Download or read book Fertility Taxation and Family Policy written by Patricia F. Apps and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Historically, there is clear evidence of an inverse relationship between female labour supply and fertility. However, the relationship across countries is now positive. Countries like Germany and Italy, with the lowest fertility, also have the lowest female participation rates. This paper analyses the extent to which this can be explained by public policy, in particular taxation and the system of child support. The results suggest that countries which have individual rather than joint taxation, and which support families through child care facilities rather than child payments, are likely to have both higher female labour supply and higher fertility.
Download or read book Fertility Female Labor Supply and Family Policy written by Hans Fehr and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The present paper develops a general equilibrium model with overlapping generations and endogenous fertility in order to analyze the interaction between public policy and household labor supply and fertility decisions. The model's benchmark equilibrium reflects the current family policy consisting of joint taxation of married couples, monetary transfers and in-kind benefits which reduce the time cost of children. Then we simulate alternative reforms of the tax and the child benefit system and analyze the long-run impact on fertility and female labor supply. Our simulations indicate three central results: First, policies which simply increase the family budget either via higher transfers (direct or in-kind) or via family splitting increase fertility but reduce female employment. Second, increasing tax revenues due to the introduction of individual taxation would increase female employment but reduce fertility. Third, revenue neutral policies such as a reform of the benefit structure or a move towards individual taxation combined with an increase in in-kind benefits may achieve both goals and therefore yield significant welfare gains.
Download or read book The Fertility of Family Policy written by Gilbert Yale Steiner and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 221 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Policy and Population written by Mingean Park and published by . This book was released on 2024 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The population reflects the potential of a society or nation, and population structure has consistently garnered attention as a key factor in shaping government policies and administration. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that marriage and childbirth are crucial factors in explaining population increase and are indicators of a society's viability. This dissertation, consisting of three essays, examines how government policies affect people's decisions about having children. This will be accomplished by analyzing the policies of OECD member nations, with a particular emphasis on the cases of South Korea--which has the lowest fertility rate in the world--and the United States--which places a higher priority on immigration and abortion restrictions. The dissertation will present both theoretical and empirical evidence in the field of public administration and policy concerning fertility issues. In the first essay, a noteworthy point is the family policy-related expenditures used by OECD countries, where services such as childcare and education were statistically insignificant and demonstrated the lowest policy impact. On the other hand, financial support and tax breaks favorably influenced fertility. Administratively and in terms of policy, state tax benefits impact people's reproductive choices most, and this strategy can provide the most effectively implemented policy outcomes for enhancing the total fertility rate. Consequently, it follows naturally that greater state engagement in service delivery will not improve fertility results. The OECD Family Database displays that many OECD nations with low fertility tend to prioritize service spending. Therefore, the chapter's findings suggest that tax breaks, which influence people's fertility behaviors, should be prioritized when designing policies to address low fertility. The second essay employed a spatiotemporal model to assess the effects of low birthrate response initiatives with a policy bundle approach to supplement the variety of policy environments. The policy bundle approach identified and measured variables that impact fertility trends from the pertinent legislation of 226 local governments in South Korea. The study examined legislative strengthening, increasing support for first-born children, and financial incentives as policy bundles, examining these laws since the timing of fertility-related legislative revisions has the greatest influence on the birth rate. The chapter results showed that the policy bundle significantly affected all birth order rankings, with a trend for the policy's impacts to diminish with increasing birth order. Thus, to support married couples' ability to conceive and nurture children, policies aimed at families must be strengthened. Given the substantial impact that regional spatial factors have on the crude birth rate, areas where low birth rates are anticipated may need to work together or implement suitable remedies through population impact assessments. Event studies showed that fertility dynamics are influenced by socioeconomic shifts, such as economic crises and rapidly rising real estate values, and that population policies for the lowest fertility rates have been less and less successful in recent years. These changes in the population suggest that the government should adopt more aggressive policy measures. The third essay examines the causality between the abortion restriction and Americans' fertility behavior, concentrating on Kentucky and Illinois. According to the research findings, Kentucky's prospective birthrate is negatively impacted by the abortion restriction. This indicates that while the abortion ban could appear to force childbirth, which would boost births initially, there might be long-term negative externalities. Moreover, the prohibition on abortion may lead to problems with hospital and obstetric services, which might be harmful to maternal and infant health. Thus, this chapter makes the case that the abortion debate ought to be approached from the standpoint of the public interest rather than as a political or religious one. The study suggests that careful consideration of alternatives and thorough policy research should be done before enacting an abortion ban in the United States due to the possible long-term harm to public health. This dissertation offers a theoretical framework and possible empirical models in population policy research. It begins by presenting a model of fertility behavior developed with Ostrom's SES and IAD frameworks. Concerning births, this fertility behavior model shows how the interplay between macro-level national policy and micro-level personal decision-making affects the population. Demographic policies, including state-mandated birth control or abortion ban, have historically impacted individual decision-making, which in turn has affected the demographic structure of the country. This mechanism suggests that population structure is influenced by policy. Furthermore, this dissertation supports Calhoun's experiments by showing that civilizations characterized by fierce rivalry and constrained space may be unable to allocate resources effectively and run the danger of going extinct. A community with just rivalry and no collaboration among its members is unsustainable, and a population confined to a small area suffers. In this sense, the sustainability of humankind depends on increasing human habitat through space exploration or technological breakthroughs.
