Download or read book Field Evaluation of Hydrological and Pollutant Retention Performance of Green Stormwater Infrastructures written by Bishwodeep Adhikari and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) plays a crucial role in improving hydrology and water quality by effectively managing stormwater runoff and reducing pollutant loads. This dissertation is focused on evaluating the performance of GSI in controlling hydrology and water quality function through various field studies. The dissertation comprised three chapters, each addressing specific objectives to provide valuable insights into the performance and effectiveness of GSI systems. The first objective was to examine the hydrological performance metrics of a lined bioretention basin, including stormwater runoff volume reductions, peak flow reductions, and delay time in peak flows. The findings emphasized the importance of considering rainfall event characteristics when evaluating bioretention basin performance. During the one-year monitoring period, the basin demonstrated the ability to capture all inflow from 63% of the rainfall events. Notably, substantial variations in runoff reduction performance were observed between larger and smaller rainfall events. This highlights the need to account for the characteristics of rainfall events to optimize the performance of bioretention basins. Moreover, runoff reductions far exceeded potential evapotranspiration, pointing to additional losses from exfiltration; this implies that the liner of the basin must have some leakage. This emphasizes the challenges associated with maintaining liner integrity in lined basins and calls for further investigation and maintenance practices to ensure the intended performance of such systems and understanding of when liner integrity is vital. The second objective was to investigate the accumulation of metals and base cations in GSI basins through an alternative approach of focusing on accumulation in the basin soils. Metals accumulation was found to be highest near the basin inlets, indicating effective accumulation. The study acknowledged that age alone may not sufficiently explain the observed relationships, emphasizing the importance of considering other factors such as organic matter content, loading rates of metals, and vegetation types. The study highlighted the need for further exploration of metals patterns under de-icing road salt applications, and suggested for consideration of different salt loading rates and vegetation types in future research. The third objective was to compare the metals and nutrient removal efficiencies of two bioinfiltration basins with different deicing road salt loadings. The study revealed the immediate and prolonged impact of salt loading on soil salinity levels in the basins. Salt application affected the removal efficiency of metals and nutrients, with notable variations in copper and zinc removal and declines in total nitrogen removal. The findings underscored the complex interactions between rainfall, salinity, and specific base cations in influencing water quality in bioretention basins. This dissertation provided comprehensive insights into the hydrological performance, pollutant retention in soils, and water quality performance of stormwater bioretention and bioinfiltration basins. The findings contributed to the understanding of GSI system effectiveness and highlighted the importance of considering rainfall and other site & soil specific characteristics for optimizing the performance of such systems. Further research is recommended to explore the relationships between various environmental parameters and the behavior of pollutants in GSI basins, ultimately enhancing their contribution to sustainable stormwater management.

Download or read book Green Stormwater Infrastructure Fundamentals and Design written by Allen P. Davis and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2022-07-26 with total page 516 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Green Stormwater Infrastructure Fundamentals and Design Discover novel stormwater control measures to make for a greener tomorrow! The protection of our aquatic resources is growing in importance as the effects of climate change and continued urbanization are felt throughout the world. While most rain that falls onto vegetated spaces infiltrates the soil, rain that falls onto impervious surfaces will not, increasing downstream flooding and erosion and causing impaired water quality. Impervious surfaces such as road infrastructure, rooftops, and parking areas all increase runoff and mobilize many pollutants that have deposited on these surfaces that are then carried into our waterways. Proper management of this stormwater through green infrastructure is essential to address these challenges and reduce the environmental and ecological impacts brought about by this runoff. This book brings into focus resilient stormwater control measures (SCMs) for the reduction of stormwater flows and associated pollutants that can detrimentally impact our local environmental and ecological systems. These interventions are green infrastructure based, utilizing natural hydrologic and environmental features using soil and vegetation to manage stormwater. These technologies include water harvesting, bioretention and bioinfiltration, vegetated swales and filter strips, permeable pavements, sand filters, green roofs, and stormwater wetlands, among others. The basic science and engineering of these technologies is discussed, including performance information and best maintenance practices. Green Stormwater Infrastructure readers will also find: Research-informed resilient SCM design fundamentals Diagrams developed by the authors to enhance understanding Case studies to illustrate the points elucidated in the book End-of-chapter problems with a separate solutions manual Green Stormwater Infrastructure is an ideal resource for environmental, civil, and biological engineers and environmental scientists in the consulting field. Landscape architects, managers and engineers of watershed districts, and members of federal, state, and local governmental agencies—especially those in the departments of environmental protection and transportation—will find many uses for this guidebook. It will also be of interest to professors, upper-level undergraduates and graduate students in environmental, civil, and biological engineering programs.

