Download or read book Field Implementation of Polyacrylamide for Runoff from Construction Sites written by Rafiqul Islam Chowdhury and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 275 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Polyacrylamide (PAM) is often used a part of a treatment train for the treatment of stormwater to reduce its turbidity. This study investigated the application of PAM within various treatment systems for a construction site environment. The general concept is to introduce hydraulic principles when placing PAM blocks within an open channel in order to yield high mixing energies leading to high turbidity removal efficiency. The first part of the study observed energy variation using a hydraulic flume for three dissimilar configurations. The flume was ultimately used to determine which configuration would be most beneficial when transposed into field-scale conditions. Three different configurations were tested in the flume, namely, the Jump configuration, Dispersion configuration and the Staggered configuration. The field-scale testing served as both justification of the findings within the controlled hydraulic flume and comprehension of the elements introduced within the field when attempting to reduce the turbidity of stormwater. As a result, the Dispersion configuration proved to be the most effective when removing turbidity and displayed a greater energy used for mixing within the open channel. Consequently, an analysis aid is developed based on calculations from the results of this study to better serve the sediment control industry when implementing PAM blocks within a treatment system. Recommendations are made for modification and future applications of the research conducted. This innovative approach has great potential for expansion and future applications. Continued research on this topic can expand on key elements such as solubility of the PAM, toxicity of the configuration within the field, and additional configurations that may yield more advantageous energy throughout the open channel.

Download or read book Polyacrylamide Use for Erosion and Turbidity Control on Construction Sites written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sediment is the most widespread pollutant of streams and rivers in North Carolina. Construction sites are a source of accelerated erosion contributing to the sediment problem. This study was conducted to determine if the application of polyacrylamide (PAM) to soil surfaces on construction sites reduces erosion and turbidity. Polyacrylamide has been demonstrated to greatly reduce erosion in furrow irrigation, and there is limited evidence it controls erosion when applied to bare soil. Two PAM products applied at manufacturers recommended rates (11.2 and 1.68 kg ha-1) and one half the recommended rates (5.6 and 0.84 kg ha-1) with and without grass seeding and mulching were tested on three North Carolina Department of Transportation construction sites in Raleigh and near Fayetteville. Runoff volumes, turbidity levels, and eroded sediment data were collected after natural rain events. On a 2:1 cut slope, turbidity and sediment loss were significantly decreased with application of seed/mulch. Erosion rates were 20 times greater on bare soil after seven rain events, with or without PAM, compared to treatments receiving seed/mulch. Polyacrylamide applied with seed/mulch produced slight reductions in turbidity and sediment loss in early rain events. At the higher rate, PAM applied directly on a more moderate, 4:1 fill slope decreased sediment loss and turbidity in the first few rain events following application compared to bare soil, with decreases diminishing over time. A sandy fill slope had inconsistent results between PAM treatments but reductions in turbidity and sediment from seed/mulch applications.

Download or read book Measures to Reduce Erosion and Turbidity in Construction Site Runoff written by Richard Allen McLaughlin and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An evaluation of polyacrylamides (PAM) for both erosion and turbidity control for construction sites was conducted in both the laboratory and the field. A laboratory screening was conduced for 11 PAMs on 13 sediment sources from North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) construction sites around North Carolina. In addition, a field test of two PAMs and two rates, with and without straw mulch and seeding, on a 2:1 fill slope, a 4:1 cut slope, and a 4:1 fill slope were performed.

