported by a host of technical data, application notes, training modules, and software examples. All are encapsulated inside one handy package called MSPWare, available as both a stand-alone download package as well as on the TI Cloud development site: dev.ti.com The features of the MSP432 may be extended with a full line of BoosterPack plug-in modules. The MSP432 is also supported by a variety of third party modular sensors and software compiler companies. In the back, a thorough introduction to the MPS432 line of microcontrollers, programming techniques, and interface concepts are provided along with considerable tutorial information with many illustrated examples. Each chapter provides laboratory exercises to apply what has been presented in the chapter. The book is intended for an upper level undergraduate course in microcontrollers or mechatronics but may also be used as a reference for capstone design projects. Practicing engineers already familiar with another microcontroller, who require a quick tutorial on the microcontroller, will also find this book very useful. Finally, middle school and high school students will find the MSP432 highly approachable via the Energia rapid prototyping system.

Download or read book Boolean Differential Equations written by Bernd Steinbach and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-05-31 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Boolean Differential Calculus (BDC) is a very powerful theory that extends the structure of a Boolean Algebra significantly. Based on a small number of definitions, many theorems have been proven. The available operations have been efficiently implemented in several software packages. There is a very wide field of applications. While a Boolean Algebra is focused on values of logic functions, the BDC allows the evaluation of changes of function values. Such changes can be explored for pairs of function values as well as for whole subspaces. Due to the same basic data structures, the BDC can be applied to any task described by logic functions and equations together with the Boolean Algebra. The BDC can be widely used for the analysis, synthesis, and testing of digital circuits. Generally speaking, a Boolean differential equation (BDE) is an equation in which elements of the BDC appear. It includes variables, functions, and derivative operations of these functions. The solution of such a BDE is a set of Boolean functions. This is a significant extension of Boolean equations, which have sets of Boolean vectors as solutions. In the simplest BDE a derivative operation of the BDC on the left-hand side is equal to a logic function on the right-hand side. The solution of such a simple BDE means to execute an operation which is inverse to the given derivative. BDEs can be applied in the same fields as the BDC, however, their possibility to express sets of Boolean functions extends the application field significantly.

Download or read book Pragmatic Electrical Engineering written by William Eccles and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-05-31 with total page 183 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pragmatic Electrical Engineering: Fundamentals introduces the fundamentals of the energy-delivery part of electrical systems. It begins with a study of basic electrical circuits and then focuses on electrical power. Three-phase power systems, transformers, induction motors, and magnetics are the major topics. All of the material in the text is illustrated with completely-worked examples to guide the student to a better understanding of the topics. This short lecture book will be of use at any level of engineering, not just electrical. Its goal is to provide the practicing engineer with a practical, applied look at the energy side of electrical systems. The author's ""pragmatic"" and applied style gives a unique and helpful ""non-idealistic, practical, opinionated"" introduction to the topic. Table of Contents: Basic Stuff / Power of the Sine / Three-Phase Power Systems / Transformers / Machines / Electromagnetics

Download or read book Synthesis of Quantum Circuits vs Synthesis of Classical Reversible Circuits written by Alexis De Vos and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-05-31 with total page 109 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At first sight, quantum computing is completely different from classical computing. Nevertheless, a link is provided by reversible computation. Whereas an arbitrary quantum circuit, acting on ?? qubits, is described by an ?? × ?? unitary matrix with ??=2??, a reversible classical circuit, acting on ?? bits, is described by a 2?? × 2?? permutation matrix. The permutation matrices are studied in group theory of finite groups (in particular the symmetric group ????); the unitary matrices are discussed in group theory of continuous groups (a.k.a. Lie groups, in particular the unitary group U(??)). Both the synthesis of a reversible logic circuit and the synthesis of a quantum logic circuit take advantage of the decomposition of a matrix: the former of a permutation matrix, the latter of a unitary matrix. In both cases the decomposition is into three matrices. In both cases the decomposition is not unique.

Download or read book Microchip AVR Microcontroller Primer written by Steven F. Barrett and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-05-31 with total page 347 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This textbook provides practicing scientists and engineers a primer on the Microchip AVR® microcontroller. The revised title of this book reflects the 2016 Microchip Technology acquisition of Atmel Corporation. In this third edition we highlight the popular ATmega164 microcontroller and other pin-for-pin controllers in the family with a complement of flash memory up to 128 KB. The third edition also provides an update on Atmel Studio, programming with a USB pod, the gcc compiler, the ImageCraft JumpStart C for AVR compiler, the Two-Wire Interface (TWI), and multiple examples at both the subsystem and system level. Our approach is to provide readers with the fundamental skills to quickly set up and operate with this internationally popular microcontroller. We cover the main subsystems aboard the ATmega164, providing a short theory section followed by a description of the related microcontroller subsystem with accompanying hardware and software to operate the subsystem. In all examples, we use the C programming language. We include a detailed chapter describing how to interface the microcontroller to a wide variety of input and output devices and conclude with several system level examples including a special effects light-emitting diode cube, autonomous robots, a multi-function weather station, and a motor speed control system.