Download or read book Green Stormwater Infrastructure for Sustainable Urban and Rural Development written by Luis A. Sañudo-Fontaneda and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2021-04-22 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “Green Stormwater Infrastructure for Sustainable Urban and Rural Development” offers some of the latest international scientific and practitioner findings around the adaptation of urban, rural and transportation infrastructures to climate change by sustainable water management. This book addresses the main gaps in the up-to-date literature and provides the reader with a holistic view, ranging from a strategic and multiscale planning, implementation and decision-making angle down to the engineering details for the design, construction, operation and maintenance of green stormwater techniques such as sustainable drainage systems (SuDS) and stormwater control measures (SCMs). This book is particularly recommended for a wide audience of readers, such as academics/researchers and students in the fields of architecture and landscaping, engineering, environmental and natural sciences, social and physical geography and urban and territorial planning. This book is also a resource for practitioners and professionals developing their work in architecture studios, engineering companies, local and regional authorities, water and environmental industries, infrastructure maintenance, regulators, planners, developers and legislators.

Download or read book Evaluating the Effectiveness and Hydrological Performance of Green Infrastructure Stormwater Control Measures written by Hamidreza Kazemi and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 231 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Louisville and Jefferson County Metropolitan Sewer District (MSD) has developed a Long-Term Control Plan (LTCP) to address the combined sewer overflow (CSO) issue through a combination of gray and green infrastructure (GI) stormwater management practices in the city of Louisville. In support of this effort, the MSD installed a series of GI stormwater control measures (SCMs) to abate the CSO volumes in an urban sewershed basin. This research is focused on monitoring and evaluating the individual hydrological performance, which included infiltration and exfiltration processes, of two permeable pavement systems over a two year study period. It also assess the combined effectiveness of the suite of GI SCMs in achieving the CSO mitigation. Assessing the hydrological performance of the permeable pavement systems was completed through collected data from embedded electronic sensors and field measurements. Modeling techniques were employed to predict the changes of water level within the storage layer under pavement sections. The developed model was used as an assessment tool to monitor the hydrological performance of the two GI controls. Ultimately the results from the developed model and other data analysis techniques were used to track changes in infiltration and exfiltration performances of both permeable pavement systems. The infiltration performance was observed to be a key component affecting the hydrological performance of a permeable pavement system. The infiltration capacity is limited by clogging formed on the surface of the permeable pavement section but can be restored after applying a suitable maintenance treatment. The modeling effort also provided understanding of the exfiltration processes as the GI controls transferred the captured stormwater runoff to underlying and surrounding soil layers. Seasonal changes in system performance were observed and attributed to changes in dynamic viscosity of water caused by variation of temperature. It was also observed that exfiltration performance is affected by infiltration capacity of the system. To assess the effectiveness of the GI controls in achieving the CSO mitigation, a regression analysis modelling effort was conducted to compare the pre and post-construction conditions. The results showed that almost 2.6 million gallons of overflow volumes were eliminated from the combined sewer system during the second half of 2013 and following the construction of all GI stormwater controls.

Download or read book Performance of Green Stormwater Infrastructure at the University of Toledo written by Aishwarya Penmetcha and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Non-point stormwater runoff causes degradation of surface water quality. Particulates and toxic constituents are the most common pollutants associated with urban stormwater runoff. The performance and pollutant removal of green infrastructure, specifically a tree filter, was evaluated. This best management practice was designed to treat the first flush from contributing impermeable drainage areas. Grab samples and time weighted composite samples were collected from a total of 13 major events, some collected at the inlet, some at the outlet, some samples at both ends of the tree filter located near University of Toledo (UT) Law School parking lot. The sample analyses included heavy metals (copper, zinc, cadmium and lead), solids (total, dissolved, suspended), nutrients (nitrates and orthophosphates) and coliform count (including E. coli). No measurable concentrations of nutrients nor coliform bacteria were observed in the stormwater samples collected in 2014 (spring, summer, and fall) or in summer 2015. Suspended solids concentrations in the grab samples collected at front and back end of the tree filter ranged from 15 to 104 mg/L and 2- 24 mg/L, respectively, indicating a statistically significant reduction in suspended solids. Notable metals present in the samples included zinc, which was measured in the range of 420-36000 μg/L in the pre-construction samples and 360-2000 ppb in the post construction samples. Grab samples were statistically higher in solids and metals concentrations than time-weighted composite samples during the events (student's t-test, alpha = 0.05). During small events (less than 0.3 inches of rain) in fall 2014, the tree filter retained the entire event thus keeping contaminants (up to 175 g of suspended solids and 8 mg of zinc) out of the Ottawa River; whereas during summer 2015, the tree filter could effectively remove 2-30 g of zinc and up to 4 kg of suspended solids from all the rain events. This research suggests that the tree filter is effective and removing solids from stormwater runoff, but other than zinc, no consistent removal of metals (copper, lead, cadmium) was observed.