Download or read book Application of Polyacrylamide based Floc Logs for Turbidity Control at Highway Construction Sites written by Kien S. Ngo and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 94 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Runoff waters generated on highway construction sites can have turbidities in excess of the proposed EPA regulatory standard of 280 NTU due to large areas of exposed soil. The objective of this research was to develop best management practices (BMPs) for the use of anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) based Floc Logs, for turbidity control. Five commercially available types of PAM-based Floc Logs were evaluated in jar tests, using soil excavated from Cato Springs Research Center (CSRC, Fayetteville AR) and six types of clay from the Clay Minerals Society (Chantilly, VA). These results show that no single Floc Log type was suitable for all six types of clay, and that jar tests should be conducted using field soils to select the appropriate Floc Log type for turbidity control. Results from the jar tests were also interpreted alongside particle size distributions (PSDs) of each type of clay, which were measured by Coulter Counter. These results suggested that particle surface charge, and not PSD, was the dominant flocculation mechanism for the clays used in the jar tests. Subsequent inline channel tests at the CSRC and at the Bella Vista Bypass showed little to no turbidity reduction, which was attributed to insufficient PAM dosing, mixing, and/or settling time. However, results from basin-scale sedimentation tests at the CSRC showed that a single Floc Log was capable to treating more than 2,000 L of turbid water (i.e., 95-99% turbidity reduction in 5̃ minutes) provided that the Floc Log was presoaked in tap water for 15 minutes. The Floc Log was capable to being reused without compromising turbidity reduction, provided a turbulent mixing period of at least 15 minutes. On balance, PAM-based Floc Logs were shown to be an effective tool to treat turbid water in sedimentation basins provided a period of rapid mixing.

Download or read book Factors Affecting Turbidity Reduction in Stormwater Runoff from South Dakota Construction Sites Using Polyacrylamide written by Jacob Humburg and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Polyacrylamide as a Soil Stabilizer for Erosion Control written by Kenneth N. Nwankwo and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Polyacrylamide CFM 2000 PAM as a Soil Stabilizer for Erosion Control written by Richard Vydrzal and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Reducing Turbidity of Construction Site Runoff Via Coagulation with Polyacrylamide and Chitosan written by David Robert Rounce and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is in the process of developing a nationwide standard for turbidity in construction site runoff. It is widely expected that this standard cannot be met with conventional erosion and sediment control measures; consequently, innovative practices for managing sediment on construction sites must be developed. The objective of this research was to develop an understanding of how soil characteristics and polymer properties affect the amount of turbidity reduction that can be achieved through flocculation. The polymers used were PAMs, a proprietary product, and chitosan. The charge density of the PAMs ranged from 0% to 50% and the molecular weights ranged from 0.2 to 14 Mg/mol. A protocol for creating modified synthetic stormwater runoff for soil samples was developed and used on soils from seven construction sites. Particle size distributions were used to compare the modified synthetic stormwater runoff with grab samples of stormwater from one site and showed the synthetic runoff was representative of the actual runoff. Flocculation tests were performed on the synthetic runoffs with PAM and chitosan doses from 0.03 to 10 mg/L. The non-ionic PAM, proprietary product, and chitosan were found to be the most effective at reducing the turbidity of all the synthetic runoff below 200 NTU. The high molecular weight anionic PAMs were effective on only two of the seven synthetic runoff samples. Hardness tests were performed indicating interparticle bridging to be the bonding mechanism of the PAM. Electrophoretic mobility tests were performed on two of the soil suspensions and indicated the bonding mechanism of PAM to be interparticle bridging, and the bonding mechanism of chitosan to be a combination of charge neutralization and interparticle bridging. Tests showed as the charge density of the PAM increased, their effectiveness decreased.

Download or read book Construction Site Erosion and Sediment Controls written by Robert Pitt and published by DEStech Publications, Inc. This book was released on 2007 with total page 398 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Contains critical design tools for practical implementation of techniques to control and abate run-off and sediment from construction sites.

Download or read book Development of Best Management Practices for Turbidity Control During Rainfall Events at Highway Construction Sites Using Polyacrylamide written by Joanne Kelly Johnson and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 2009, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) promulgated a national turbidity standard for runoff water leaving highway construction sites at 280 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU). Meeting this standard can be challenging as turbidities of runoff waters can exceed 15,000 NTU. The objective of this research was to assess polyacrylamide (PAM), a coagulant aid used in water treatment, to help meet the EPA turbidity regulation. Twelve commercially available PAM types were studied, selected on the basis of charge type (cationic, nonionic, anionic), charge density (0-100%), and molecular weight (0.1-28 Mg mol-1). Jar tests were conducted with runoff waters from AHTD construction sites and synthetically made formulations of tap water blended with bentonite, illite, kaolinite, and Arkansas Red Dirt. Jar tests were completed at PAM doses between 0.5-20 mg L-1 and the turbidity of the supernatant was measured following a quiescent settling period. Results showed that anionic PAMs with low charge densities were most effective at reducing supernatant turbidities, likely due to enhanced interparticle bridging. Hydraulic flocculation tests were done with two PAM types in lab-scale continuous flow reactors and at a controlled field site. It was concluded that anionic PAMs at a dose of 10 mg L-1 provided adequate turbidity reduction and that channel baffling induced hydraulic flocculation and further reduced effluent turbidities.