Download or read book Boolean Differential Calculus written by Bernd Steinbach and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-05-31 with total page 203 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Boolean Differential Calculus (BDC) is a very powerful theory that extends the basic concepts of Boolean Algebras significantly. Its applications are based on Boolean spaces and n, Boolean operations, and basic structures such as Boolean Algebras and Boolean Rings, Boolean functions, Boolean equations, Boolean inequalities, incompletely specified Boolean functions, and Boolean lattices of Boolean functions. These basics, sometimes also called switching theory, are widely used in many modern information processing applications. The BDC extends the known concepts and allows the consideration of changes of function values. Such changes can be explored for pairs of function values as well as for whole subspaces. The BDC defines a small number of derivative and differential operations. Many existing theorems are very welcome and allow new insights due to possible transformations of problems. The available operations of the BDC have been efficiently implemented in several software packages. The common use of the basic concepts and the BDC opens a very wide field of applications. The roots of the BDC go back to the practical problem of testing digital circuits. The BDC deals with changes of signals which are very important in applications of the analysis and the synthesis of digital circuits. The comprehensive evaluation and utilization of properties of Boolean functions allow, for instance, to decompose Boolean functions very efficiently; this can be applied not only in circuit design, but also in data mining. Other examples for the use of the BDC are the detection of hazards or cryptography. The knowledge of the BDC gives the scientists and engineers an extended insight into Boolean problems leading to new applications, e.g., the use of Boolean lattices of Boolean functions.

Download or read book Microcontroller Programming and Interfacing with Texas Instruments MSP430FR2433 and MSP430FR5994 Part I written by Steven F. Barrett and published by Morgan & Claypool Publishers. This book was released on 2019-08-27 with total page 315 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a thorough introduction to the Texas Instruments MSP430TM microcontroller. The MSP430 is a 16-bit reduced instruction set (RISC) processor that features ultra-low power consumption and integrated digital and analog hardware. Variants of the MSP430 microcontroller have been in production since 1993. This provides for a host of MSP430 products including evaluation boards, compilers, software examples, and documentation. A thorough introduction to the MSP430 line of microcontrollers, programming techniques, and interface concepts are provided along with considerable tutorial information with many illustrated examples. Each chapter provides laboratory exercises to apply what has been presented in the chapter. The book is intended for an upper level undergraduate course in microcontrollers or mechatronics but may also be used as a reference for capstone design projects. Also, practicing engineers already familiar with another microcontroller, who require a quick tutorial on the microcontroller, will find this book very useful. This second edition introduces the MSP–EXP430FR5994 and the MSP430–EXP430FR2433 LaunchPads. Both LaunchPads are equipped with a variety of peripherals and Ferroelectric Random Access Memory (FRAM). FRAM is a nonvolatile, low-power memory with functionality similar to flash memory.

Download or read book Introduction to Noise Resilient Computing written by Svetlana N. Yanushkevich and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-06-01 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Noise abatement is the key problem of small-scaled circuit design. New computational paradigms are needed -- as these circuits shrink, they become very vulnerable to noise and soft errors. In this lecture, we present a probabilistic computation framework for improving the resiliency of logic gates and circuits under random conditions induced by voltage or current fluctuation. Among many probabilistic techniques for modeling such devices, only a few models satisfy the requirements of efficient hardware implementation -- specifically, Boltzman machines and Markov Random Field (MRF) models. These models have similar built-in noise-immunity characteristics based on feedback mechanisms. In probabilistic models, the values 0 and 1 of logic functions are replaced by degrees of beliefs that these values occur. An appropriate metric for degree of belief is probability. We discuss various approaches for noise-resilient logic gate design, and propose a novel design taxonomy based on implementation of the MRF model by a new type of binary decision diagram (BDD), called a cyclic BDD. In this approach, logic gates and circuits are designed using 2-to-1 bi-directional switches. Such circuits are often modeled using Shannon expansions with the corresponding graph-based implementation, BDDs. Simulation experiments are reported to show the noise immunity of the proposed structures. Audiences who may benefit from this lecture include graduate students taking classes on advanced computing device design, and academic and industrial researchers. Table of Contents: Introduction to probabilistic computation models / Nanoscale circuits and fluctuation problems / Estimators and Metrics / MRF Models of Logic Gates / Neuromorphic models / Noise-tolerance via error correcting / Conclusion and future work

Download or read book Bad to the Bone written by Steven F. Barrett and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-11-10 with total page 413 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive book provides detailed materials for both novice and experienced programmers using all BeagleBone variants which host a powerful 32-bit, super-scalar TI Sitara ARM Cortex A8 processor. Authored by Steven F. Barrett and Jason Kridner, a seasoned ECE educator along with the founder of Beagleboard.org, respectively, the work may be used in a wide variety of projects from science fair projects to university courses and senior design projects to first prototypes of very complex systems. Beginners may access the power of the "Bone" through the user-friendly Bonescript examples. Seasoned users may take full advantage of the Bone's power using the underlying Linux-based operating system, a host of feature extension boards (Capes) and a wide variety of Linux community open source libraries. The book contains background theory on system operation coupled with many well-documented, illustrative examples. Examples for novice users are centered on motivational, fun robot projects while advanced projects follow the theme of assistive technology and image processing applications.