Download or read book Taxes and the Family written by Leslie Ann Whittington and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Work and Family Policy written by Stephen Sweet and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-09-13 with total page 151 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Numerous challenges exist in respect to integrating work and family institutions and there is remarkable cross-national variation in the ways that societies respond to these concerns with policy. This volume examines these concerns by focusing on cross-national variation in structural/cultural arrangements. Consistent support is found in respect to the prospects of expanding resources for working families both in the opportunity to provide care, as well as to remain integrated in the workforce. However, the studies in this volume offer qualifiers, explaining why some effects are not as strong as might be hoped and why effects are sometimes restricted to particular classifications of workers or families. It is apparent that, when different societies implement similar policies, they do not necessarily do so with the same intended outcomes, and usage is mediated by how policies are received by employers and workers. The chapters in this book speak to the merits of international comparative analysis in identifying the strategies, challenges and benefits of providing resources to workers and their families. This book was originally published as a special issue of Community, Work & Family.
Download or read book World Population Policies written by Jyoti Shankar Singh and published by Greenwood. This book was released on 1979 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Handbook of the Economics of the Family written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2023-03-23 with total page 536 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Handbook of the Economics of the Family, Volume One includes comprehensive surveys of the current state of the economics literaure in the field, prepared by leading scholars, with a particular empahsis on the most recent developments in each area. Chapters cover Culture and the family; Mating markets; Household decisions and intra-household distributions; The economics of fertility: a new era; Families, labor markets, and policy; Family background, neighborhoods, and intergenerational mobility; The great transition: Kuznets facts for family-economists; An institutional perspective on the economics of the family. An economics approach to changing family arrangements Understanding of inequality and intergenerational mobility Evolution of gender roles within families and across societies
Download or read book Medical and Dental Expenses written by and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Family Policy Outcomes written by Rense Nieuwenhuis and published by Rense Nieuwenhuis. This book was released on 2014-01-10 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Women's employment and earnings, as well as earnings inequality, have been rising in OECD countries in recent decades. This dissertation answers questions pertaining to how family policies have facilitated women in combining motherhood and employment, and how women's earnings have affected the inequality between households. Based on well over a million person-level observations, this study covers 18 OECD countries and a period from 1975 to 2005. Reconciliation policies were shown to reduce the employment gap between mothers and women without children, while policies financially supporting families with children enlarge this motherhood-employment gap. Very long periods of leave, however, negatively affect the employment of mothers. More educated women benefit more from reconciliation policies than less educated. Women's rising earnings were found to have attenuated inequality between households. Family policy rrangements that facilitate women's employment not only contribute to smaller inequalities within households, but also between households.
Download or read book Doing Better for Families written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2011-04-27 with total page 279 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book looks at the different ways in which governments support families.
