Download or read book Financial Constraints and Product Market Competition written by Paul Povel and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper analyzes the interaction of financing and output market decisions in a duopoly in which one firm is financially constrained and can borrow funds to finance production costs. Two ideas have been analyzed separately in previous work: some authors argue that debt strategically affects a firm's output market decisions, typically making it more aggressive; others argue that the threat of bankruptcy makes debt financing costly, typically making a firm less aggressive. Our model integrates both ideas; moreover, unlike most previous work we derive debt as an optimal contract. Compared with a situation in which both firms are unconstrained, the constrained firm produces less, while its unconstrained rival produces more; prices are higher for both firms. Both firms' outputs depend on the constrained firm's internal funds; the relationship is U-shaped for the constrained firm and inversely U-shaped for its unconstrained rival. The unconstrained rival has a higher market share, not because of predation but because of the cost disadvantage of the financially constrained firm.

Download or read book Product Market Competition and Debt Choice written by Sabri Boubaker and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Motivated by prior research on the informational and monitoring role of product market competition, we examine how competitive pressure affects firms' choice between bank debt and public debt. Using a sample of 3,675 U.S. firms over the period 2001-2013, we find that competitive pressure from the product market leads firms to rely less on bank debt financing. In a natural experiment setting, we also find that there is a significant decrease in firm reliance on bank debt after large import tariff reductions. In additional analyses, we show that the effect of competitive pressure on debt choice is more pronounced for firms with greater exposure to competition, higher financial constraints, and weaker governance practices. Moreover, we find that product market competition is associated with long-term maturity debt. Taken together, our study generates the important insight that external governance pressure from the product market acts as an alternate governance mechanism for bank debt monitoring.

Download or read book Essays in Corporate Investment Financing and Product Market Competition written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The dissertation seeks to understand the importance of financial fictions and imperfect product market competition to corporate investment. It examines the ways in which competitive pressures in product markets, either from domestic or international rivals, affect a firm's investment and financing decisions. The dissertation first explores the empirical investment behavior of firms in the presence of imperfect product market competition and financial constraints. Firms with market power have incentive to overinvest to block potential rivals. As cash flow reflects the information about expected monopoly profits, the investment by firms with greater market power responds more to cash flow. But monopolists have a lower sensitivity of investment to cash flow than firms with medium market power. This is because cash flow compensates for the increased negative effect of monopoly rents on investment. Financial constraints can cause excess investment sensitivity to cash flow after accounting the effect of imperfect competition in product market. The dissertation also studies the interplay between globalization, product market competition, and corporate investment. Imports and foreign direct investment adversely affect domestic firms' market power, but the effect of imports is more pronounced. Firms with stronger market power cut more capital expenditures and increase less spending on R&D when they lose market power. Internal funds and market power show a complementary effect on corporate investment. Globalization appears linked to firms' abilities to get financing, as well as to their competitive product market positions and industry concentrations. Lastly, the dissertation connects globalization to the investment-cash flow sensitivity. The response of investment to cash flow increasingly declines with the impact of import competition on firms' market power. This is because intensified globalization reduces the market power of local U.S. manufacturing firms and the investment by firms with greater market power tends to depend more on the availability of internal funds. Beside through the channel of product market competition, the integration of global economy directly and negatively affects investment-cash flow sensitivity. Temporal globalization reversals are associated with the increase in the dependence of investment on cash flow.

Download or read book Corporate Payout Policy written by Harry DeAngelo and published by Now Publishers Inc. This book was released on 2009 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Corporate Payout Policy synthesizes the academic research on payout policy and explains "how much, when, and how". That is (i) the overall value of payouts over the life of the enterprise, (ii) the time profile of a firm's payouts across periods, and (iii) the form of those payouts. The authors conclude that today's theory does a good job of explaining the general features of corporate payout policies, but some important gaps remain. So while our emphasis is to clarify "what we know" about payout policy, the authors also identify a number of interesting unresolved questions for future research. Corporate Payout Policy discusses potential influences on corporate payout policy including managerial use of payouts to signal future earnings to outside investors, individuals' behavioral biases that lead to sentiment-based demands for distributions, the desire of large block stockholders to maintain corporate control, and personal tax incentives to defer payouts. The authors highlight four important "carry-away" points: the literature's focus on whether repurchases will (or should) drive out dividends is misplaced because it implicitly assumes that a single payout vehicle is optimal; extant empirical evidence is strongly incompatible with the notion that the primary purpose of dividends is to signal managers' views of future earnings to outside investors; over-confidence on the part of managers is potentially a first-order determinant of payout policy because it induces them to over-retain resources to invest in dubious projects and so behavioral biases may, in fact, turn out to be more important than agency costs in explaining why investors pressure firms to accelerate payouts; the influence of controlling stockholders on payout policy --- particularly in non-U.S. firms, where controlling stockholders are common --- is a promising area for future research. Corporate Payout Policy is required reading for both researchers and practitioners interested in understanding this central topic in corporate finance and governance.