Download or read book Microcontroller Programming and Interfacing with Texas Instruments MSP430FR2433 and MSP430FR5994 written by Steven F. Barrett and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-06-01 with total page 553 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a thorough introduction to the Texas Instruments MSP430TM microcontroller. The MSP430 is a 16-bit reduced instruction set (RISC) processor that features ultra-low power consumption and integrated digital and analog hardware. Variants of the MSP430 microcontroller have been in production since 1993. This provides for a host of MSP430 products including evaluation boards, compilers, software examples, and documentation. A thorough introduction to the MSP430 line of microcontrollers, programming techniques, and interface concepts are provided along with considerable tutorial information with many illustrated examples. Each chapter provides laboratory exercises to apply what has been presented in the chapter. The book is intended for an upper level undergraduate course in microcontrollers or mechatronics but may also be used as a reference for capstone design projects. Also, practicing engineers already familiar with another microcontroller, who require a quick tutorial on the microcontroller, will find this book very useful. This second edition introduces the MSP–EXP430FR5994 and the MSP430–EXP430FR2433 LaunchPads. Both LaunchPads are equipped with a variety of peripherals and Ferroelectric Random Access Memory (FRAM). FRAM is a nonvolatile, low-power memory with functionality similar to flash memory.

Download or read book Introduction to Embedded Systems written by David Russell and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-05-31 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many electrical and computer engineering projects involve some kind of embedded system in which a microcontroller sits at the center as the primary source of control. The recently-developed Arduino development platform includes an inexpensive hardware development board hosting an eight-bit ATMEL ATmega-family processor and a Java-based software-development environment. These features allow an embedded systems beginner the ability to focus their attention on learning how to write embedded software instead of wasting time overcoming the engineering CAD tools learning curve. The goal of this text is to introduce fundamental methods for creating embedded software in general, with a focus on ANSI C. The Arduino development platform provides a great means for accomplishing this task. As such, this work presents embedded software development using 100% ANSI C for the Arduino's ATmega328P processor. We deviate from using the Arduino-specific Wiring libraries in an attempt to provide the most general embedded methods. In this way, the reader will acquire essential knowledge necessary for work on future projects involving other processors. Particular attention is paid to the notorious issue of using C pointers in order to gain direct access to microprocessor registers, which ultimately allow control over all peripheral interfacing. Table of Contents: Introduction / ANSI C / Introduction to Arduino / Embedded Debugging / ATmega328P Architecture / General-Purpose Input/Output / Timer Ports / Analog Input Ports / Interrupt Processing / Serial Communications / Assembly Language / Non-volatile Memory

Download or read book Arduino Microcontroller Processing for Everyone Part I written by Steven Barrett and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2010-04-27 with total page 111 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is about the Arduino microcontroller and the Arduino concept. The visionary Arduino team of Massimo Banzi, David Cuartielles, Tom Igoe, Gianluca Martino, and David Mellis launched a new innovation in microcontroller hardware in 2005, the concept of open source hardware. Their approach was to openly share details of microcontroller-based hardware design platforms to stimulate the sharing of ideas and promote innovation. This concept has been popular in the software world for many years. This book is intended for a wide variety of audiences including students of the fine arts, middle and senior high school students, engineering design students, and practicing scientists and engineers. To meet this wide audience, the book has been divided into sections to satisfy the need of each reader. The book contains many software and hardware examples to assist the reader in developing a wide variety of systems. For the examples, the Arduino Duemilanove and the Atmel ATmega328 is employed as the target processor. Table of Contents: Getting Started / Programming / Embedded Systems Design / Serial Communication Subsystem / Analog to Digital Conversion (ADC) / Interrupt Subsystem / Timing Subsystem / Atmel AVR Operating Parameters and Interfacing

Download or read book Arduino Microcontroller Processing for Everyone Part II written by Steven Barrett and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2010-04-27 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is about the Arduino microcontroller and the Arduino concept. The visionary Arduino team of Massimo Banzi, David Cuartielles, Tom Igoe, Gianluca Martino, and David Mellis launched a new innovation in microcontroller hardware in 2005, the concept of open source hardware. Their approach was to openly share details of microcontroller-based hardware design platforms to stimulate the sharing of ideas and promote innovation. This concept has been popular in the software world for many years. This book is intended for a wide variety of audiences including students of the fine arts, middle and senior high school students, engineering design students, and practicing scientists and engineers. To meet this wide audience, the book has been divided into sections to satisfy the need of each reader. The book contains many software and hardware examples to assist the reader in developing a wide variety of systems. For the examples, the Arduino Duemilanove and the Atmel ATmega328 is employed as the target processor. Table of Contents: Getting Started / Programming / Embedded Systems Design / Serial Communication Subsystem / Analog to Digital Conversion (ADC) / Interrupt Subsystem / Timing Subsystem / Atmel AVR Operating Parameters and Interfacing