Download or read book Farm Workers Labor Supply Decisions written by Susan M. Gabbard and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Labor Decisions by Agricultural Households written by Jill Leslie Findeis and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 27 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Production Consumption and Labor Supply Decisions of Farm Households written by Wallace E. Huffman and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 47 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book A History of the Emergency Farm Labor Supply Program 1943 47 written by Wayne David Rasmussen and published by . This book was released on 1951 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book A History of the Emergency Farm Labor Supply Program 1943 47 written by Wayne David Rasmussen and published by . This book was released on 1951 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Role of the State in Low wage Labor Supply written by Elizabeth Laird Nisbet and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: News stories report frequently on farm labor shortages and the calls of growers for federal government action to bolster supply with immigration policy change. The state role such intervention implies is not unusual, but it raises broader questions about the state's contribution to labor supply through this and other policy mechanisms and about how labor supply, demand, and policy influence one another as they evolve. This dissertation answers these questions with a mixed-method study that describes the policy history and political factors shaping the structure of farm labor markets and traces the presence of policy in labor market processes in New York State. An analysis of National Agricultural Workers Survey (NAWS) data captured trends in worker and job characteristics, showing a significant disparity between wages of undocumented and documented workers. U.S. Department of Labor records indicated that use of the H-2A temporary agricultural worker program increased sharply in New York and the U.S. from 2006 to 2009 and dropped in 2010. A review of the policy structure that shapes farm labor markets highlighted the historical evolution of agricultural exemptions and other industry-specific legislative provisions across labor standards, social programs, and immigration policy that have contributed to labor market segmentation. A review of Congressional hearings showed how interest groups have used this forum to justify reshaping policy, such that political debate serves the symbolic function of communicating to policymakers the parameters grower and worker interests will accept around the state's role in supply and worker protection, and their expectations of the state going forward. Qualitative interviews in New York State with employers, workers, non-profit agencies, and government examined the role of the state in farm labor markets in two regions, demonstrating that social programs and labor standards, immigration enforcement, and the H-2A program work separately and in concert to shape decisions of actors, and thus over time labor supply characteristics and production and employment practices. In implementation, the role of policy in markets takes on different effects and interacts with other factors, demonstrating that markets are partially constructed by the state. The role of the state is to supply (directly or indirectly), sustain and protect labor, and to serve as intermediary, with ever-changing mechanisms and results. In addition, policy can mitigate risk for employers and influence the nature of labor demand. The dissertation concludes with a review of developments in worker advocacy and policy suggestions for moving beyond the seemingly obvious and intractable problems related to farm labor. These issues are also relevant for other kinds of low-wage and contingent labor markets in which recent trends parallel the long history of farm work. The discussion of new developments and policy proposals illustrates that it is possible and important to continue searching for ways to enhance worker agency and conditions for the benefit of the agriculture industry, but also in light of the broader implications of immigration and social policy for job quality and low-wage work.
Download or read book Farm Labor Supply Program written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Agriculture and Forestry and published by . This book was released on 1947 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Fringe Benefits in Operator Off farm Labor Supply written by Helen H. Jensen and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Family Productivity Labor Supply and Welfare in a Low income Country written by John L. Newman and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1992 with total page 78 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper develops an analytical approach to estimate family labor supply and consumption decisions appropriate for developing countries. The approach allows for an arbitrary number of family members, each of whom may or may not engage in multiple activities. The authors identify the marginal returns to work in self-employment without directly observing the marginal returns or estimating the enterprise's production function. The key feature of the approach is to work with underlying structural marginal return and marginal rate of substitution functions together with first order Kuhn-Tucker conditions. This model is used to analyze family consumption and labor supply decisions of rural landholding households in Peru. The authors estimate coefficients of the marginal rate of substitution of family consumption for individual family member's leisure and marginal returns to two activities - wage work and self-employed agriculture. Using the estimated coefficients of the structural model together with the budget constraint, they simulate the effects of increasing returns to wage work and self-employed agriculture on family consumption and hours of work in the two activities. Estimating the structural parameters of the marginal rate of substitution allows the authors to convert leisure to consumption units and to calculate the compensating and equivalent variation of the changes in returns.