Download or read book Polyacrylamide For Turbidity Control in Runoff Effects of Polyacrylamide Soil and Solution Properties written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Eroded soil discharged from construction sites is a major water quality issue. North Carolina regulations require that the turbidity of discharged waters from construction sites to non-trout streams or reservoirs not exceed 50 nephelometer turbidity units (NTU) and 10 NTU in trout waters. Polyacrylamide (PAM) has been demonstrated to reduce erosion and turbidity in runoff, but there is little information on the interactions between PAM properties and that of the water or suspended solids. Our study tested eight PAM products (Cytec Superfloc A100, A110, A150, N300, 1606; Ciba Soilfix Polybead; Applied Polymer Systems 705; Chemtall 923VHM) at concentrations from 0 to 10 mg L-1 for turbidity reduction in suspensions of 13 soils from active construction sites around North Carolina. For five soil suspensions, with turbidities of up to 3000 NTU, PAM reduced turbidity to below 50 NTU in 30 s. In addition turbidity reductions to the 10 NTU level were observed for two soils. Overall, turbidity reductions of greater than 86% were achieved for all soils. Optimal PAM concentrations of soils tested were 1-2 mg L-1, with higher concentrations causing turbidity increases in some soils. Sediment properties drastically affected the response to PAM, which indicates the need to have site-specific recommendations for PAM use. Sediments with turbidity reductions below the 50 NTU standard had kaolinite as the dominant clay mineral (70-90%), a pH between 5-6, and very low organic matter. Soils from the Coastal Plain had poor turbidity reduction with most PAMs. APS705, which contains a mixture of polymers with different molecular weights and charge density, was the only polymer that effectively reduced turbidity in all Coastal Plain soils. An evaluation using combinations of low and high molecular weight PAM products to try and mimic APS705 effects gave limited turbidity reduction of Coastal Plain soil suspensions. Combined treatment of gypsum and PAM appears to have either positive or neg.

Download or read book Using Polyacrylamide PAM to Reduce Erosion on Construction Sites written by Richard Allen McLaughlin and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 4 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Polyacrylamide Use for Erosion and Turbidity Control on Construction Sites written by Sara A. Hayes and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Keywords: erosion, polyacrylamide (PAM), sediment, turbidity.

Download or read book Development document for proposed effluent guidelines and standards for the construction and development category written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on with total page 245 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Advances in Agronomy written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2007-01-05 with total page 259 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advances in Agronomy continues to be recognized as a leading reference and a first-rate source for the latest research in agronomy. As always, the subjects covered are varied and exemplary of the myraid of subject matter dealt with by this long-running serial. Volume 92 contains four indespensable reviews and 17 detailed images. - Maintains the highest impact factor among serial publications in Agriculture - Presents timely reviews on important agronomy issues such as nutrients, water relations, polyacrylamide, and more - Enjoys a long-standing reputation for excellence in the field

Download or read book Journal of Soil and Water Conservation written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 710 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vol. 25, no. 1 contains the society's Lincoln Chapter's Resource conservation glossary.

Download or read book Formation and Properties of Clay Polymer Complexes written by B.K.G. Theng and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-05-09 with total page 529 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Formation and Properties of Clay-Polymer Complexes provides a comprehensive account of the reactions between clay minerals and organic polymers. The book opens with a discussion of the structures of common clay minerals, clays colloid chemistry, and the behaviour of organic polymers at clay surfaces. This is followed by a systematic treatment of complex formation between clay minerals and various classes of synthetic and naturally occurring polymers, a description of the properties of the resulting complexes and, wherever appropriate, their practical applications. The book will have a new separate chapter on clay-polymer nanocomposites. Each chapter is written as a self-contained review paper, giving a list of reference to the original literature. Describes the important development in clay-polymer nanocomposites Contains new figures and diagrams Extenisve revision of the previous edition