Download or read book Financing Patterns Around the World written by Thorsten Beck and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2002 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Using a firm-level survey database covering 48 countries, Beck, Demirgüç-Kunt, and Maksimovic investigate whether differences in financial and legal development affect the way firms finance their investments. The results indicate that external financing of investments is not a function of institutions, although the form of external finance is. The authors identify two explanations for this. First, legal and financial institutions affect different types of external finance in offsetting ways. Second, firm size is an important determinant of whether firms can have access to different types of external finance. Larger firms with financing needs are more likely to use external finance compared with small firms. The results also indicate that these firms are more likely to use external finance in more developed financial systems, particularly debt and equity finance. The authors also find evidence consistent with the pecking order theory in financially developed countries, particularly for large firms. This paper--a product of Finance, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to understand firms' access to financial services.

Download or read book Product Market Competition and the Severity of Distressed Asset Sales written by Pablo Salgado and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 43 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: If financial distress comes with such big costs, why do firms not take further precautionary measures to avoid it? I focus on a specific form of financial distress costs, those associated with asset fire-sales, and show that the contest for monopoly power among firms with financial constraints leads them to expend insufficient efforts to avoid financial distress. The clearest prediction that results from the analysis is that equilibrium distress costs should increase with the rents associated to monopoly power in the product market in which firms operate.

Download or read book Product Market Competition and Agency Costs written by Jennifer Jane Baggs and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Economists have long held the belief that competition improves efficiency. One of the mechanisms suggested is that product market competition alleviates agency costs, which in turn many enable firms to induce higher effort and greater efficiency from their managers. In this way, competition mitigates what Leibenstein (1966) called 'X-inefficiencies.' Despite growing interest, an unambiguous theoretical formulation for this 'vague suspicion' has proved difficult to obtain. In this paper we examine the impact of competition on efficiency both theoretically and empirically. The main theoretical contribution of this paper is to show that product market competition can have a direct, and ambiguously positive effect on managerial incentives."--Unedited text from document.

Download or read book Credit and Collateral written by Vania Sena and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2007-12-10 with total page 199 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Collateral - generally defined as an asset used to provide security for a lender's loan - is an important feature of credit contracts and all the available evidence suggests that its use is getting more pervasive. This informative book builds upon recent research into this topic. Sena analyses three case-studies that revolve around the impact that financial constraints have on economic outcomes. In the first case-study, the relationship between firms’ technical efficiency and increasing financial pressure is explored. The author then goes on to show, in the second case study, that under specific circumstances, increasing financial pressure and increasing product market competition can jointly have a positive impact on firms’ technical efficiency, while not being true for all types of firms. In the third case, she analyses the impact that finance constraints have on women’s start-ups. Unique and revealing, this is the first book to deal so extensively with the topic of collateral, and as such, is a valuable reference to postgraduates and professionals in the fields of macroeconomics, monetary and business economics.

Download or read book Firm Innovation in Emerging Markets written by Meghana Ayyagari and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2012 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The authors investigate the determinants of firm innovation in over 19,000 firms across 47 developing economies. They define the innovation process broadly, to include not only core innovation such as the introduction of new products and new technologies, but also other types of activities that promote knowledge transfers and adapt production processes. The authors find that more innovative firms are large exporting firms characterized by private ownership, highly educated managers with mid-level managerial experience, and access to external finance. In contrast, firms that do not innovate much are typically state-owned firms without foreign competitors. The identity of the controlling shareholder seems to be particularly important for core innovation, with those private firms whose controlling shareholder is a financial institution being the least innovative. While the use of external finance is associated with greater innovation by all private firms, it does not make state-owned firms more innovative. Financing from foreign banks is associated with higher levels of innovation compared with financing from domestic banks.