Download or read book Three Essays on Agricultural Labor and Risk in the United States written by Margaret Christine Jodlowski and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Farm operations in the United States have been exposed to an increased amount of labor-related risk over the past two decades, both in terms of the labor they demand and the labor they supply. Farms increasingly face the risk of having their demand for immigrant labor go unmet, as increased anti-immigrant sentiment in the United States and improving conditions in their home countries have reduced the incentives for immigrants from Mexico and Central America to work in the US. On the other hand, off-farm work by at least one member of the household has become the norm for all but the largest farm operations. This increased integration with the off-farm or non-farm labor market, driven in part by growing female labor force participation, has, on the whole, improved the financial situation of the average farm household, relative to the average non-farm household. Off-farm income has also been found to be an important determinant of a farm's ability to pay off debt. However, these boons are not without risk: farm finances become more directly intertwined with the performance of the economy in general and, crucially, increasingly reliant on job opportunities being available locally. As rural economies around the country continue to decline, there are likely to be impacts on the future viability of farm operations, especially for farms that support their operations with income earned off-farm. Because those farms tend to be medium-sized operations (either in acres operated or net farm income), they are the farms that will be most affected by increased volatility in the labor market. Therefore, understanding the impacts of that volatility on farm financial viability may also give insight into the growing trend of farmland concentration, which may have its own part to play in the economic decline of rural areas. Over the same period characterized by increasing rural decline, increasing off-farm labor market participation, and increasing reliance on an increasingly unreliable immigrant labor force, government programs aimed at stabilizing and bolstering farm incomes have changed dramatically. Rather than cash transfer and direct payment programs, crop insurance has become the centerpiece of farm support policies. Although crop insurance protects farms from production risk, anecdotal and theoretical evidence suggests that this may encourage farmers to take on more financial risk. These increased levels of financial risk might, in turn, have implications for the amount or kind of labor used on the farm, or implications for the the extent of the farm household's participation in the labor market. Changing farm support policies may cause farmers, or the members of their households, to substitute time spent on off-farm employment with an increased presence on-farm, or vice versa. Given this situation, it is important to understand the impacts that these areas of increased risk have on farms' more short-term, day-to-day operating decisions as well as on their financial decisions that affect their longer term prospects. Although farm operations today are more reliant on the off-farm labor market than ever before, academic or policy-oriented research on the nature of this link has not kept pace with advances in empirical estimation techniques from the general labor economics literature. These estimation strategies can be applied to farm-level data, which include detailed records of labor demanded by the farm and the hours supplied by different members of the farm household to the non-farm economy. Together, these causal results yield valuable insights on the farm level impact of changes in the labor market. The three essays in this dissertation each address a different facet of the implications of increased on-farm risk. Chapter I, "Behind Every Farmer: Off-farm labor and farm viability," speaks to how changes in the off-farm work opportunities for the farm operator and his spouse differentially affect the amount and kind of debt taken on by the farm business or farm household. The estimation strategy replies on the spatial dispersion of growing and shrinking job opportunities for men and women, drived by increased by import competition from China over the past two decades. These results are important for understanding the extent to which farms need robust, thriving rural economics; they have implications for both farm and rural policy, which may by more and more interconnected in the future. Next, Chapter II addresses how the increased use of Federal crop insurance (FCI) has increased farms' use of short-term debt. This work is well-positioned to be extended to analyze how that increased short-term debt is being used on farm: for example, whether it encourages a increase in the capital-to-labor ratio or reduces the need for off-farm income. The third and final chapter examines the implications of an increasingly volatile supply of labor to the farm by looking at how local immigration enforcement causing labor supply shocks impacts farms' operating decisions. Counties with programs that allowed for increased enforcement of immigration laws operated fewer acres and had fewer workers. Additionally, the results suggest that the ability to substitute for this class of worker, either with machinery or native workers, is limited. American farm operations require access to a stable immigrant labor force in order to ensure expanded operations in the face of global population and income growth.
Download or read book Promise Unfulfilled written by Philip L. Martin and published by Cornell University Press. This book was released on 2018-08-06 with total page 243 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1975, after vigorous campaigning by the United Farm Workers union, the state of California passed the Agricultural Labor Relations Act (ALRA), a pioneering self-help strategy granting farm workers the right to organize into unions. A quarter century later, only a tiny percentage of farm workers in the state belong to unions, and wages remain less than half of those of nonfarm employees. Why did the ALRA fail? One of the nation's foremost authorities on farm workers here explores the reasons behind its unfulfilled promise.Philip L. Martin examines the key features of the farm labor market in California, including the shifting ethnicity of the worker pool and the evolution of the major unions, beginning with the Wobblies. Finally, he reviews the impact of immigration on agriculture in the state.Today, many states look to the California experience to assess whether the ALRA can serve as a model for their own farm labor relations laws. In Martin's view, California's efforts to grant rights to farm workers so that they can help themselves have failed because of continued unauthorized migration and the changing structure of farm employment. Martin argues that alternative policies would make farming profitable, raise farm worker wages, and still keep groceries affordable.