Download or read book Gendered Taxes The Interaction of Tax Policy with Gender Equality written by Maria Delgado Coelho and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2022-02-04 with total page 54 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper provides an overview of the relation between tax policy and gender equality, covering labor, capital and wealth, as well as consumption taxes. It considers implicit and explicit gender biases and corrective taxation. On labor taxes, we discuss the well-established findings on female labor supply and present new empirical work on the impact of household taxation. We also analyze the impact of progressivity on pay gaps and labor supply. On capital and wealth taxation, we discuss the implications of lower effective capital income taxation on the personal income tax burden gap across genders. We show that countries with relatively low female shares of capital income and wealth also tend to tax property and inheritances particularly lightly. On consumption taxes, we cover taxes on female hygiene products and excise taxes, which we assess in relation to externalities and differences in consumption patterns across genders.
Download or read book The Palgrave Handbook of Family Policy written by Rense Nieuwenhuis and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020 with total page 727 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This engaging collection gathers theoretical and empirical insights from leading family policy experts. The authors - representing diverse countries, disciplines, and methods - bring to life the volume's innovative conceptual framework, which is organized around policy institutions, both public and private. The volume closes with a call for new lines of research that should inform family policy scholars for years to come."--Janet Gornick, Professor of Political Science and Sociology, and Director of the Stone Center on Socio-Economic Inequality, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, USA "Featuring exciting contributors from a range of often-siloed scholarly disciplines, countries and cultures, this Handbook offers nuanced insights into how interacting societal inequality factors influence family policy enactment to reinforce or improve inequality outcomes across gender, class, and nations. It is ambitious, broad-reaching, and succeeds in providing a strategic view within and across nations to inspire thoughtful evidence-based policy implications to improve societies in the future."--Ellen Ernst Kossek, Basil S. Turner Professor of Management, Purdue University, USA This open access handbook provides a multilevel view on family policies, combining insights on family policy outcomes at different levels of policymaking: supra-national organizations, national states, sub-national or regional levels, and finally smaller organizations and employers. At each of these levels, a multidisciplinary group of expert scholars assess policies and their implementation, such as child income support, childcare services, parental leave, and leave to provide care to frail and elderly family members. The chapters evaluate their impact in improving children's development and equal opportunities, promoting gender equality, regulating fertility, productivity and economic inequality, and take an intersectional perspective related to gender, class, and family diversity. The editors conclude by presenting a new research agenda based on five major challenges pertaining to the levels of policy implementation (in particular globalization and decentralization), austerity and marketization, inequality, changing family relations, and welfare states adapting to women's empowered roles
Download or read book The Politics of Work Family Policies written by Patricia Boling and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2015-04-30 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The work-family policies of Sweden and France are often held up as models for other nations to follow, yet political structures and resources can present obstacles to fundamental change that must be taken into account. Patricia Boling argues that we need to think realistically about how to create political and policy change in this vital area. She evaluates policy approaches in the US, France, Germany and Japan, analyzing their policy histories, power resources, and political institutions to explain their approaches, and to propose realistic trajectories toward change. Arguing that much of the story lies in the way that job markets are structured, Boling shows that when women have reasonable chances of resuming their careers after giving birth, they are more likely to have children than in countries where even brief breaks put an end to a career, or where motherhood restricts them to part-time work.
Download or read book Low Fertility in Europe written by Stijn Hoorens and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 99 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent statistics suggest that fertility in Europe shows signs of recovery after decades of year-on-year drops. This report updates a study on low fertility from 2004 and explores the extent, causes and consequences of the recent recovery.
Download or read book The Economics of the Family written by Esther Redmount and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2014-12-02 with total page 577 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A fascinating look at the role that households—and the dynamics of families, in particular—play in creating economic growth and social stability in modern economies and markets. This timely compilation of essays examines the paradigm of family in the 21st century, delving into cohabitation, marriage, and divorce; the effects of modern family units on work and consumption; and the ramifications of life choices on economic growth and stability. The text ponders highly personal yet societal topics, such as who lives with whom and why; the reasons for low birth rates among highly educated, high-income women; and strategies busy parents use to balance career, parenthood, and personal life. Volume I explores the various profiles of families today, covering multi- or single-generational, single or dual parent, and same- or opposite-sex couples. Volume II considers how time and money are shared among family members and what impact this distribution of resources has on occupations, technology, and markets. The text scrutinizes the factors that drive family formation and dissolution, control population in countries all over the world, and contribute to a family's well-being and fortitude.
Download or read book Weekly Weather and Crop Bulletin written by and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