Download or read book Sustainable Green Technologies for Environmental Management written by Shachi Shah and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-02-19 with total page 303 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Our Earth is considered as a natural system which organizes and controls itself. However, the present scale of anthropogenic activity is unprecedented in the history of mankind compelling the intelligentia to ponder over the scientific causes of the problems, processes and sustainable and pragmatic solutions. The current rate of resource use and consumption pattern are depleting the planet’s finite resources and damaging life-supporting ecosystems. A large number of toxic substances are increasingly found in air, water, soil, and flora and fauna. We are in the midst of a period of increasing interconnected and complex global challenges that seek action across temporal and spatial scales, diverse sectors, and concerted efforts from global citizens. The environment on account of human’s action has been experiencing imbalances and ecological catastrophe. Environmental issues like global climate change, biodiversity loss, the rapid depletion of natural resources, degradation of global commons, stratospheric ozone depletion have been restricting the safe operating space and transgressing the planetary boundaries endangering the existence of human societies. The global environmental problems if not scientifically managed may end up in the civilizational collapse. Nevertheless, the underlying commonality among these environmental issues is interrelatedness, complexity, and difficulty in identifying and implementing solutions. The global environmental challenges can be managed by adopting sustainable green technologies which dovetails the principles of environmental sustainability with social and ecological sustainability. Green growth is construed as a new development paradigm that sustains economic growth while at the same time ensuring environmental sustainability.

Download or read book Plant Selection for Bioretention Systems and Stormwater Treatment Practices written by William F. Hunt and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-10-28 with total page 65 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As cities develop, more land is converted into impervious surfaces, which do not allow water to infiltrate. Careful urban planning is needed to ensure that the hydrologic cycle and water quality of the catchment areas are not affected. There are techniques that can attenuate peak flow during rain events and reduce the amount of metals, nutrients, and bacteria that enter the urban water cycle. This brief gives a short introduction on bioretention systems and documents the effectiveness of some 36 plant species in removing water pollutants. A summary on the maintenance requirements is also presented.

Download or read book Innovating Green Stormwater Infrastructure for Nutrient Management written by Emma V. Lopez-Ponnada and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 133 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Urban stormwater and nutrient management are increasingly important topics to address globally, as coastal urbanization increases, disturbing the natural landscape, hydrology, and water quality. Untreated urban stormwater runoff carries pollutants that enter our waterways, such as rivers and marine environments, which serve as drinking water sources, recreational sites, and locations for economic livelihood. One pollutant and nutrient of concern for water quality is reactive nitrogen (N). Since pre-industrial time, reactive nitrogen has doubled from human activity. When found in excess in waterways, nitrogen causes an overabundant growth of algae, which can result in eutrophic and hypoxic conditions, impacting ecosystems, human health, and the economy. For this reason, managing the nitrogen cycle, designing a future without pollution, and creating healthy resilient cities have become grand challenges in the 21st century, as listed by the U.S. National Academy of Engineering and by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Green stormwater infrastructure is a suite of low impact development technologies and best management practices that can be applied strategically throughout a watershed to capture stormwater and reduce pollutants from urban runoff to natural waterways. One such technology increasingly being implemented is bioretention, a structural low impact development technology. Bioretention systems consist of a shallow depression with a planting bed and a series of permeable layers where the water that passes is filtered and treated. However, conventional bioretention systems are not designed specifically to remove or recover dissolved nitrogen species found in stormwater. They have poor and inconsistent nitrogen removal, especially for nitrate (NO3-), which can be exported from conventional systems. Nitrogen removal in a bioretention system can be improved by modifying the conventional system to promote biological nitrogen removal processes. Denitrification, the reduction of NO3- to inert gaseous nitrogen (N2), can be enhanced with the inclusion of an internal water storage zone (IWSZ) at the bottom of a bioretention system that contains an electron donor (e.g., an organic carbon source from wood chips). In modified bioretention systems reactive nitrogen is removed from the water and returned to the atmosphere. Prior studies have shown that the use of an IWSZ with a carbon source resulted in total nitrogen removal efficiencies greater than 88% under laboratory conditions. However, there have not been previous long-term field studies conducted on modified denitrifying bioretention systems for treating stormwater runoff assessing their continuous performance and stability.

Download or read book Landscape Urbanism and Green Infrastructure written by Thomas Panagopoulos and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2019-08-19 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume examines the applicability of landscape urbanism theory in contemporary landscape architecture practice by bringing together ecology and architecture in the built environment. Using participatory planning of green infrastructure and application of nature-based solutions to address urban challenges, landscape urbanism seeks to reintroduce critical connections between natural and urban systems. In light of ongoing developments in landscape architecture, the goal is a paradigm shift towards a landscape that restores and rehabilitates urban ecosystems. Nine contributions examine a wide range of successful cases of designing livable and resilient cities in different geographical contexts, from the United States of America to Australia and Japan, and through several European cities in Italy, Portugal, Estonia, and Greece. While some chapters attempt to conceptualize the interconnections between cities and nature, others clearly have an empirical focus. Efforts such as the use of ornamental helophyte plants in bioretention ponds to reduce and treat stormwater runoff, the recovery of a poorly constructed urban waterway or participatory approaches for optimizing the location of green stormwater infrastructure and examining the environmental justice issue of equative availability and accessibility to public open spaces make these innovations explicit. Thus, this volume contributes to the sustainable cities goal of the United Nations.

Download or read book Urban Stormwater Management in the United States written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2009-03-17 with total page 611 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The rapid conversion of land to urban and suburban areas has profoundly altered how water flows during and following storm events, putting higher volumes of water and more pollutants into the nation's rivers, lakes, and estuaries. These changes have degraded water quality and habitat in virtually every urban stream system. The Clean Water Act regulatory framework for addressing sewage and industrial wastes is not well suited to the more difficult problem of stormwater discharges. This book calls for an entirely new permitting structure that would put authority and accountability for stormwater discharges at the municipal level. A number of additional actions, such as conserving natural areas, reducing hard surface cover (e.g., roads and parking lots), and retrofitting urban areas with features that hold and treat stormwater, are recommended.

Download or read book Planting Green Roofs and Living Walls written by Nigel Dunnett and published by Timber Press (OR). This book was released on 2004 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book introduces a revolutionary new concept to gardeners. Planting on roofs and walls began in Europe, but it is now becoming popular all over the world. Green roofs and walls reduce pollution and run-off, and also help insulate and reduce the maintenance needs of buildings. Planting Green Roofs and Living Walls discusses the practical techniques required to make planting on roofs and walls a reality. It describes how roofs may be modified to bear the weight of vegetation, considers the different options for drainage layers and growing media, and lists the plants suitable for different climates and environments. This informative book will encourage gardeners everywhere to consider the enormous benefits to be gained from planting on their roofs and walls.

Download or read book The Future of Green Infrastructure written by Vincent Pons and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The 21st century presents numerous challenges to urban stormwater management, including the impacts of changes in both climate and city morphology. These challenges necessitate rethinking the stormwater management paradigm, particularly in the context of existing and ageing infrastructure. This thesis deals with green infrastructures (GI) considered as decentralized multifunctional infrastructures that utilize evapotranspiration and/or horizontal and vertical infiltration to achieve a hydrological function. This study evaluates the potential of GI to manage day-to-day rainfall events, attenuate major events, and contribute to the management of extreme events in the context of climate change adaptation. It also aims to provide a framework and tools to realign current GI modelling and design methods with the principles of robust decision-making. The thesis investigates how to use climate and hydrological present and future data with hydrological GI models to extract relevant information for decision-making under deep uncertainty. The results provide guidelines for i) designing experiments to calibrate reliable hydrological models and ii) using available climate projections together with weather generators for GI performance evaluation. The proposed framework HIDES demonstrates how future downscaled time series can be used to evaluate annual retention distribution and frequency of exceedance, while sampling extreme events allows for estimating both a probability of failure and an indication of the behaviour of GI under failure. The thesis suggests rethinking the methods for implementing GI at the city scale. The study shows that system-based design outperforms site-scale design through modelling at the roof scale of a neighbourhood, and that lumping GI models at a neighbourhood scale may neglect interactions and fail to estimate performance. The thesis highlights the need to couple GI to achieve challenges in stormwater management.

Download or read book Advanced Evapotranspiration Methods and Applications written by Daniel Bucur and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2019-04-03 with total page 142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the beginning of its formation approximately three billion years ago, the hydrosphere - as an envelope of the terrestrial ellipsoid - has remained constant from a quantitative point of view. The hydrosphere modifies only the ratio of the stretches of the planetary ocean and land, including the proportion of the states of water aggregation: gaseous, liquid, and solid.The hydrological cycle transports only a portion of the hydrosphere, repeats itself annually, and presents itself as a huge planetary plant that for billions of years has operated uninterruptedly on the basis of solar energy and gravity, providing freshwater resources for the maintenance and perpetuation of life beyond the planetary ocean.Water resources are highly influenced by the hydrologic cycle and play a role in agricultural economic development. However, as is shown by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report, the phenomena of changing climate and land use are set to exacerbate an already serious situation of water supply for various users. In this context, scientific investigations into the issue of the sustainable use of water are timely and important. Improvement of water management involves the accurate estimation of consumptive uses. The purpose of this book is to show the achievements of scientists and academicians all over the world in promoting and sharing new issues on various topics related to evapotranspiration.

Download or read book Managing Heavy Rainfall with Green Infrastructure written by Jordan R. Fischbach and published by . This book was released on 2021-01-15 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: RAND researchers estimate the potential benefits and costs of a green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) system in Pittsburgh's Negley Run watershed, evaluate a series of GSI investments, and make recommendations to improve urban stormwater management.

Download or read book Advanced Technologies for Sustainable Development of Urban Green Infrastructure written by Viacheslav Vasenev and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-05-10 with total page 345 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This proceedings book focuses on advanced technologies to monitor and model urban soils, vegetation and climate, including internet of things, remote sensing, express and non-destructive techniques. The Smart and Sustainable Cities (SSC) conference is a regular event, organized each second year in RUDN University (Russia) and providing a multidisciplinary platform for scientists and practitioners in urban environmental monitoring, modeling, planning and management.

Download or read book Review of the New York City Watershed Protection Program written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2020-12-04 with total page 423 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: New York City's municipal water supply system provides about 1 billion gallons of drinking water a day to over 8.5 million people in New York City and about 1 million people living in nearby Westchester, Putnam, Ulster, and Orange counties. The combined water supply system includes 19 reservoirs and three controlled lakes with a total storage capacity of approximately 580 billion gallons. The city's Watershed Protection Program is intended to maintain and enhance the high quality of these surface water sources. Review of the New York City Watershed Protection Program assesses the efficacy and future of New York City's watershed management activities. The report identifies program areas that may require future change or action, including continued efforts to address turbidity and responding to changes in reservoir water quality as a result of climate change.

Download or read book Assessment of Integrated Green Infrastructure based Stormwater Controls in Small to Large Scale Developed Urban Watersheds written by Leila Talebi and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 620 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Green infrastructure (GI) stormwater control approaches and techniques store, infiltrate, evapotranspire, and in some cases reuse stormwater to reduce runoff quantity and to improve overall environmental quality. The literature review indicates substantial benefits provided by GI stormwater controls in small scales including reduced stormwater runoff volumes, enhanced groundwater recharge, reduced pollutant discharges to water bodies, and decreased combined sewer overflow events. The main objective of this dissertation research was to examine the benefits of individual and integrated GI stormwater control practices at small to large scales in urban watersheds. The hypothesis of this research is: "Retrofitting integrated green infrastructure controls in large areas served by separate or combined sewers can result in significant runoff volume reductions." Three case studies which were extensively monitored and evaluated have been selected for this dissertation research; 1) Millburn, NJ with dry wells monitored at a small scale, 2) Kansas City, MO with various GI practices including biofilters, curb extension biofilters, cascade biofilters, porous pavement, rain gardens monitored at small scales (individual GI performance) and monitored at large scales (overall integrated GI performance and their impact on combined sewer overflows (CSOs), and 3) Cincinnati, OH with three study sites including Cincinnati State College, the Cincinnati Zoo, and the Clark Montessori High School, which have several GI stormwater control types with monitoring at large scales. Analyses were conducted at infiltration facilities and at combined and separate sewer flow monitoring locations in the study areas to calculate the benefits of green infrastructure-based stormwater controls. The analyses conducted as part of this dissertation research were aimed at showing that monitoring results for runoff volume reductions from isolated small-scale stormwater controls can be scaled-up for use in typical drainage area benefit predictions, but only if sufficient information is available (such as soil characteristics, land development, actual runoff treated, etc.). The analyses at the small scales at Millburn, NJ and Kansas City, MO, indicated that there were varying levels of infiltration performance in the areas, but most dry wells and biofilters were able to completely drain within a few days. However, several had extended periods of standing water that may have been associated with high water tables, poorly draining soils (or partially clogged soils), or detrimental effects from snowmelt on the clays in the soils. At large scales at the Kansas City and Cincinnati test areas, direct measurements of flows by the in-system flow monitors in the combined or separate sewers on or adjacent to several of the green infrastructure components were used to directly measure whole system performance. The results at the large scales indicated that for most flow monitoring locations, there was a statistically significant difference (p