Download or read book The Farm Labor Problem written by J. Edward Taylor and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2018-11-29 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Farm Labor Problem: A Global Perspective explores the unique character of agricultural labor markets and the implications for food production, farm worker welfare and advocacy, and immigration policy. Agricultural labor markets differ from other labor markets in fundamental ways related to seasonality and uncertainty, and they evolve differently than other labor markets as economies develop. We weave economic analysis with the history of agricultural labor markets using data and real-world events. The farm labor history of California and the United States is particularly rich, so it plays a central role in the book, but the book has a global perspective ensuring its relevance to Europe and high-income Asian countries. The chapters in this book provide readers with the basics for understanding how farm labor markets work (labor in agricultural household models, farm labor supply and demand, spatial market equilibria); farm labor and immigration policy; farm labor organizing; farm employment and rural poverty; unionization and the United Farm Workers movement; the Fair Food Program as a new approach to collective bargaining; the declining immigrant farm labor supply; and what economic development in relatively low-income countries portends for the future of agriculture in the United States and other high-income countries. The book concludes with a chapter called "Robots in the Fields," which extrapolates current trends to a perhaps not-so-distant future. The Farm Labor Problem serves as both a guide to policy makers, farmworker advocates and international development organizations and as a textbook for students of agricultural economics and economics. - Describes the unique character of agricultural labor markets providing consequential insights - Contextualizes the economics of agricultural labor with a global perspective - Examines the history of farm labor, immigration, policy and collective bargaining with a view to the future
Download or read book Regulation of the Farm Labor Market written by Miriam J. Wells and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 74 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Staff Paper Series written by and published by . This book was released on 1990-06 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Aging in Asia written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2012-07-31 with total page 486 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The population of Asia is growing both larger and older. Demographically the most important continent on the world, Asia's population, currently estimated to be 4.2 billion, is expected to increase to about 5.9 billion by 2050. Rapid declines in fertility, together with rising life expectancy, are altering the age structure of the population so that in 2050, for the first time in history, there will be roughly as many people in Asia over the age of 65 as under the age of 15. It is against this backdrop that the Division of Behavioral and Social Research at the U.S. National Institute on Aging (NIA) asked the National Research Council (NRC), through the Committee on Population, to undertake a project on advancing behavioral and social research on aging in Asia. Aging in Asia: Findings from New and Emerging Data Initiatives is a peer-reviewed collection of papers from China, India, Indonesia, Japan, and Thailand that were presented at two conferences organized in conjunction with the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Indian National Science Academy, Indonesian Academy of Sciences, and Science Council of Japan; the first conference was hosted by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in Beijing, and the second conference was hosted by the Indian National Science Academy in New Delhi. The papers in the volume highlight the contributions from new and emerging data initiatives in the region and cover subject areas such as economic growth, labor markets, and consumption; family roles and responsibilities; and labor markets and consumption.
Download or read book United States Code written by United States and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 1506 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The United States Code is the official codification of the general and permanent laws of the United States of America. The Code was first published in 1926, and a new edition of the code has been published every six years since 1934. The 2012 edition of the Code incorporates laws enacted through the One Hundred Twelfth Congress, Second Session, the last of which was signed by the President on January 15, 2013. It does not include laws of the One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, First Session, enacted between January 2, 2013, the date it convened, and January 15, 2013. By statutory authority this edition may be cited "U.S.C. 2012 ed." As adopted in 1926, the Code established prima facie the general and permanent laws of the United States. The underlying statutes reprinted in the Code remained in effect and controlled over the Code in case of any discrepancy. In 1947, Congress began enacting individual titles of the Code into positive law. When a title is enacted into positive law, the underlying statutes are repealed and the title then becomes legal evidence of the law. Currently, 26 of the 51 titles in the Code have been so enacted. These are identified in the table of titles near the beginning of each volume. The Law Revision Counsel of the House of Representatives continues to prepare legislation pursuant to 2 U.S.C. 285b to enact the remainder of the Code, on a title-by-title basis, into positive law. The 2012 edition of the Code was prepared and published under the supervision of Ralph V. Seep, Law Revision Counsel. Grateful acknowledgment is made of the contributions by all who helped in this work, particularly the staffs of the Office of the Law Revision Counsel and the Government Printing Office"--Preface.
Download or read book Farm Workers Agribusiness and the State written by Linda C. Majka and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Historical account of the social conflict between agricultural workers and agribusiness, and the role of state intervention in California, USA - analyses agricultural trade unionism since 1870, immigration of Chinese, Japanese, Mexicans and Filipinos, and its regulation; examines the economic recession of the 1930s, rise of rural worker organizations, internal migration, and state-enrolled contract labour; reports on the formation of the United Farm Workers and its struggle for trade union recognition, opposition, and state mediation. Bibliography.