Download or read book Financial Hedging and Product Market Rivalry written by Antonio S. Mello and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 35 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper studies the optimal hedging and production strategies of financially constrained firms in imperfectly competitive markets. A hedging policy that minimizes the volatility of earnings reduces a firm's financial constraints most effectively on average, but makes it impossible for the firm to gain a significant financial advantage over its competitors. Because a financial advantage allows a firm to appropriate future market share, firms do not always hedge their entire risk exposure even in the absence of transaction costs. Oligopolistic firms hedge the least when they face intense competition and firms' financial condition is similar. Firms also hedge different risks from their competitors. Differences in the location of production are found to be unimportant for equilibrium risk exposure. Market leaders adopt less aggressive product market strategies and their competitors more aggressive ones when the firms hedge their exposures only partially.

Download or read book Sunk Costs and Market Structure written by John Sutton and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 1991 with total page 600 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sunk Costs and Market Structure bridges the gap between the new generation of game theoretic models that has dominated the industrial organization literature over the past ten years and the traditional empirical agenda of the subject as embodied in the structure-conduct-performance paradigm developed by Joe S. Bain and his successors.

Download or read book What is the Impact of Increased Business Competition written by Sónia Félix and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2019-12-13 with total page 57 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper studies the macroeconomic effect and underlying firm-level transmission channels of a reduction in business entry costs. We provide novel evidence on the response of firms' entry, exit, and employment decisions. To do so, we use as a natural experiment a reform in Portugal that reduced entry time and costs. Using the staggered implementation of the policy across the Portuguese municipalities, we find that the reform increased local entry and employment by, respectively, 25% and 4.8% per year in its first four years of implementation. Moreover, around 60% of the increase in employment came from incumbent firms expanding their size, with most of the rise occurring among the most productive firms. Standard models of firm dynamics, which assume a constant elasticity of substitution, are inconsistent with the expansionary and heterogeneous response across incumbent firms. We show that in a model with heterogeneous firms and variable markups the most productive firms face a lower demand elasticity and expand their employment in response to increased entry.

Download or read book Macroeconomic Policy Product Market Competition and Growth The Intangible Investment Channel written by Mr.JaeBin Ahn and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2020-02-07 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While there is growing evidence of persistent or even permanent output losses from financial crises, the causes remain unclear. One candidate is intangible capital – a rising driver of economic growth that, being non-pledgeable as collateral, is vulnerable to financial frictions. By sheltering intangible investment from financial shocks, counter-cyclical macroeconomic policy could strengthen longer-term growth, particularly so where strong product market competition prevents firms from self-financing their investments through rents. Using a rich cross-country firm-level dataset and exploiting heterogeneity in firm-level exposure to the sharp and unforeseen tightening of credit conditions around September 2008, we find strong support for these theoretical predictions. The quantitative implications are large, highlighting a powerful stabilizing role for macroeconomic policy through the intangible investment channel, and its complementarity with pro-competition product market deregulation.

Download or read book Potential Product Market Competition Financial Structure and Actual Competitive Intensity written by Richard J. Fairchild and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 15 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We develop a model of Bertrand competition in differentiated products, in order to examine the relationship between product market competition and financial leverage. Leverage softens price competition by inducing firms to discount the future more heavily. We consider potential intensity and actual intensity of competition. Increasing the potential intensity of competition may motivate the firm to increase leverage in order to soften price competition. However, the combination of increasing potential intensity and increasing leverage may actually result in prices and firm values falling. Therefore, increasing leverage may appear to toughen price competition, when, in fact, it weakens it.

Download or read book formal versus informal finance evidence from china written by Vojislav Maksimovic and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2008 with total page 77 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: China is often mentioned as a counterexample to the findings in the finance and growth literature since, despite the weaknesses in its banking system, it is one of the fastest growing economies in the world. The fast growth of Chinese private sector firms is taken as evidence that it is alternative financing and governance mechanisms that support China's growth. This paper takes a closer look at firm financing patterns and growth using a database of 2,400 Chinese firms. The authors find that a relatively small percentage of firms in the sample utilize formal bank finance with a much greater reliance on informal sources. However, the results suggest that despite its weaknesses, financing from the formal financial system is associated with faster firm growth, whereas fund raising from alternative channels is not. Using a selection model, the authors find no evidence that these results arise because of the selection of firms that have access to the formal financial system. Although firms report bank corruption, there is no evidence that it significantly affects the allocation of credit or the performance of firms that receive the credit. The findings suggest that the role of reputation and relationship based financing and governance mechanisms in financing the fastest growing firms in China is likely to be overestimated.

Download or read book The Market Concentration Doctrine written by Harold Demsetz and published by Washington : American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research. This book was released on 1973 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Product Market Competition and Industry Returns written by Maria Cecilia Bustamante and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: